The analysis of tung fruit

Methods applicable to the routine analysis of tung fruits were developed by taking into account such factors as variation in moisture content of individual fruit, high oil content of the tung kernels and the high reactivity of the extracted oil. It was found that in a closed container the moisture distributes itself evenly between individual fruits, that the oil can be extracted completely from tung kernels if they are reground with sand, and that the moisture can be removed from ground tung kernels and the solvent completely removed from the extracted tung oil without deterioration in a vacuum oven at 100° C. with 28–29 inches vacuum. Contribution No. 151 from the Carbohydrate Research Division, Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.     

A new procedure for the analysis of tung fruit

Summary A new procedure for the analysis of tung fruit for oil and moisture content has been developed wherein it is possible to largely eliminate the sampling errors which occur in component procedure used in the past because of the relatively small samples used. Collaborative studies have indicated that to obtain results similar to those obtained in analysis by the component procedure a correction of 0.37% must be subtracted from the oil content obtained with the Wiley-Bauer ground fruit, but no correction appears to be necessary in the case of the Wiley-Raymond ground material. One of the Laboratories of the Bureau of Agricultural & Industrial Chemistry, Agricultural Research Administration, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Chemical Research Division Contribution No. 230.     

The determination of moisture in tung fruit

Summary and Conclusions Six methods for determining moisture in tung fruit and seeds were compared. The highest moisture values, and probably those most reliable, were obtained by drying the ground tung fruit in the vaccuum oven at 101°C. for 2.5 hours under 12-mm. pressure, and by the Karl Fischer titration method. In using the Karl Fischer method on tung products, the sample must be digested in methanol at 60°C. Of these two methods the vacuum oven method is simpler and generally preferable. Somewhat lower moisture values were obtained by the forced draft oven and toluene-distillation methods. The results obtained in the forced draft oven method were low because of oxidation of the oil in the samples. One hour at 101°C. in the forced draft oven seems to be the optimum time for moisture determination, and no appreciable error in the oil content results from using the percentages of moisture so determined to calculate the oil content to basis of sample as received. For routine analysis, heating the ground tung fruit sample in a hot air blower for 15 minutes at 126.7°C. (260°F.) and adding a correction of 1.35% to the percentage of moisture obtained gives sufficiently accurate values for factory control purposes. The radio frequency meter gave values close to those obtained in the vaccum oven method against which it was standardized. It was necessary to standardize the meter separately for fruit, seeds, and kernels. In practice many samples of wet fruit would be encountered which would exceed the range of the particular instrument used. Presented at the 18th Annual Meeting of the American Tung Oil Association, Biloxi, Miss., Oct. 11–12, 1951. One of the laboratories of the Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry, Agricultural Research, U. S. Department of Agriculture     

Studies in the expression of oil from tung fruit

Summary 1. Tests indicated that best results in yield of crude and filtered oil by an expression procedure are obtained with a tung meal containing 4.2% moisture and 20% shell. 2. The drying of tung meal using an initial air temperature of 320° F. appeared to adversely affect the yield of filtered oil from the expeller process. 3. A filtration test was developed for determining the amount of foots in a crude tung oil. 4. It was found difficult to obtain efficient oil expression from tung meals containing filter cake; in one test with this material the resulting press cake was high in oil content, while in another test the crude tung oil contained about twice as much foots material as was present in crude tung oil from tung meal containing no filter cake. 5. The expression of tung oil from a tung meal consisting of ground old tung kernels and tung shell was found difficult if not impossible. This difficulty appeared to be due, at least partly, to the fact that the meal from old kernels will not plasticize when subjected to heat and pressure. When these kernels were mixed with new kernels no difficulty was experienced in expressing the tung oil from the meal. 6. Tests indicated that hulling the moist tung fruit in the grove does not interfere with the expression of the oil if the moist dehulled tung fruits are properly dried before pressing. 7. A process was developed for producing a clear tung oil by treating the crude oil with a chemical agent to precipitate certain non-oil constituents in the crude tung oil followed by either pressure filtration or centrifugation. 8. When tung oil filter cake was mixed with an equal amount of tung press cake, over 98 percent of the oil could be solvent-extracted by petroleum solvents. Presented at the American Oil Chemists’ Society meeting, New Orleans, La., May 10–12, 1944. Some of the material was presented at the American Tung Oil Association meeting. Pensacola, Fla., April 28–29, 1944, and published in the proceedings. Agricultural Chemical Research Division Contribution No. 145.     

Loss of oil in hulling tung fruit in the field and at the mill

Summary Methods for analyzing commercial tung hulls for oil have been developed. Samples of tung hulls from mill and field hulling operations have been collected and analyzed. The loss of oil when the fruit are hulled was found to vary from 0.6% to 7.3% with an average loss of 2.7% based on the total amount of oil in the fruit. The difference in the loss of oil between grove and mill hulling was not significant. With a loss of 2.7% of the oil in hulling, a recovery of 87.9% oil on the hulled nuts would be equivalent to a recovery of 85.5% oil on the whole fruit.     

Comparison of methods for determining peroxidation in processed whole peanut products

Oxidation of fatty acids in peanut butter produces peroxides and changes in the conjugated diene contents. Two of the most widely used methods for measuring these oxidative effects, peroxide value and the spectrophotometric assay of conjugated diene hydroperoxides, were compared in determinations of shelf-life stability of peanut butters during short and long term storage. Results by the conjugated diene hydroperoxides method correlated with those by the peroxide value method over 4 and 12 week storage periods. The conjugated diene hydroperoxides method requires smaller samples and is quicker, more accurate, and simpler than the peroxide value method, nor does it require additional reagents nor depend upon a chemical reaction or color development.     

The equilibrium moisture content of tung fruit and its components at different relative humidities

Summary The equilibrium moisture contents at 25°C. were determined for the whole tung fruit, the outer hull, the inner hull, shell, kernels, and seed of the fruit, and on the cake from continuous screw presses at nine different relative humidities. The relative humidities were maintained by enclosing saturated solutions of different salts in desiccators in a room maintained at constant temperature. One of the laboratories of the Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry, Agricultural Research Administration, U. S. Department of Agriculture.     

Synthesis of UV-curable tung oil and UV-curable tung oil based alkyd

Two UV-curable tung oil-based resins were synthesized via a Diels–Alder cycloaddition. An UV-curable tung oil (UVTO) was prepared from bodied tung oil and trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA). An inhibitor, phenothiazine, was added to avoid homopolymerization of TMPTMA. The UV-curable tung oil alkyd (UVTA) was prepared from the monoglyceride process and then reacted with TMPTMA via the Diels–Alder reaction similar to the UVTO. The UVTO and UVTA were characterized by ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy. The UVTO and UVTA were formulated with a free radical reactive diluent, tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA) and photoinitiator Irgacure 2100. Photo differential scanning calorimeter (Photo-DSC) was used to investigate curing kinetics of the UVTO and the UVTA. Both the UVTO and UVTA were photocurable with the UVTA formula exhibiting a faster curing speed than the UVTO.     

Multi-way principal component analysis for the endpoint detection of the metal etch process using the whole optical emission spectra

An endpoint detection algorithm based on multi-way principal component analysis (MPCA) is developed for plasma etching processes. Because many endpoint detection techniques use a few manually selected wavelengths, noise renders them ineffective and it is hard to select important wavelengths. Furthermore, process drift and faulty condition should be considered for more robust endpoint detection at the same time. In this paper, MPCA with the whole optical emission spectra is used for effective endpoint detection using a large set of data. And the fault detection was achieved by concept of ‘product’ and ‘mean deviation value’ chart with the result of each wafer’s endpoint detection. The product was defined by the multiples of OES data with loading vector and mean deviation chart was defined by a chart of the difference between the product value of the target wafer and mean value of previous wafers. Therefore, a robust model for endpoint detection can be developed by excluding faulty wafers. This approach is successfully applied to the metal etch process of TiN/Al-0.5%Cu/TiN/Oxide stack in an inductively coupled BCl₃/Cl₂ plasma. The optical emission signal intensities of the 129 wavelengths were measured and saved in a four-dimensional (wavelengths, time, intensity, and wafers) matrix for the subsequent data processing. With this approach the endpoint signal was improved with the whole emission spectra and the process drift was considered by MPCA after information of faulty wafers was discarded.     

Comparison of methods for the analysis of phosphorus in canola oils

Three chemical and two instrumental methods for determining phosphorus in crude and refined canola oils were compared with the official AOCS method. Of the three different digestion-spectrophotometric procedures examined, the oxygen bomb combustion method appeared to offer the best combination of speed, accuracy and precision. In contrast, the perchloric acid procedure was faulted for poor agreement with the AOCS procedure and poor reproducibility between batches, whereas the saponification procedure was very labor intensive and exhibited poor precision. Of the two instrumental methods examined, atomic absorption spectrophotometry was found to be more sensitive than molecular emission cavity analysis although both procedures were reported to be unsatisfactory in detecting inorganic phosphorus. Paper no. 472, Canadian Grain Commission, Grain Research Laboratory, 1404-303 Main St., Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3C 3G9.     

基于不同方法的边坡稳定性分析对比

赤平投影法和数值分析法是目前研究边坡稳定性的常见方法,各有优缺点。本文以英德市长腰山水泥石灰岩矿东侧边坡为例,采用不同方法对边坡稳定性分析开展了研究,研究结果表明：采用赤平投影法对边坡稳定性定性分析,结果显示边坡稳定性较差;采用Geostudio和midas GTS NX数值模拟法,基于Morgenstern-Price法、Bishop法和SRM三种理论对边坡稳定性定量分析,结果显示边坡稳定性较好;基于矿山边坡开采现状及实际地质条件,对边坡监测方案进行了设计,为后期更好地验证分析结果提供参考。     

两种膜法除硝工艺的对比与经济分析

比较了目前膜法除硝工艺中存在的两种主流方向——中压法与高压法工艺技术,分析了其生产运行的经济性。     

The lipid depressant activities of whole fish and their component oils

Hypercholesteremic rats were used to investigate the lipid depressant activities of lyophilized whole fish prepared from menhaden, silver salmon, mullet, and ocean perch. Ingestion of the whole fish supplements promoted a significant reduction in the circulating levels of cholesterol and phospholipids, and in the TC/TP ratios of blood lipids from the rat. The effects of whole fish were duplicated by feeding rats proportionate amounts of the oils found in these fish supplements. These supplements had similar, but less dramatic, effects on the liver lipids of the rats. The nonlipid components, isolated from the fish, had no apparent influence on the distribution of lipids in the blood and liver tissues. The preparations of lipid and nonlipid components of the fish are described, and the GLC analyses of marine oils are discussed. Presented, in part, at the A.O.C.S. Meeting in Chicago, 1961. Researches supported by U.S. Department of Interior, Fish & Wildlife Service, American Heart Association, U.S. Public Health service and the Hormel Foundation. These studies were completed during the tenure of an Established Investigatorship from the American Heart Association.     

Nitrogen analysis of whole seeds

Whole seeds were digested in sulfuric acid with catalyst in conical beakers on a hot plate and the digest was analyzed for nitrogen. The nitrogen analysis of the digest can be performed by distillation-titration or colorimetrically, using manual or automatic procedures, linear regression analyses of 8 samples of 16 soybeans each gave values that agreed within 2% of those obtained by the standard Kjeldahl procedure. Precision of the method is 1.8 relative standard deviation compared with 1.4 relative standard deviation for the standard method. The whole seed procedure gives results that are independent of seed size and has been applied to samples of both oilseeds and cereal grains.     

Comparison of primal and dual solution methods for the chemical equilibrium problem using GRG and sensitivity analysis

The calculation of the composition of a reacting mixture when it reaches equilibrium can be regarded as a dual Geometric Program; there is a related primal Geometric Program with fewer variables than the dual. Both primal and dual formulations were compared using the Generalized Reduced Gradient (GRG) algorithm for systems containing 8, 10 and 24 reacting species. The primal proved to be faster (30%) than the dual, and more robust. A sensitivity analysis method suggested by Rijckaert (1974) was tested and the results were compared with re-solving the original problem. Sensitivity analysis was faster than re-optimization (50%) but the accuracy of the results depended strongly on the particular problem.