Out-of-plane deflection of nonprismatic curved beam structures solved by DQEM

The differential quadrature element method (DQEM) is used to solve the out-of-plane deflections of nonprismatic curved beam structures. The extended differential quadrature is used to discretize the governing differential equations defined on all elements, the transition conditions defined on the inter-element boundary of two adjacent elements and the boundary conditions. Numerical results obtained by DQEM are presented. They demonstrate the developed numerical solution procedure.     

Differential quadrature element analysis using extended differential quadrature

The extended differential quadrature (EDQ) has been proposed. A certain order derivative or partial derivative of the variable function with respect to the coordinate variables at an arbitrary discrete point is expressed as a weighted linear sum of the values of function and/or its possible derivatives at all grid nodes. The grid pattern can be fixed while the selection of discrete points for defining discrete fundamental relations is flexible. This method can be used to the differential quadrature element and generalized differential quadrature element analyses.     

Application of boundary-domain element method to the free vibration problem of plate structures

The boundary-domain element method is applied to the free vibration problem of thin-walled plate structures. The static fundamental solutions are used for the derivation of the integral equations for both in-plane and out-of-plane motions. All the integral equations to be implemented are regularized up to an integrable order and then discretized by means of the boundary-domain element method. The entire system of equations for the plate structures composed of thin elastic plates is obtained by assembling the equations for each plate component satisfying the equilibrium and compatibility conditions on the connected edge as well as the boundary conditions. The algebraic eigenvalue equation is derived from this system of equations and is able to be solved by using the standard solver to obtain eigenfrequencies and eigenmodes. Numerical analysis is carried out for a few example problems and the computational aspects are discussed.     

Numerical simulation of two-dimensional sine-Gordon solitons by differential quadrature method

During the past few decades, the idea of using differential quadrature methods for numerical solutions of partial differential equations (PDEs) has received much attention throughout the scientific community. In this article, we proposed a numerical technique based on polynomial differential quadrature method (PDQM) to find the numerical solutions of two-dimensional sine-Gordon equation with Neumann boundary conditions. The PDQM reduced the problem into a system of second-order linear differential equations. Then, the obtained system is changed into a system of ordinary differential equations and lastly, RK4 method is used to solve the obtained system. Numerical results are obtained for various cases involving line and ring solitons. The numerical results are found to be in good agreement with the exact solutions and the numerical solutions that exist in literature. It is shown that the technique is easy to apply for multidimensional problems.     

Dynamic optimization of large scale systems: Case study

We present the analysis of the steady state backoff problem with state and dynamic constraints of a non-linear chemical process described by almost 3000 differential algebraic equations. The dynamic optimization is carried out using a new approach based on an SQP algorithm for semi-infinite non-linear programming problems. The system equations are integrated with an implicit Runge-Kutta method and 'reduced' gradients are evaluated by adjoint equations. The high performance of the algorithm is analysed and compared to fully non-linear programming proposals in which discretized system equations are treated as general non-linear equality constraints.     

First order sensitivity analysis of flexible multibody systems using absolute nodal coordinate formulation

Design sensitivity analysis of flexible multibody systems is important in optimizing the performance of mechanical systems. The choice of coordinates to describe the motion of multibody systems has a great influence on the efficiency and accuracy of both the dynamic and sensitivity analysis. In the flexible multibody system dynamics, both the floating frame of reference formulation (FFRF) and absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF) are frequently utilized to describe flexibility, however, only the former has been used in design sensitivity analysis. In this article, ANCF, which has been recently developed and focuses on modeling of beams and plates in large deformation problems, is extended into design sensitivity analysis of flexible multibody systems. The Motion equations of a constrained flexible multibody system are expressed as a set of index-3 differential algebraic equations (DAEs), in which the element elastic forces are defined using nonlinear strain-displacement relations. Both the direct differentiation method and adjoint variable method are performed to do sensitivity analysis and the related dynamic and sensitivity equations are integrated with HHT-I3 algorithm. In this paper, a new method to deduce system sensitivity equations is proposed. With this approach, the system sensitivity equations are constructed by assembling the element sensitivity equations with the help of invariant matrices, which results in the advantage that the complex symbolic differentiation of the dynamic equations is avoided when the flexible multibody system model is changed. Besides that, the dynamic and sensitivity equations formed with the proposed method can be efficiently integrated using HHT-I3 method, which makes the efficiency of the direct differentiation method comparable to that of the adjoint variable method when the number of design variables is not extremely large. All these improvements greatly enhance the application value of the direct differentiation method in the engineering optimization of the ANCF-based flexible multibody systems.     

ATOMFT: solving ODEs and DAEs using Taylor series

Taylor series methods compute a solution to an initial value problem in ordinary differential equations by expanding each component of the solution in a long Taylor series. The series terms are generated recursively using the techniques of automatic differentiation. The ATOMFT system includes a translator to transform statements of the system of ODEs into a FORTRAN 77 object program that is compiled, linked with the ATOMFT runtime library, and run to solve the problem. We review the use of the ATOMFT system for nonstiff and stiff ODEs, the propagation of global errors, and applications to differential algebraic equations arising from certain control problems, to boundary value problems, to numerical quadrature, and to delay problems.     

Stability and accuracy of differential quadrature method in solving dynamic problems

In this paper, the differential quadrature method is used to solve dynamic problems governed by second-order ordinary differential equations in time. The Legendre, Radau, Chebyshev, Chebyshev–Gauss–Lobatto and uniformly spaced sampling grid points are considered. Besides, two approaches using the conventional and modified differential quadrature rules to impose the initial conditions are also investigated. The stability and accuracy properties are studied by evaluating the spectral radii and truncation errors of the resultant numerical amplification matrices. It is found that higher-order accurate solutions can be obtained at the end of a time step if the Gauss and Radau sampling grid points are used. However, the conventional approach to impose the initial conditions in general only gives conditionally stable time step integration algorithms. Unconditionally stable algorithms can be obtained if the modified differential quadrature rule is used. Unfortunately, the commonly used Chebyshev–Gauss–Lobatto sampling grid points would not generate unconditionally stable algorithms.     

Analytical integral formulae related to convex quadrilateral finite elements

Analytical quadrature formulae for rational functions, integrated over finite elements with quadrilateral geometry, are presented definitively. For second order differential equations, these formulae produce algebraic finite element relations associated with the isoparametrical or subparametrical rectangular interpolations.     

Application of lower order integration schemes in linear shell problems

A method is presented by which steady flow solutions may be obtained to problems which involve non-Newtonian memory fluids. The finite element method is used in conjunction with a Galerkin form of the equations of motion and continuity. Integral constitutive laws are directly employed without extra-stress differential equations. The stress is computed by construction of the portion of the streamline lying upstream of element quadrature points. This construction is shown to be quite simple, owing to the special form of finite element trial velocity fields. Two test problems are analyzed which use the integral form of the Maxwell constitutive law. The interaction between the fluid elasticity and solution procedures for the discrete equations is discussed.     

微分代数系统结构化分析

对工程和科学问题进行建模和仿真的时候,人们常常很自然地会用微分代数系统对这些问题进行描述.为了检验微分代数系统的初始相容性并进行求解,对微分代数系统进行结构化分析非常重要.本文对经典的微分代数系统结构化分析方法进行了深入的研究;提出了一种新的结构化分析方法,可以高效地对大规模、高阶高指标的微分代数系统进行结构化分析,并快速检验其初始相容性;证明了该方法的终止性,分析了其最坏时间复杂度.该方法的关键在于对最大加权二部子图的使用,而最大加权二部子图则来源于原始系统的加权二部图.实验结果显示,该方法能高效地完成对微分代数系统的结构化分析.     

Application of Bernoulli matrix method for solving two-dimensional hyperbolic telegraph equations with Dirichlet boundary conditions

The present article is devoted to develop a new approach and methodology to find the approximate solution of second order two-dimensional telegraph equations with the Dirichlet boundary conditions. We first transform the telegraph equations into equivalent partial integro-differential equations (PIDEs) which contain both initial and boundary conditions and therefore can be solved numerically in a more appropriate manner. Operational matrices of integration and differentiation of Bernoulli polynomials together with the completeness of these polynomials are used to reduce the PIDEs into the associated algebraic generalized Sylvester equations which can be solved by an efficient Krylov subspace iterative (i.e., BICGSTAB) method. The efficiency of the proposed method has been confirmed with several test examples and it is clear that the results are acceptable and found to be in good agreement with exact solutions. We have compared the numerical results of the proposed method with radial basis function method and differential quadrature method. Also, the method is simple, efficient and produces very accurate numerical results in considerably small number of basis functions and hence reduces computational effort. Moreover, the technique is easy to apply for multidimensional problems.     

离散化微分模型方程的反应器网络综合

构造基于全混流和交叉流反应器的反应器网络超结构,并建立优化模型,优化模型由复杂的高度非线性的微分／代数方程所构成。本文采用有限元正交配置法离散化微分方程的策略来简化超结构数学模型,将离散化所得的代数方程组与其它约柬条件一起,作为反应器网络超结构的数学模型,然后运用数学软件优化求解。实例研究表明,优化结果与文献相一致或优于文献,表明离散化法求解含有微分模型方程的反应器网络综合问题是有效的。     

Numerical analysis of fluid squeezed between two parallel plates by meshless method

This paper presents the steady-state and transient analysis of the fluid squeezed between two long parallel plates. The governing coupled partial differential equations have been discretized by element free Galerkin method and implemented using variational approach. Penalty and Lagrange multiplier techniques have been utilized to enforce the essential boundary conditions. Four point Gauss quadrature has been used to evaluate the viscous terms in the coefficient matrix whereas reduced integration scheme (i.e. one point Gauss quadrature) has been used to evaluate the penalty terms over two-dimensional domain (Ω). Cubicspline, exponential and rational weight functions have been used in the present work. The results obtained by EFG method are compared with those obtained by finite element and analytical methods. The effect of scaling and penalty parameters on EFG results has been discussed in detail.     

Finite element analysis of viscous,incompressible fluid flow: Part 1 : Basic methodology

A numerical procedure is developed for the analysis of general two-dimensional flows of viscous, incompressible fluids using the finite element method. The partial differential equations describing the continuum motion of the fluid are discretized by using an integral energy balance approach in conjunction with the finite element approximation. The nonlinear algebraic equations resulting from the discretization process are solved using a Picard iteration technique.A number of computational procedures are developed that allow significant reductions to be made in the computational effort required for the analysis of many flow problems. These techniques include a coarse-to-fine-mesh rezone procedure for the detailed study of regions of particular interest in a flow field and a special finite element to model far-field regions in external flow problems.     

Linear programming and limit analysis of shell roofs

Limit analysis for cylindrical shell roofs has been formulated as a linear programming problem based on lower bound theorem. The differential equations of equilibrium for a circular cylindrical shell element are transformed into algebraic equations by finite differences. The equilibrium equations and the linearized non-linear yield conditions at various points of the shell are linear functions of the stress resultants. These form the linear constraints of the problem. The load parameter is taken as an objective function and it is maximized using revised simplex method. For a shell of given geometry, stress resultants at various points are obtained to give the optimum collapse load. Thus the versatile technique avoids various trial solutions to achieve best lower bound for complicated shell problems.     

MBS Approach to Generate Equations of Motions for HiL-Simulations in Vehicle Dynamics

Numerical simulation of system dynamics is today a standard in the design of cars and trucks. The multibody system (MBS) analysis is applied to suspension kinematics and compliant kinematics, handling performance and ride comfort as well as to the generation of load data for lifetime prediction. These simulation tasks are carried out as an off-line simulation. Over the last couple of years the MBS method has been established in the real-time simulation domain, typically for the design of vehicle control systems and the test of electronic control units, using Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) simulation. This paper shows how the transition from offline multi-body-system (MBS) models to real-time simulation can be achieved automatically by using a component oriented reduction procedure for vehicle suspensions, which keeps the full component parameterization. This necessitates a transformation of the equations of motion from differential algebraic equations (DAE) into ordinary differential equations (ODE). For use in HiL-simulators the equations of motion with open interfaces of the applied forces and torques are provided to be integrated in a modular dynamic ride model. The work has been carried out during the employment of the author at INTEC GmbH, Argelsrieder Feld 13; 82234 Wessling, Germany; e-mail: intec@simpack.de     

The standard H∞ problem in systems with a singleinput delay

The standard H_∞ problem is solved for LTI systems with a single, pure input lag. The solution is based on state-space analysis, mixing a finite-dimensional and an abstract evolution model. Utilizing the relatively simple structure of these distributed systems, the associated operator Riccati equations are reduced to a combination of two algebraic Riccati equations and one differential Riccati equation over the delay interval. The results easily extend to finite time and time-varying problems where the algebraic Riccati equations are substituted by differential Riccati equations over the process time duration     

A method and a software package for numerical solution of the systems of nonlinear ordinary integro-differential-algebraic equations

A method, an algorithm and a software package for automatically solving the ordinary nonlinear integro-differential-algebraic equations (IDAEs) of a sufficiently general form are described. The author understands an automatic solution as obtaining a result without carrying out the stages of selecting a method, programming, and program checking. Both initial and boundary value problems for such equations are solved. It is assumed that the complete set of boundary and initial conditions at the beginning of the integration interval are given. By performing differentiation, the system of IDAEs can be modified, in general, into a system of ordinary nonlinear differential equations (IDEs). The problem of finding the solution of the above-mentioned system on the uniform grid on the integration interval is posed in two forms: as solving the system of IDAEs and as solving the appropriate system of IDEs, where the developed program is to be used. In order to reduce the system of IDAEs and the system of IDEs to the systems of ordinary nonlinear algebraic equations, at every stage of the algorithm the integration and differentiation formulas obtained earlier by N.G. Bandurin are used. Systems similar to those test systems of both nonlinear IDAEs and IDEs considered in this investigation are solved by using the computer programs. It is evident that the coincidence of the results for one and the same system of equations in its different forms can serve as good evidence of the correctness of the obtained results.     

Taylor polynomial solutions of systems of linear differential equations with variable coefficients

A Taylor collocation method has been presented for numerically solving systems of high-order linear ordinary, differential equations with variable coefficients. Using the Taylor collocation points, this method transforms the ODE system and the given conditions to matrix equations with unknown Taylor coefficients. By means of the obtained matrix equation, a new system of equations corresponding to the system of linear algebraic equations is gained. Hence by finding the Taylor coefficients, the Taylor polynomial approach is obtained. Also, the method can be used for the linear systems in the normal form. To illustrate the pertinent features of the method, examples are presented and results are compared.