The influence of storage and display conditions on the retail properties and case-life of display-ready pork loin roasts

A total of 216 pork loin subsections were utilized to investigate the effects of storage atmosphere (100% N(2); 100% CO(2); or 70% O(2) and 30% CO(2)), storage temperature (-1.5, 2 or 5 °C) and duration of chilled storage (≤28 days) and subsequent aerobic display (≤30 hr) on the retail properties and storage life of display-ready pork cuts. Composite results clearly emphasize the importance of subzero storage to the retail properties, and storage life of pork for all the types of storage atmosphere utilized. However, in the present study, controlled atmospheres of 70% O(2) and 30% CO(2) possessed the greatest preservative properties for masterpacked display-ready pork loin subsections (roasts) during chilled storage for up to 24 days, based upon visual and olfactory criteria. A decrease in retail appearance, attributable to a progressive increase in surface discoloration during both chilled storage and subsequent, aerobic display, resulted in a increase in the incidence of unacceptable packages, during both chilled storage and subsequent, aerobic display, which restricted chilled storage life to 20 days or less. Storage time consistently exerted the greatest influence on retail properties and generally accounted for 80% or more of the variation in most attributes evaluated. In addition, off-odors developed progressively during both chilled storage and subsequent, aerobic display, which further restricted chilled storage life to 12 days. Consequently, based upon previous cited results, for distribution of display-ready pork cuts to be successful, the hygienic quality of the commercial product must be improved.     

Effects of postmortem storage time on color and mitochondria in beef

To assess the effects of aging time (0, 15, 30, and 45 d) and temperature (0 or 5 °C) on beef mitochondria and steak color, vacuum packaged longissimus (n = 15) and cardiac muscles were assigned to 1 of 6 temperature × time combinations. As time increased, initial red color intensity increased whereas both mitochondrial oxygen consumption and color stability decreased. The decrease in mitochondrial oxygen consumption associated with longer aging times will increase initial color intensity. However, this improvement in color development will be negated by the decreased color stability that results from the effects of storage on mitochondria.     

Storage length,storage temperature,and lean formulation influence the shelf-life and stability of traditionally packaged ground beef

The effect of storage length and temperature on the shelf life of three ground beef formulations (lean:fat: 73:27, 81:19 and 91:9) was investigated. Coarsely ground beef was stored at − 1.7 or 2.3 °C for up to 28 d. Traditional overwrap packages were produced every 7 d prior to retail display for 24 h. Lipid oxidation (TBARS), subjective color, instrumental color, and aerobic bacteria were evaluated after 0 and 24 h of display. Formulation influenced initial L* and subjective color values (P < 0.05). Storage temperature did not affect initial color, but product stored at 2.3 °C was more discolored after 24 h (P < 0.05). Aerobic bacteria increased as storage d and temperature increased (P < 0.05). Initial TBARS increased through d 21, but were lower after 28 d. Overall, initial characteristics depended on formulation; however, ground beef shelf-life and stability were largely influenced by storage length and storage temperature.     

贮存温度和贮存时间对复原乳稳定性的影响

研究了贮存温度和贮存时间对复原乳的pH值、流变特性、粒径、乳析率和离心沉淀率的影响,在此基础上分析了贮存过程中乳浊液粒径与乳析率、离心沉淀率之间的相关性。结果表明:随着贮存温度的升高,复原乳的pH值与表观黏度逐渐降低,而随着贮存时间的延长,二者均先升高后降低,其中25℃和37℃下贮存在第15天时达到最大值,而55℃下贮存在第7天时达最大值;贮存过程中乳浊液顶部粒径d4,3与乳析率有较好的相关性(P<0.05),二者均随着贮存温度的升高和贮存时间的延长而增大;贮存过程中乳浊液底部粒径d4,3与离心沉淀率有很好的相关性(P<0.05),二者随着贮存温度的升高先增大后减小,在37℃时达最大值,随着贮存时间的延长均有所增大。     

Influence of storage time on parameters of colour stability of beef

Direct measurements of the oxygen partial pressure profiles at the surface of the longissimus dorsi muscle of six bulls were obtained by means of a solid-state-probe after 1 min and 5 h exposure to air at 5°C. Changes in muscle colour were examined at the same time. The results show the profiles of oxygen partial pressure at the muscle surface after differing storage times (1, 3, 5, 7, 11 and 13 days at 5°C). Up to 5 days post mortem, increases in oxygen partial pressure with lengthening storage periods also led to higher percentages of oxymyoglobin, following exposure to air 1 min to 5 h. Further storage for up to 13 days decreased oxygenation, despite higher oxygen partial pressures. There was no evidence of rapid autoxidation to metmyoglobin during a 5-h period of exposure to air. Obvious connections between oxygenation and measurements of a-value were not found. The Lab-values increased dependent on the length of storage time.     

贮藏温度对绿芦笋汁色泽稳定性的影响

研究了不同贮藏温度(常温25℃和冷藏5℃)条件下,绿芦笋汁的色泽、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、Vc、总酚、还原糖和氨基酸含量的变化,以探究贮藏温度对绿芦笋汁色泽稳定性产生的影响。结果表明:叶绿素的化学降解是绿芦笋汁贮藏期间色泽变化的主要原因,Vc、总酚和还原糖含量的降低也促使了芦笋汁色泽的变化,而氨基酸与芦笋汁的色泽无显著相关性。5℃贮藏显著抑制了绿芦笋汁叶绿素、Vc、总酚和还原糖含量的降低,抑制了类胡萝卜素含量的上升,从而有效地保护了芦笋汁的绿色,维持了绿芦笋汁色泽的稳定性。     

Conventional freezing plus high pressure-low temperature treatment: Physical properties, microbial quality and storage stability of beef meat

Meat high-hydrostatic pressure treatment causes severe decolouration, preventing its commercialisation due to consumer rejection. Novel procedures involving product freezing plus low-temperature pressure processing are here investigated. Room temperature (20 °C) pressurisation (650 MPa/10 min) and air blast freezing (−30 °C) are compared to air blast freezing plus high pressure at subzero temperature (−35 °C) in terms of drip loss, expressible moisture, shear force, colour, microbial quality and storage stability of fresh and salt-added beef samples (Longissimus dorsi muscle). The latter treatment induced solid water transitions among ice phases. Fresh beef high pressure treatment (650 MPa/20 °C/10 min) increased significantly expressible moisture while it decreased in pressurised (650 MPa/−35 °C/10 min) frozen beef. Salt addition reduced high pressure-induced water loss. Treatments studied did not change fresh or salt-added samples shear force. Frozen beef pressurised at low temperature showed L, a and b values after thawing close to fresh samples. However, these samples in frozen state, presented chromatic parameters similar to unfrozen beef pressurised at room temperature. Apparently, freezing protects meat against pressure colour deterioration, fresh colour being recovered after thawing. High pressure processing (20 °C or −35 °C) was very effective reducing aerobic total (2-log₁₀ cycles) and lactic acid bacteria counts (2.4-log₁₀ cycles), in fresh and salt-added samples. Frozen + pressurised beef stored at −18 °C during 45 days recovered its original colour after thawing, similarly to just-treated samples while their counts remain below detection limits during storage.     

Packaging-specific influence of chitosan on color stability and lipid oxidation in refrigerated ground beef

We examined the influence of chitosan on lipid oxidation and color stability of ground beef stored in different modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) systems. Ground beef patties with chitosan (1%) or without chitosan (control) were packaged either in high-oxygen MAP (HIOX; 80% O₂ + 20% CO₂), carbon monoxide MAP (CO; 0.4% CO + 19.6% CO₂ + 80% N₂), vacuum (VP), or aerobic packaging (PVC) and stored at 1 °C. Chitosan increased (P < 0.05) redness of patties stored in PVC and CO, whereas it had no effect (P > 0.05) in HIOX. Chitosan patties demonstrated lower (P < 0.05) lipid oxidation than controls in all packaging. Control patties in PVC and HIOX exhibited greater (P < 0.05) lipid oxidation than those in VP and CO, whereas chitosan patties in different packaging systems were not different (P > 0.05) from each other. Our findings suggested that antioxidant effects of chitosan on ground beef are packaging-specific.     

Packaging-specific influence of chitosan on color stability and lipid oxidation in refrigerated ground beef

We examined the influence of chitosan on lipid oxidation and color stability of ground beef stored in different modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) systems. Ground beef patties with chitosan (1%) or without chitosan (control) were packaged either in high-oxygen MAP (HIOX; 80% O₂ + 20% CO₂), carbon monoxide MAP (CO; 0.4% CO + 19.6% CO₂ + 80% N₂), vacuum (VP), or aerobic packaging (PVC) and stored at 1 °C. Chitosan increased (P < 0.05) redness of patties stored in PVC and CO, whereas it had no effect (P > 0.05) in HIOX. Chitosan patties demonstrated lower (P < 0.05) lipid oxidation than controls in all packaging. Control patties in PVC and HIOX exhibited greater (P < 0.05) lipid oxidation than those in VP and CO, whereas chitosan patties in different packaging systems were not different (P > 0.05) from each other. Our findings suggested that antioxidant effects of chitosan on ground beef are packaging-specific.     

The effect of storage temperature and time on the consistency and color of sterilized processed cheese

The effect of sterilization (117 °C for 20 min) on the color and consistency of processed cheeses was evaluated. The sterilization resulted in a darker shade (darker color) and increased firmness and elasticity of processed cheeses (P < 0.05). During the storage period (24 months) of sterilized processed cheeses, their color as well as consistency changed depending on the temperature tested (8 and 23 °C). The color change of sterilized processed cheeses was more significant at a higher storage temperature (23 °C) in comparison with the products kept at cold storage temperature (8 °C) (P < 0.05). The firmness of sterilized processed cheeses stored at 8 °C increased during the 24 months. The rise in firmness achieved in the products stored at 23 °C was followed by its decrease in the second year of storage.     

The influence of storage and display conditions on the color stability of display-ready pork loin roasts

A total of 216 pork loin samples were utilized to examine the color stability of master-packed, display-ready pork cuts stored in three different atmospheres (100% CO(2), 100% N(2) and 70% O(2) and 30% CO(2)) at three storage temperatures (-1.5, 2, and 5 °C) for four day intervals up to 28 days, and then subsequently displayed aerobically for up to 30 hr. The composite results clearly indicated color stability was progressively lost during both chilled storage and subsequent aerobic display. However, retention of color stability was maximized by storage at -1.5 °C. In addition, storage in 100% CO(2) tended to maximize retention of color stability, despite the fact samples stored in 70% O(2) and 30% CO(2) were brighter and redder following storage and prior to subsequent aerobic display.     

储藏温度和时间对混浊苹果汁混浊稳定性的影响

为了提高混浊苹果汁的混浊稳定性,选用红富士苹果为原料,通过将其在不同条件下(温度和时间)贮藏,研究对苹果汁混浊稳定性和苹果中果胶含量及其性质的影响。结果表明,随着时间的延长,在两种温度(4℃和12℃)下,果汁浊度保留率和混浊稳定性均提高,而且,苹果pH值和果胶含量增加,果胶酯化度和相对分子质量降低。相对于低温(4℃)而言,室温(12±1)℃更有利于提高果汁的浊度保留率和稳定性。因此,苹果通过室温贮藏能够明显改善果汁的混浊稳定性。在考虑出汁率的情况下,浊度保留率由12.91%提高到25.51%;不考虑出汁率时,浊度保留率则提高到42.39%。     

The impact of baking time and bread storage temperature on bread crumb properties

Two baking times (9 and 24 min) and storage temperatures (4 and 25 °C) were used to explore the impact of heat exposure during bread baking and subsequent storage on amylopectin retrogradation, water mobility, and bread crumb firming. Shorter baking resulted in less retrogradation, a less extended starch network and smaller changes in crumb firmness and elasticity. A lower storage temperature resulted in faster retrogradation, a more rigid starch network with more water inclusion and larger changes in crumb firmness and elasticity. Crumb to crust moisture migration was lower for breads baked shorter and stored at lower temperature, resulting in better plasticized biopolymer networks in crumb. Network stiffening, therefore, contributed less to crumb firmness. A negative relation was found between proton mobilities of water and biopolymers in the crumb gel network and crumb firmness. The slope of this linear function was indicative for the strength of the starch network.     

Conventional freezing plus high pressure–low temperature treatment: Physical properties,microbial quality and storage stability of beef meat

Meat high-hydrostatic pressure treatment causes severe decolouration, preventing its commercialisation due to consumer rejection. Novel procedures involving product freezing plus low-temperature pressure processing are here investigated. Room temperature (20 °C) pressurisation (650 MPa/10 min) and air blast freezing (−30 °C) are compared to air blast freezing plus high pressure at subzero temperature (−35 °C) in terms of drip loss, expressible moisture, shear force, colour, microbial quality and storage stability of fresh and salt-added beef samples (Longissimus dorsi muscle). The latter treatment induced solid water transitions among ice phases. Fresh beef high pressure treatment (650 MPa/20 °C/10 min) increased significantly expressible moisture while it decreased in pressurised (650 MPa/−35 °C/10 min) frozen beef. Salt addition reduced high pressure-induced water loss. Treatments studied did not change fresh or salt-added samples shear force. Frozen beef pressurised at low temperature showed L, a and b values after thawing close to fresh samples. However, these samples in frozen state, presented chromatic parameters similar to unfrozen beef pressurised at room temperature. Apparently, freezing protects meat against pressure colour deterioration, fresh colour being recovered after thawing. High pressure processing (20 °C or −35 °C) was very effective reducing aerobic total (2-log₁₀ cycles) and lactic acid bacteria counts (2.4-log₁₀ cycles), in fresh and salt-added samples. Frozen + pressurised beef stored at −18 °C during 45 days recovered its original colour after thawing, similarly to just-treated samples while their counts remain below detection limits during storage.     

Influence of different gas compositions on the short-term storage stability of mother-packaged retail-ready lamb packs

Longissmus dorsi muscles were removed from Suffolk cross-breed lambs (aged 4-9 months) and cut into steaks. Lamb steaks were over-wrapped on trays and placed in vacuum pack bags. Bags were divided into 3 groups and flushed with gas mixtures containing 100:0, 90:10 or 80:20/CO(2):N(2). Mother packed lamb bags were stored for 4 days (T2) and 7 days (T3), respectively, in darkness at 4 °C, prior to retail display. The effect of aerobic packaging alone on lamb meat quality was used as the control (T1). Under retail display, all over-wrapped trays were held under refrigerated conditions (4 °C, 616 lx) for up to 8 days. Steaks were assessed for microbial growth, oxidative and colour stability as well as pH every 2 days. Mother-packing in 100:0/CO(2):N(2) was the most effective way of extending the storage life of retail ready lamb prior to display, particularly over longer storage periods. TVCs for T3 lamb meat using all gas compositions remained below 2.0×10(6) CFUs/g meat up until day 6 compared to day 4 in both T1 and T2 lamb. Lipid oxidation in lamb mother-packed for 7 days occurred at a faster comparative rate than discolouration and microbial growth and was the major determinant of shelf-life. However, under simulated retail display in aerobic packages, TBARS values did not increase significantly. There was no significant difference between Hunter 'a' values for T3 lamb meat and the control, but T3 meat mother-packed in 100:0/CO(2):N(2) had higher 'a' values than those of the control and T3 meat packed in other gas compositions. Lamb steaks in T3 previously mother-packed in 100:0/CO(2):N(2) were also significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of T2 on day 0. T3 meat also maintained initial colour values over those of the control.     

Effect of rigor temperature and frozen storage on functional properties of hot-boned manufacturing beef

Within 45 min post-mortem, 10mm thick strips of semitendinosus muscle from both unstimulated and high voltage stimulated heifer sides were held at 0, 5, 10, 25 and 35 °C for 24 hr, during which they entered rigor. Half the samples were frozen and stored at -20 °C for one month. The pH, sarcomere length, drip, total (TPS), myofibrillar (MPS) and sarcoplasmic (SPS) protein solubilities, and Hunter L (?), a (?) and b (?) values were determined at 24 hr and on thawed samples. Electrical stimulation did not significantly affect any of the parameters measured. The ultimate pH of samples entering rigor at 10 and 25 °C was lower (p < 0.001) than that of samples held at the other temperatures. Rather surprisingly, there was no significant difference in sarcomere length due to rigor temperature. Samples entering rigor at 35 °C had lower TPS, MPS and SPS values than samples held at 0 to 25 °C (p < 0.001). The MPS increased with rigor temperature up to 25 °C (p < 0.001). Drip and total moisture losses, and Hunter L (?), a (?) and b (?) values also increased with rigor temperature (p < 0.001) whereas SPS decreased and NMR meat water spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) shortened with increasing rigor temperature (p < 0.001). Hue angle and cook loss decreased with rigor temperature in 24 hr samples but increased with rigor temperature in frozen samples. After frozen storage, SPS, T1, cook loss and Hunter L (?), a (?), b (?) values decreased, but TPS, MPS, drip losses and hue angle increased. There were significant (p < 0.05) correlations between SPS, hue angle, drip losses and T1.     

Effects of high intensity ultrasound treatment, storage time and cooking method on shear, sensory, instrumental color and cooking properties of packaged and unpackaged beef pectoralis muscle

Beef pectoralis muscles were removed at 24 h post mortem from nine steers, and samples were vacuum packaged and exposed to high-intensity ultrasound (20 kHz, 22 W/cm(2)) for 0, 5 or 10 min, then aged for 1, 6 or 10 days before evaluation of purge and cooking losses, instrumental shear and color and sensory traits (Experiment 1). For Experiment 2, unpackaged beef pectoralis muscle samples from eight steers were subjected to ultrasonic cooking, boiling, convection cooking or ultrasound treatment for 5 or 10 min followed by cooking in a convection oven. Neither duration of sonication nor storage of packaged pectoralis muscles affected (p > 0.05) storage purge or cooking losses, shear properties or sensory characteristics (Experiment 1). However, muscles receiving ultrasonic treatment showed tendencies for reduced peak force and total work to shear. Increased length of storage caused pectoralis muscles to become more vivid red-orange colored (p < 0.05), whereas ultrasonic treatment caused muscles to become less vivid, less red and more orange colored (p < 0.05). Ultrasonically cooked pectoralis muscles (Experiment 2) had lower (p < 0.05) cooking losses than muscles cooked by other methods. Both ultrasonic cooking and boiling were faster than convection cooking only and ultrasound exposure followed by convection cooking. Additional studies are needed to verify the ability of ultrasound to promote improved cooking, sensory and shear properties of muscle.     

Effects of calf diet, antioxidants, packaging type and storage time on beef steak storage

The effect of basal dietary supplemented with vegetable oils plus vitamin E (sunflower, soybean, linseed and a basal diet control), type of packaging (MAP or vacuum), addition of natural antioxidant (grape seed, rosemary) and storage time (0, 7, 14 and 21 days) on lipid oxidation, color stability, vitamin E content, and total aerobic bacterial counts in steaks of Longissimus thoracis was studied. The triple interaction diet × time × packaging affected oxidative stability, redness and yellowness of the meat. TBARS values did not increase with time in vacuum-packaged samples for all dietary treatments. However, samples from MAP and control showed the highest TBARS values after 21 days of storage (0.72 mg MDA/kg of meat, P < 0.05). Both exogenous antioxidant extracts and MAP maintained low total aerobic counts in steaks until the 21st day. Calves should be fed a diet supplemented with L-VE, stored in MAP and treated with grape seed extract to extend the shelf life of their meat.     

The effect of low-intensity ultrasound treatment on shear properties, color stability and shelf-life of vacuum-packaged beef semitendinosus and biceps femoris muscles

A series of experiments were conducted to assess the impact of low-intensity ultrasound treatment on shear properties, color and shelflife of packaged beef muscles. For the first experiment, 15 beef semitendinosus muscles were sliced (6.4 × 2.5 × 70.2 cm) weighed, vacuum packaged, subjected to a 1.55 W/cm(2) intensity ultrasonic field for 8, 16 or 24 min then stored at 3 °C for 4 days; controls were not sonicated. Muscles were then removed from vacuum bags, weighed, cooked to 70 °C internal temperature in a convection oven and evaluated for cooking and shearing properties. For the second experiment, 14 beef semitendinosus muscles were sliced (2.5 × 5.1 × 10.2 cm), vacuum packaged and allocated to either a simultaneous ultrasound/water-bath-heating treatment or water-bath-heating treatment only. Muscles were removed from the water-bath when the water temperature reached 70 °C, removed from the vacuum bags, cooked further to an internal temperature of 70 °C in a convection oven and evaluated for instrumental shear. For the third experiment, 30 beef biceps femoris pieces (1.3 × 7.6 × 10.2 cm) were mixed together to more evenly distribute native microflora, vacuum packaged and allocated to either ultrasound (1.55 W/cm(2), 3 °C, 30 min) treatment or control (no ultrasound treatment). Vacuum-packaged muscles were stored in a retail display case (3 °C) and evaluated at 0, 5, 10, 20 and 30 days for microbial count and instrumental color (CIE L (?)a (?)b (?)). Ultrasound had no effect (p > 0.05) on storage purge loss, cooking loss, or textural properties (Experiments 1 and 2). Microbial levels were initially reduced (p < 0.05) by the ultrasound treatment (0 days), but differences in microbial numbers between ultrasound-treated samples and controls disappeared (p > 0.05) during storage (Experiment 3).     

Antioxidant effects of soy sauce on color stability and lipid oxidation of raw beef patties during cold storage

This study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant effects of soy sauce on lipid oxidation and color stability of raw beef patties. Raw beef patties were formulated with four solutions such as NaCl (sodium chloride solution), NaCl/SS (1:1 ratio of sodium chloride and soy sauce solution), SS (soy sauce solution), or SS/A (soy sauce solution combined with 0.05% ascorbic acid) in the same salt concentration. Addition of soy sauce resulted in the decreased pH, lightness, and increased yellowness. Treatment SS/A had the lowest percent of metmyoglobin during storage (P < 0.05). A reduction (P < 0.05) in the 2-thiobarbituric acid, peroxide, and conjugated diene concentration as result of soy sauce addition were observed in treatments SS and SS/A at the end of the storage period. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in free fatty acid concentration at the end of storage. The combined addition of soy sauce and ascorbic acid greatly improved (P < 0.05) color stability and retarded lipid oxidation.