活性石灰在钢水精炼中的应用

介绍了在钢水精炼过程中，添加一定量的活性石灰和萤石，提高精炼钢水顶渣的碱度，降低熔渣的熔点，改善熔渣的流动性。消除钢包内衬结渣挂渣、顶渣结壳的现象，以及AHF浸渍罩、RH上升管和下降管结渣上涨的现象。同时钢水精炼添加活性石灰后，有一定的脱硫和吸附一定量钢中夹杂物的作用。     

Effect of Foaming Temperature on Bubble Size Distribution of Liquid Aluminium Foam: Modeling and Experimental Studies

The present study examines the effect of foaming temperature on the final foam expansion and the bubble size distribution of liquid aluminium foam through mathematical modeling and validation experiments. The model calculates the rate of hydrogen release from the foaming agent (TiH₂) particles, super saturation of the melt, nucleation and growth of bubbles and finally, evaluates the evolving bubble size distribution using a population balance approach. The model does not consider bubble coalescence and breakage and uses only solute diffusion for bubble growth. The simulation is performed for two conditions; firstly, for pure temperature effects and secondly, for temperature and TiH₂ quantity combined effects. Upon comparison of simulation results with the experiments, following important observations are made; firstly, the predicted total number of bubbles is found to be one order of magnitude higher than the experiments while the predicted average size is one order of magnitude lower. Secondly, the spread of the predicted distributions is observed to be much narrower. These discrepancies are considered to be due to bubble coalescence and coarsening which are not modeled and shown to be strongly influenced by the foaming temperature.     

Mathematical Modeling of Fluid Flow in Bath during Combined Side and Top Blowing AOD Refining Process of Stainless Steel: Mathematical Model of the Fluid Flow

Considering that the liquid flow field under the conditions of the combined side and top blowing would be a combined result from the common action of the side blowing gas streams and a gas top blowing jet, as the first attempt, the three‐dimensional mathematical models for the flows of molten steel in an AOD converter bath during the simple side and top blowing processes have been proposed and developed, respectively. And the mathematical model of the flow in the bath during the combined blowing AOD refining process of stainless steel has been given by the composition and superposition of the two models. In the composed model, the gas‐liquid two‐phase flow is described and treated in terms of the two‐fluid (Eulerian‐Eulerian) model. The especially modified two‐equation k?ε model for the turbulence in the liquid phase is employed. And, the surface of the sunken pit formed by impact of the gas jet blown from a top lance at the central location of the bath liquid surface is regarded as a revolution paraboloid. The related details of the composed model are shown.     

Numerical Investigation on Coalescence Behavior of Liquid Inclusion Particles in Argon Bubble Wake Flow

Microinclusions in steel will significantly affect mechanical performance of final products and therefore require serious concern during metallurgical process. Herein, the collision, coalescence as well as floatation of bubble–inclusion coexisting system is fully studied through a new mathematical model. It comes to the following conclusions: as bubbles rise, they induce a flow of liquid steel from their upper surface to their lower surface, and inclusion droplets rise and collide in the wake of the bubble. The velocity of the bubbles is affected by their deformation, with deformation rates being linked to the Weber number. The coalescence time of these inclusions is primarily influenced by viscosity and surface tension. Coalescence accelerates with higher surface tension or reduced viscosity, and this phenomenon can be described by a formula, which is developed by simulation results. According to this formula, coalescence time of 3CaO·Al₂O₃ is 20% longer than that of 12CaO7·Al₂O₃. Consequently, 12CaO7·Al₂O₃ is more prone to coalescence. The movement of inclusions can be controlled by adjusting gas volume and flow rate. Moreover, promoting coalescence can be achieved by altering the viscosity of inclusions and the surface tension coefficient, making it easier to remove these unwanted inclusions.     

重塑钢铁冶金短流程

介绍了典型的钢铁冶金长流程和短流程的生产工艺,针对我国天然气缺乏的实际情况,阐述了我国钢铁工业重塑中国式的钢铁冶金短流程的必要性.提出了儿种适台我国钢铁工业实际情况的钢铁冶金短流程新模式.     

High Temperature Deformation Behavior of 4340 Steel: Activation Energy Calculation and Modeling of Flow Response

The 4340 steel is extensively utilized in several industries including automotive and aerospace for manufacturing a large number of structural components. Due to the importance of thermo-mechanical processing in the production of steels, the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) characteristics of 4340 steel were investigated. Namely, hot compression tests on 4340 steel have been performed in a temperature range of 900–1200 °C and a strain rate range of 0. 01–1 s^?1 and the strain of up to 0. 9. The resulting flow stress curves show the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization. The flow stress values decrease with the increase of deformation temperature and the decrease of strain rate. The microstructure of 4340 steel after deformation has been studied and it is suggested that the evolution of DRX grain structures can be accompanied by considerable migration of grain boundaries. The constitutive equations were developed to model the hot deformation behavior. Finally based on the classical stress-dislocation relations and the kinematics of the dynamic recrystallization; the flow stress constitutive equations for the dynamic recovery period and dynamic recrystallization period were derived for 4340 steel, respectively. The validity of the model was demonstrated by demonstrating the experimental data with the numerical results with reasonable agreement.     

Mathematical Modeling of Fluid Flow in Bath during Combined Side and Top Blowing AOD Refining Process of Stainless Steel: Application of the Model and Results

The mathematical model developed for the molten steel flow in the combined side and top blowing AOD refining process of stainless steel has been used to compute and analyze the flow fields of the liquid phases in the baths of the 120 t AOD converter and its water model unit with a 1/4 linear scale. The influence of the side tuyere number and the angle between each tuyere on the flows has been examined. The results demonstrate that the mathematical model can quite reliably and well model and predict the fluid flow in an AOD bath with the combined blowing. The liquid flow in an AOD converter bath with the combined blowing is resulted from the gas side blowing streams under the influence of a gas top blowing jet. The streams play a governing role on it; and the liquid in the whole bath is in active agitation and circulatory motion during the gas blowing process. The gas jet from the top lance does not change the essential features of the gas stirring and liquid flow in the bath, but can make the local flow pattern of the bath liquid obviously vary and its turbulent kinetic energy enhance. The changes in the tuyere position and number have similarly not altered the basic characteristics and patterns of the gas agitation and liquid flow and turbulent kinetic energy distribution in the bath. At a given tuyere number and gas side blowing rate or a given angular separation between each tuyere and gas side blowing rate, however, the variation of the angle between each tuyere or the tuyere number can locally change them. Using 6 tuyeres with 27° can reach the more uniform flow field and turbulent energy distribution of the liquid in the bath than taking 7 tuyeres with 18° or 22.5° and 6 tuyeres with 22.5°.     

钢液二次精炼中CaO基熔剂脱磷效果的研究

在实验室条件下,利用CaO-Fe2O3-CaF2系熔剂进行钢液二次精炼脱磷工艺实验,测定CaO基熔剂添加量以及熔剂中加入SiO2、Al2O3和转炉渣时对钢液脱磷效果的影响关系。结果表明,对于优化组成的CaO基熔剂,通过控制相关脱磷影响参数,仍可得到大于90％的脱磷率,能将钢液ω(P)从0．05％降低到0．005％以下。     

Behaviour of Oxide Inclusions in Liquid Steel: Multi‐QMOM Simulation

The topic of this paper is the study of inclusion properties and behaviour inside a ladle containing liquid steel. A new numerical tool tracks the size and the composition of inclusions during the oxygen removal and the steel refining. Commercial CFD codes (Fluent?), home‐made thermo‐kinetics code and population balance model have been associated to follow oxide precipitates. The long‐term scientific goal of this study consists in proposing actuators to prevent or to eliminate harmful inclusions based on results predicted by the numerical model.     

酒钢板坯中间包等温钢液流场的数值模拟

 以酒钢板坯连铸中间包为研究对象,利用数学模拟方法,以挡墙与入口处、挡坝间的距离,挡墙和挡坝高度等为影响参数,对板坯连铸中间包流场进行优化设计,研究了中间包内钢液流场,对目前使用的中间包结构进行了优化,得出了有利于生产的设计数据。优化后酒钢二炼钢生产的铸坯在中板轧制时夹杂物缺陷下降了0.5%,提高了中间包的冶金功能。     

Numerical Simulation of Fluid Flow in Bath during Combined Top and Bottom Blowing VOD Refining Process of Stainless Steel

The fluid flow in a bath in combined top and bottom blowing vacuum‐oxygen decarburization (VOD) refining process of stainless steel has numerically been simulated. The three‐dimensional mathematical model used is essentially based on that proposed in our previous work for the flow in combined side and top blowing argon‐oxygen decarburization (AOD) process, but considering the influence of reduced ambient pressure. Applying it to the flow in the bath of a 120 t VOD vessel under the refining conditions, the results present that the model can fairly well simulate and estimate the flow phenomena. The flow pattern of molten steel in the bath with the combined blowing is a composite result under the common action of the jets from a three‐hole Laval top lance and gas bottom blowing streams. The jets have a leading role on it; the molten steel in the whole bath is in vigorous stirring and circulatory motion during the blowing process. The streams do not alter the basic features of the gas agitation and liquid flow, but can evidently change the local flow pattern of the liquid and increase its turbulent kinetic energy to a certain extent. The flow field and turbulent kinetic energy distribution in the combined blowing with three tuyeres are more uniform than those in the blowing with double tuyeres. Increasing properly the tuyere eccentricities is of advantage for improving the velocity and turbulent kinetic energy distributions, the stirring and mixing result in the practical VOD refining process.     

单嘴精炼炉真空处理过程钢液流动行为模拟研究

根据相似理论,以国内某厂80t单嘴精炼炉1:4的水模型模拟了单嘴精炼炉吹气流量、吹气位置等工艺参数对混匀时间的影响.在水模型研究的基础上,通过数学模型仿真计算分析了不同吹气流量、吹气位置对单嘴精炼炉内流场的影响,数值计算结果与试验结果吻合较好.研究结果表明:吹气流量为6L/min、吹气位置γ/R为0.5范围内有利于缩短...     

气幕挡墙中间包钢水流动的数值模拟

根据二流连铸1500mm×250mm板坯时中间包的操作工艺参数,采用欧拉两流体模型,多孔介 质模型和拉格朗日随机轨道模型,模拟计算了采用湍流控制器和气幕挡墙技术的中间包内钢液流动特性和 夹杂物的运动轨迹,并用Monte-Carlo法统计了夹杂物的总去除率。模拟结果表明,采用中间包气幕挡墙技术 可以有效改善钢液的流动特性,延长钢液停留时间,减小死区体积;当吹气量为0.90m³/h时,夹杂物去除率比 不吹气工艺增加15.6%     

RH-MFB精炼过程钢包内钢液流动与碳浓度分布的模拟研究

根据某厂RH-MFB的生产实际,采用CFX软件建立钢包内钢液流动与碳浓度分布的耦合数学模型,对钢液的流动特性以及碳浓度的分布情况进行研究,利用现场数据验证所建模型,分析了脱碳后期钢液碳浓度的分布情况,考察了工艺设备等因素对脱碳处理过程的影响,为超低碳钢的工艺优化提供理论依据和指导.     

高压底吹条件下钢液中气泡的物理模拟

为了推断高压条件下气体在液体金属中的存在形态和运动形态,通过水模拟试验研究压强、底吹流量对气泡形状、尺寸、数量及"渣眼"尺寸的影响,结果表明:随着底吹流量增加,高压条件下的气泡比常压条件下的气泡更趋向于正圆形,气泡直径平均值变小,气泡数量增多,气泡形状和直径在底吹流量为4 L/h时变化最为明显;当底吹位置和底吹流量不变时,随着压强的增加,气泡形状逐渐趋向于正圆形,气泡直径逐渐变小,气泡数量逐渐增多,"渣眼"面积逐渐减小。在常压和高压条件下,底吹流量超过5 L/h之后,气泡形状和直径平均值就不再有明显变化。当底吹流量为4 L/h时,压强升高到0.5 MPa后,气泡形状和直径平均值变化幅度较小。为高压条件下冶炼提供数据参考。     

Mathematical Modelling of Molten Steel Flow Process in a Whole RH Degasser during the Vacuum Circulation Refining Process: Mathematical Model of the Flow

A three‐dimensional mathematical model for the molten steel flow in a degasser during the RH refining process has been proposed and developed. The physical characteristics of the process, particularly the behaviour of gas‐liquid two‐phase flow in the up‐snorkel and the momentum exchange between the two phases are considered. The ladle, snorkels and vacuum vessel are regarded as a whole in the model, and the gas‐liquid two‐phase flow is treated and described on the basis of the two‐fluid model and using the especially modified two‐equation κ‐? model. The details of the model are presented.