A green scheduling with adaptive spatial division multiple access grouping for multi‐user coordinated multi‐point networks

Multi‐User Coordinated Multi‐Point (MU‐CoMP), which couples CoMP with Multi User‐Multiple Input Multiple Output (MU‐MIMO), appears as a promising solution to enhance the Long Term Evolution‐Advanced (LTE‐A) system performance. However, some challenging issues in MU‐CoMP networks require more investigation. First, the set of users transmitting under CoMP mode should be properly identified. Secondly, time‐frequency resource should be efficiently partitioned between CoMP and non‐CoMP users in order to improve the system radio capacity. Thirdly, a fair and green scheduler is much needed for a more energy efficient system. This paper deals with these three issues. We propose an adaptive transmission mode selection according to the total load in the cluster and to users' quality of service. The adequate size of the Spatial Division Multiple Access users' groups is also analyzed. We finally propose a new scheduling algorithm to further enhance the radio capacity and the energy consumption in the cluster. Simulations results showed that significant improvements are obtained in terms of total system throughput and outage probability in the cluster with our proposed scheme. Moreover, energy efficiency has increased by four times with our proposed scheduling algorithm as compared to commonly used schedulers. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

HetNet中基于上行CoMP的动态多小区接入算法

提出了HetNet中基于上行CoMP的动态多小区接入算法(UCDS),动态选择协作基站,利用CoMP机制,改善小区边缘用户的上行传输性能。进一步地,提出了基于二次判决的协作小区选择算法(DJCS),以减少参与协作的基站数,降低协作复杂度并节省基站端资源。仿真结果表明,UCDS算法能显著提高边缘用户的平均吞吐率和传输能效,而DJCS算法在保证用户性能的情况下,降低了基站端的能耗。     

Semi‐distributed dynamic inter‐cell interference coordination scheme for interference avoidance in heterogeneous networks

Inter‐cell interference (ICI) is a major problem in heterogeneous networks, such as two‐tier femtocell (FC) networks, because it leads to poor cell‐edge throughput and system capacity. Dynamic ICI coordination (ICIC) schemes, which do not require prior frequency planning, must be employed for interference avoidance in such networks. In contrast to existing dynamic ICIC schemes that focus on homogeneous network scenarios, we propose a novel semi‐distributed dynamic ICIC scheme to mitigate interference in heterogeneous network scenarios. With the goal of maximizing the utility of individual users, two separate algorithms, namely the FC base station (FBS)‐level algorithm and FC management system (FMS)‐level algorithm, are employed to restrict resource usage by dominant interference‐creating cells. The distributed functionality of the FBS‐level algorithm and low computational complexity of the FMS‐level algorithm are the main advantages of the proposed scheme. Simulation results demonstrate improvement in cell‐edge performance with no impact on system capacity or user fairness, which confirms the effectiveness of the proposed scheme compared to static and semi‐static ICIC schemes.     

Dynamic Cooperative Base Station Selection Scheme for Downlink CoMP in LTE-Advanced Networks

Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) transmission is a technique proposed to enhance the spectral efficiency and system throughput in an interference limited cellular networks. In CoMP joint processing (JP) scheme multiple base stations (BSs) are coordinately transmit data streams to each user. As more than two base stations are involved, abundant spatial resources are exploited and more backhaul spectrum for JP cooperation is required. The backhaul architecture for CoMP JP is crucial to provide low latency, unlimited capacity, less power consumption, and perfect synchronization among the BSs. However, satisfying all these constraints is impossible as the number of cooperative BSs increases for each user. In this paper, a dynamic cooperative base station selection scheme is proposed to reduce the backhaul load for CoMP user by selecting the appropriate number of coordinated BSs from the CoMP cluster to ensure the certain quality of service (QoS). In particular, for cell edge user the number of cooperative BSs per user has been selected in order to achieve reduced overhead and the allocation of backhaul capacity is performed under the max–min fairness criterion. Simulation results show that the proposed selection scheme achieves significant performance improvement than other transmission modes in terms of the average sum rate per backhaul use and minimal total power consumption.     

异构网中基于BD的协作波束赋形算法研究

波束赋形是下一代无线蜂窝网中提高频谱效率的一项重要技术,文中在多用户波束赋形技术的研究基础上,研究了CoMP中的CB技术。针对LTE系统中的小区间干扰严重,且已有的干扰协调技术无法有效解决边缘用户频谱效率低的问题,LTE-A系统引入了多点协作传输/接收技术。该技术通过相邻小区间的联合处理或协作波束赋形,可抑制小区间干扰,提高用户的接收信号质量,使系统容量和小区边缘用户的频谱效率得到有效提高。     

基于迭代联合传输的超密集网络动态干扰协调方案

鉴于超密集网络中急剧增长的小区和用户数量,研究了如何通过合理地选择联合传输用户来实现动态干扰协调,以此提高小区边缘用户频谱效率。通过动态协作簇划分和动态联合静默传输2种手段,将所有用户分类;再利用迭代优化算法进一步提高系统性能,同时解决了联合传输用户的数量选择问题。仿真结果表明,与传统的协作多点方案相比,所提方案在不损失小区平均频谱效率的前提下,在小区边缘频谱效率方面存在显著的性能增益。     

基于簇用户协作的SC-FDMA中继传输方案

该文以长期演进时分双工(long-term evolutiontime division duplex,LTE TDD)上行链路单载波频分多址(single carrier-frequency division multiple addressing,SC-FDMA)传输方案为基础,提出了一种基于簇用户协作的上行链路中...     

基于博弈论的LTE基站自优化节能方法研究和试验

利用LTE网络的多点协作传输（Co MP）技术,提出了一种基于博弈论的基站自优化节能方法,应用该方法可在基站的控制单元增加1个节能模块,此模块可以通过X2接口交互小区簇内各小区信道信息,使得各小区同频子载波上的发射功率相互博弈,以减少干扰最终达到动态平衡,提高网络容量。通过实验室仿真测试表明,该技术能够在保证网络吞吐量的同时降低系统的能耗,为运营商构建绿色节能的LTE网络提供了参考。     

Cooperative communications for LTE‐advanced—relay and CoMP

The Long Term Evolution‐Advanced (LTE‐A) system is currently under development to allow for significantly higher spectral efficiency and data throughput than the LTE systems. In a wireless system based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with frequency reuse factor one, the achievable cell spectral efficiency is often limited by the inter‐cell interference or coverage shortage of base stations. In LTE‐A, coordinated multi‐point transmission/reception (a.k.a. multi‐cell MIMO or base station cooperation) and relaying technologies are being introduced to clear these major performance hurdles. In this paper, cooperative communication technologies being discussed in LTE‐A systems are presented, together with considerations on system design. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Research on uplink coordinated transmission schemes in LTE-advanced systems

The investigation of inter-cell interference mitigation techniques is a key area in wireless communications.Coordinated multiple points(CoMP) transmission/reception is a candidate technique for interference cancellation in 3GPP LTE-Advanced system.However,the coordination scheme in CoMP remains a key research problem to be solved,which will have a strong influence on the performance of CoMP.In this paper,a novel coordinated transmission scheme is proposed for the uplink LTE-Advanced system.In our scheme,several base transceiver stations(BTS) and users are selected as coordination partners which form a CoMP cluster.Joint processing is used at the receiver to mitigate interference.From the perspective of coordinated partner selection,our scheme can be divided into static and dynamic coordination which are both considered to fully exploit the throughput gain of CoMP.The proposed schemes are evaluated by system level simulation and compared with the conventional LTE system based upon single cell processing.Our simulation results demonstrate that the proposed schemes attain superior performance as opposed to the conventional system in terms of cell average and cell edge throughput.     

Outage probability in Poisson‐cluster‐based LTE two‐tier femtocell networks

This paper analyzes two‐tier orthogonal frequency‐division multiplexing (OFDM)‐based cellular structure, when the traditional macrocell structure is extended with femtocells. The benefit of using femtocells is the capacity and coverage extension capability. To fulfill strict quality of service requirements in next‐generation mobile networks such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) or LTE‐Advanced, capacity and coverage enhancing becomes rather important. On the other hand, adding small cells such as femtocells next to macrocell modifies the interference pattern of the current region. Therefore, the number of small cells in a given area should be limited. In this paper, we provide an analytic framework to calculate the outage probability for a macrocell user in OFDM‐based femtocell networks when the deployed femto base stations are composing an independent Poisson cluster process such as Thomas cluster process. Cluster‐based femtocell modeling offers accurate network planning for mobile operators. In this cluster‐based realization, we give an interference characterization and consider the outage probability for a randomly deployed user when communication channel is infected with Rayleigh fading. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

下行CoMP技术研究及性能测试

CoMP是LTE-A的关键技术,采用CoMP技术的小区能有效避免同频干扰,提升小区边缘用户的吞吐率。通过对下行CoMP中三种技术的比对,总结出三者的特性。结合CoMP的测试,分析了下行CoMP中的算法过程及运行机制。对比优化前后效果,结合基站开启下行CoMP功能后对下载速率有提升的验证,对下行CoMP进行推广应用     

基于认知的LTE系统动态频谱分配

传统的软频率复用(SFR)无法适应长期演进(LTE)系统中业务的动态分布,可能导致小区中心和边缘区域频谱利用率不均。针对此问题,该文提出一种基于认知的LTE系统动态频谱分配方法(Cog-DSA)。该方法利用基站间的相互协作获得频谱使用状态信息,从而确定可用频谱集合,并评估来自邻小区的同频干扰,最终根据可用资源块的通信质量,对重负荷小区边缘进行频谱的动态借用和服务基站的灵活选择。仿真结果表明,所提方法能够有效改善频谱利用率,减少小区间干扰,显著提升边缘用户的传输速率。     

Spectrum efficiency sub-carrier and energy efficiency power allocation for downlink multi-user CoMP in multi-cell system

Coordinated multi-point transmission/reception （CoMP） was proposed currently as an effective technology to improve cell-edge throughput in next-generation wireless systems. Most of the existing work discussed clustering methods mostly to maximize the edge user throughput while neglecting the problem of energy efficiency, such as those algorithm clustering base stations （BSs） of better channel condition and BSs of worse channel condition together. In addition, BSs usually increase the transmit power to achieve higher throughput without any considering of interference caused to other users, that may result in energy waste. The authors focus on the throughput maximizing problem while fully considering energy saving problem in CoMP systems. A coefficient is defined to describe the fitness of clusters. Then a sub-carrier allocation algorithm with clustering method is put forward for CoMP downlink, which can save the transmit power of BS and increase the throughput. Furthermore a power allocation scheme is proposed based on non-cooperation game; in which the transmit power is decreased by BSs generally to reach the Nash equation （NE）. Simulation shows that the proposed sub-carrier allocation scheme and power allocation algorithm are better than the existing ones on users＇ throughput while consumes much less energy.     

Energy‐efficient power control for uplink spectrum‐sharing heterogeneous networks

This article considers energy‐efficient power control schemes for interference management in uplink spectrum‐sharing heterogeneous networks that maximize the energy efficiency of users, protect the macro base station, and support users with QoS consideration. In the first scenario, we define the objective function as the weighted sum of the energy efficiencies and develop an efficient global optimization algorithm with global linear and local quadratic rate of convergence to solve the considered problem. To ensure fairness among individual user equipments (UEs) in terms of energy efficiency, we consider the max‐min problem, where the objective is defined as the weighted minimum of the energy efficiencies, and a fractional programming theory and the dual decomposition method are jointly used to solve the problem and investigate an iterative algorithm. As by‐products, we further discuss the global energy efficiency problem and consider near‐optimal schemes. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate significant improvements of the proposed algorithms over existing interference management schemes.     

网络MIMO中的基站联合传输技术

协作多点（CoMP）是未来无线通信中的关键技术之一。多个小区基站通过对信道状态信息（CSI）和用户数据信息的不同程度共享,实现多基站协作传输,将传统意义上的干扰转化为对用户有用的信号,从而提高频谱效率,极大改善小区边缘用户的性能。块对角（BD）算法通过在干扰信道的零空间上设计合适的预编码向量,完全抵消干扰。本文将BD算法用于多小区联合传输,从空间维的角度剖析了其干扰抵消和宏分集增益的工作原理,并将其与迫零（ZF）算法,最小均方误差（MMSE）算法,时分多址（TDMA）以及单用户特征值波束成形算法比较,分析了各种算法的优劣。同时将协作BD算法与非协作BD算法比较。仿真结果表明BD算法优于上述预编码算法,协作传输优于非协作传输。
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LTE—A中协同多点传输的联合处理预编码方法

协同多点传输（CoMP）是围绕LTE—A的目标而提出的通过基站内不同远程射频单元（RRU）协作、基站和其所属中继协作和基站间协作等多种多点协作方式,减小小区边缘干扰、提高小区边缘频谱效率、增加有效覆盖的技术措施。CoMP中的联合处理技术（JP）对系统性能的提升最大,JP对性能提升的主要途径是基于信道信息的预编码技术。在不同的CoMP场景下,各种预编码方式各有优劣。越来越多的研究更集中于从压缩反馈量和优化码本设计两个角度来实现预编码的优化。     

超密集组网下一种基于干扰增量降低的分簇算法

超密集网络(UDNs)拉近了终端与节点间的距离,使得网络频谱效率大幅度提高,扩展了系统容量,但是小区边缘用户的性能严重下降。合理规划的虚拟小区(VC)只能降低中等规模UDNs的干扰,而重叠基站下的用户的干扰需要协作用户簇的方法来解决。该文提出了一种干扰增量降低(IIR)的用户分簇算法,通过在簇间不断交换带来最大干扰的用户,最小化簇内的干扰和,最终最大化系统和速率。该算法在不提高K均值算法的复杂度的同时,不需要指定簇首,避免陷入局部最优。仿真结果表明,网络密集部署时,有效提高系统和速率,尤其是边缘用户的吞吐量。     

Different sensing durations‐based cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio systems

In order to provide more accurate detection of the primary user's activity in cognitive radio (CR) systems, cooperative spectrum sensing is proposed. The transmit diversity can also be employed by cooperative spectrum sensing to improve the performance of decision reporting. Hence, in the reporting channels between the cognitive users and the base station (BS), space time block code (STBC) scheme is considered in each cluster with time division multiple access (TMDA) method. In this paper, to improve the time efficiency in the case that one cluster makes sensing report, whereas the others do nothing but wait for their orders, we set each cluster with different sensing durations and the clusters will not stop the spectrum sensing until their results are reported. Furthermore, we also adopt the flexible sensing durations to decrease unnecessary energy consumption based on the clusters’ sensing sensitivities. Simulation results and analysis show the better detection performance and time efficiency of the proposed scheme. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A novel antenna allocation technique for green single cell MIMO and MIMO-CoMP downlink transmission

To meet the increasing traffic and energy consumption demands of wireless networks, energy efficiency and energy efficient transmission techniques have become an urgent need for cellular networks. In this work, the problem of base station (BS) power consumption reduction for increased network energy efficiency of downlink TDMA-based transmission is considered. To meet network’s high traffic demand due to high data rates required by large numbers of users, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and coordinated multi-point (CoMP) transmission have been considered. By adopting realistic power consumption models for single cell MIMO and multi-cell MIMO-CoMP networks, enhanced antenna allocation techniques are proposed and their energy efficiency is compared to the conventional power allocation schemes. It is shown that for a target signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR), the proposed techniques consume less total power compared to traditional schemes, which leads to higher energy efficiency. In addition, for same power level, the symbol error rate (SER) is reduced and system’s sum rate increases, which leads to higher spectral efficiency.