重金属在废弃粉煤灰-水泥固化体系内的迁移

采用径向动态浸出实验（rDLT）研究了含废弃粉煤灰-水泥固化朋急定样品内部重金属铅、铜、锌的氢氧化物的迁移行为，发现重金属在酸溶液作用下虽然会从样品内部向外迁移，但不同重金属的迁移规律各不相同。其中铅会在靠近固液界面的区域富集而不会及时进入外界浸出液，铜的富集区域远大于铅，锌基本不会富集而被直接浸出。在固化／稳定体系中添加Ca（OH）2可以有效阻碍锌的浸出。     

高钙粉煤灰地聚合物固化/稳定重金属的试验研究

利用高钙粉煤灰研制地聚合物来固化/稳定重金属,采用静态和动态浸出试验研究了高钙粉煤灰地聚合物对重金属的固化/稳定效果,并进一步探索了重金属的迁移机制和长期安全性.研究表明:高钙粉煤灰地聚合物分别固化/稳定0.025％的铅,0.025％的铬和0.01％的汞后,经静态浸出试验,重金属浸出浓度远低于规定的上限值,且固化率均在98％以上.经动态浸出试验,重金属的实时浸出浓度低于规定的上限值,累积浸出浓度在72 h后趋于稳定;固化体中重金属的径向分布相似;重金属的有效扩散系数和浸出率非常低,长期安全性优良.     

化学激发剂对废弃粗粉煤灰火山灰活性的影响

通过研究不同化学激发剂对废弃粗粉煤灰-水泥系统的强度发展、水化程度、水化产物等的影响，发现掺入Na2SO4和K2SO4可以大幅提高废弃粗粉煤灰-水泥系统在早期和晚期的抗压强度，而掺入CaCl2和Ca(OH)2的效果则不明显，X射线衍射的测试结果也证明了这一点。由此说明化学激发废弃粗粉煤灰的火山灰活性重点在于提高系统的pH值。另外，水化程度测试的结果显示，化学激发剂对粗粉煤灰的促进作用主要集中在28d以前。     

硝酸铅对磷酸镁水泥水化的影响及浸出毒性

重金属铅污染是重大的环境问题,利用磷酸镁水泥体系可对重金属铅进行稳定/固化。研究了不同硝酸铅掺量对磷酸镁水泥水化进程的影响,并对水化产物的晶体形貌、浸出毒性进行了探讨。研究表明:硝酸铅掺量的增加(最大掺量2.5%)对磷酸镁水泥的凝结时间影响不大,对水化产物种类(MgKPO4.6H2O和Mg3(PO4)2)无影响,但水化产物形貌有所变化。磷酸镁水泥对硝酸铅进行固化的浸出毒性试验结果(0.5mg/L左右)比国家标准要求(5mg/L)低一个数量级。EDS检测出Pb元素存在于水泥水化产物中。     

重金属铅对硫铝酸盐水泥水化及其浸出毒性的影响

研究了硫铝酸盐水泥体系下重金属铅对水泥水化进程的影响,以及硫铝酸盐水泥对重金属铅的固化/稳定效果分析.研究表明,重金属铅掺量达到一定阀值（本试验条件下为2.0%）时,才会对硫铝酸盐水泥水化产生明显影响.用硫铝酸盐水泥对重金属铅进行固化效果良好,重金属铅通过物理固封、替代或吸附等形式可固化入水化产物结构中,且2.0%硝酸铅掺量浸出毒性试验结果控制在国家标准要求之内.     

用碱式硫酸盐激发废弃粗粉煤灰的研究

通过研究碱式硫酸盐对废弃粗粉煤灰一水泥系统的强度发展、水化程度及样品孔隙率等的影响，发现掺入Na2SO4和K2SO4可以大幅提高废弃粗粉煤灰一水泥系统在早期和晚期的抗压强度，在试验条件下，掺Na2SO4的最佳掺量为总重量的6％,K2S04的最佳掺量为总重量的4％，这些最优掺量都与激发剂的溶解度有关。抗压强度的结果显示，在养护后期Na2SO4对强度发展的促进作用要优于K2SO4。水化程度测试的结果则表明，在早期碱式硫酸盐作用下大量溶解的废弃粗粉煤灰中的活性成分，要在后期才能够完全参与火山灰反应。     

工业重金属污泥的稳定化试验

以危险废物工业重金属污泥为研究对象,进行了水泥、石灰和石灰 粉煤灰3种稳定化工艺对重金属铅、镉、铬、铜、锌、镍浸出毒性的影响试验,结果表明,水泥稳定化工艺水泥添加量8%、石灰稳定化工艺石灰添加量2%、石灰 粉煤灰稳定化工艺添加量为10%石灰 10%粉煤灰时,均可满足《危险废物填埋污染控制标准》(GB 18598-2001)中关于"危险废物允许进入填埋区的控制限值"的要求.石灰稳定化工艺要求稳定剂的添加量相对较小,是该类工业污泥稳定化处理的理想稳定剂.     

水泥对铬渣无害化处理及其固化体浸出毒性的研究

对水泥作胶凝材料固化铬渣进行了研究。首先硫酸亚铁溶液与铬渣搅拌，然后再加入粉煤灰，水泥，矿渣等，部分还原的六谷铬转换为三价铬被固定在水泥基质中。研究结果表明，这样得到的固化体六价铬浸出毒性低于国家标准，抗压强度可达30MPa以上，能用于建材。本实验还考虑日晒，浸出时间和固化体粒度等因素对固化体浸出毒性的影响。     

干湿循环条件下CFG固化膨胀土强度特性研究

为研究水泥-粉煤灰-脱硫石膏(CFG)复合材料改良膨胀土的强度及干湿循环耐久性,制备CFG改良土进行强度试验及干湿循环试验.测试分析不同龄期CFG改良土的无侧限抗压强度及不同干湿循环次数下的表观状况、质量损失率和强度并与水泥改良土进行对比.结果表明:粉煤灰和脱硫石膏均可提高水泥固化土的强度,脱硫石膏能够增强早期强度而粉煤灰对长期强度的增强效果更明显,固化土的强度随龄期的增加而增加;干湿循环后,水泥固化土的强度随循环次数的增加而降低,其质量先增加后降低且表观破坏程度逐渐增大;CFG复合固化土的强度随循环次数的增大先增加后降低,其质量减小缓慢;与水泥固化土相比,CFG复合固化土的抗干湿循环能力更好.     

骨料嵌锁型水泥-磷石膏基层材料的浸出毒性与环境影响研究

为了促进磷石膏的综合利用,定量评估磷石膏基层的环境影响。通过磷石膏部分取代细集料制备了一种骨料嵌锁型水泥-磷石膏稳定碎石路面基层材料,其浸出毒性进行研究,对该路面基层试验路段的淋溶液进行了环境影响分析。结果表明,骨料嵌锁型水泥-磷石膏基层可减少20%水泥用量,清洗、固化后的磷石膏浸出毒性更低,制备的路面基层材料的重金属离子浸出毒性也满足建筑材料的要求,在贵州省某二级路试验段边沟雨水的Cr⁶⁺的浓度为0.011 mg/L,其它的重金属含量全部低于0.002 mg/L,除总磷含量之外,符合IV级地表水标准,在边沟雨水的稀释下不会对环境造成污染。     

Solidification of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash with Cement and Its Leaching Behaviors of Heavy Metals

The solidifying qffect of cement addition on municipal solid waste incineration fly ash ( MSWFA for short, collected from the gas exhaust system of MSW incinerator), the interaction of MSWFA with cement and water and the leaching of heavy metals from cement-solidified MSWFA are investigated. The main results show that : ( 1 ) when MSWFA is mixed with cement and water, 112 evolution, the formation and volume expansion of AFt will take place, the volume expansion can be reduced by ground rice husk ash addition ; (2) heavy metals do leach from cement-solidified MSWFA and at lower pH more leaching will occur; (3) compared with cement - so-lidified fly ash, the leachate of solidified MSWFA is with higher heavy metal contents ; (4) with the increment of cement addition leached heavy metals are decreased ; and (5) concentrations of Zn , Mn , Cu and Cd in all the leachates can meet the relevant Standards of Japan, but as the regulations for soil and groundwater protection of Japan are concerned, precautions against the leaching of Pb , Cl^- and Cr^6 and so on are needed.     

Static and dynamic leaching experiments of heavy metals from fly ash-based geopolymers

The feasibility of high calcium fly ash (CFA)-based geopolymers to fix heavy metals were studied. The CFA-based geopolymers were prepared from CFA, flue gas desulfurization gypsum (FGDG), and water treatment residual (WTR). The static leaching showed that heavy metals concentrations from CFAbased geopolymers were lower than their maximum concentration limits according to the U.S. environmental protection law. And the encapsulated and fixed ratios of heavy metals by the CFA-based geopolymers were 96.02%–99.88%. The dynamic real-time leaching experiment showed that concentration of Pb (II) was less than 1.1 μg / L, Cr (VI) less than 3.25 mg / L, while Hg (II) less than 4.0 μg / L. Additionally, dynamic accumulated leaching concentrations were increased at the beginning of leaching process then kept stable. During the dynamic leaching process, heavy metals migrated and accumulated in an area near to the solid-solution interface. When small part of heavy metals in “the accumulated area” breached through the threshold value of physical encapsulation and chemical fixation they migrated into solution. The dynamic leaching ratios and effective diffusion coefficients of heavy metals from CFA-based geopolymer were very low and the long-term security of heavy metals in CFA-based geopolymer was safe.     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属特性分析

对国内四个不同的垃圾焚烧厂产生的飞灰进行物理及化学特性分析.四种飞灰在颗粒尺寸分布上有相似的规律,飞灰中重金属的质量分数分析结果表明采用纯垃圾焚烧的炉排炉飞灰中的质量分数高于掺煤混烧的流化床焚烧飞灰中的质量分数.随着飞灰颗粒尺寸的减小,飞灰中重金属的浓度呈现增加的趋势.飞灰的渗滤特性表明,飞灰中Ca质量分数越高,飞灰的酸中合能力越强,且重金属的渗出率受飞灰渗滤液的pH影响大,而在碱性渗滤条件下受飞灰中重金属质量分数的影响小.     

Physicochemical properties and heavy metals leachability of fly ash from coal-fired power plant

The physicochemical properties of fly ash from two kinds of coal-fired power plants were studied. Three aspects were examined: the micro-morphology, the mineral composition and the content of heavy metals. The results show that the fly ash from plants using a circulating fluidized bed are more irregular particles, while the particles from the plants using a pulverized coal-fired boiler are mainly spherical in shape. Quartz and mullite are the main crystalline phases in the ash. Clearly, both the technology and the coal used by a power plant can influence the mineral composition of the ash. The mineral composition of fly ash from a circulating fluidized bed is more complex than that from a pulverized coal-fired boiler. The quantity of elements found in the fly ash is greater than that found in the bottom ash for the same plant. Heavy metals are likely to be enriched in the fly ash. Heavy metal leachability was studied using two leaching methods. The results indicate that most of the heavy metals that leached during either batch leaching or column leaching experiments did not exceed the related maximum concentration standards. But Ni concentrations in the leachates from both batch and column tests exceed the standard. The highest excess rates in both tests were 572% and 497%, which levels might threaten the environment.     

Synthesis and heavy metal immobilization behaviors of fly ash based gepolymer

Two aspects of studies were carried out: 1) synthesis of geopolymer by using fly ash and metakaolin; 2) Immobilization behaviors of fly ash based geopolymer in a presence of Pb and Cu ions. As for the synthesis of fly ash based geopolymer, 4 different fly ash content (10%, 30%, 50%, 70%) and 3 types of curing regimes (standard curing, steam curing and autoclave curing) were investigated to obtain the optimum synthesis condition based on the compressive and flexural strength. The experimental results show that geopolymer, containing 30% fly ash and synthesized at steam curing (80° for 8 h), exhibits higher mechanical strengths. The compressive and flexural strengths of fly ash based geopolymer reach 32.2 MPa and 7.15 MPa, respectively. Additionally, Infrared (IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were used to characterize the microstructure of the fly ash geopolymer. IR spectra shows that the absorptive band at 1086 cm⁻¹ shifts to lower wave number around 1033 cm⁻¹, and the 6-coordinated Al transforms into 4-coordination during the synthesis of fly ash based geopolymer. The resulting geopolymeric products were X-ray amorphous materials. As for immobilization of heavy metals, the leaching tests were employed to investigate the immobilization behaviors of the fly ash based geopolymer synthesized under the above optimum condition. The leaching tests showed that fly ash based geopolymer can effectively immobilize Cu and Pb heavy metal ions, and the immobilization efficiency reached 90% greater when heavy metals were incorporated in the fly ash geopolymer in the range of 0.1% to 0.3%. The Pb exhibits better immobilization efficiency than the Cu, especially in the case of large dosages of heavy metals.     

利用热等离子体熔融垃圾焚烧飞灰

为了评价垃圾焚烧飞灰的热等离子体熔融处理效果, 研究SiO2和CaO对重金属固化效果和重金属毒性浸出特性的影响. 在飞灰中添加一定比例的SiO2和CaO, 配置成不同的配灰样品, 利用纯氩热等离子体在1 400～1 500 ℃下, 对飞灰及配灰进行熔融玻璃化的实验研究, 分别利用X射线能量色散谱仪(EDX)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FSEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和毒性浸出方法(TCLP)分析飞灰和熔渣的化学组成、微观结构、晶相组成和重金属毒性浸出特性. 结果表明, 热等离子体熔融所得熔渣为无定形的玻璃体, 重金属浸出质量浓度均远低于毒性标准. SiO2和CaO的添加都可以改善重金属固化效果, CaO比SiO2对Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb挥发的抑制效果更好. SiO2的添加可以改善熔渣中重金属的浸出特性, 而CaO的作用与之相反.     

The Cement Solidification of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash

The chemical composition, the content and the leachability of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incineration （ MSWI） fly ash were tested and analyzed. It is shown that the leachability of Pb and Cr exceeds the leaching toxicity standard, and so the MSWI fly ash is considered as hazardous waste and must be solidifled. The effect of solidifying the MSWI fly ash by cement was studied, and it is indicated that the heavy metals can be well immobilized if the mass fraction of the fly ash is appropriate. The heavy metals were immobilized within cement hydration products through either physical fixation, substhtaion, deposition or adsorption mechanisms.     

CaO对飞灰重金属元素浸出特性的影响

我国燃煤锅炉飞灰的主要处理方式是将灰堆积在灰场。由于燃煤锅炉飞灰中含有多种有害重金属元素,如砷、硒等,在自然界雨水,尤其是酸雨的浸润作用下,有害重金属元素会释放出来．污染环境和水源。研究了CaO对飞灰重金属元素浸出特性的影响,为解决我国燃煤锅炉飞灰存放的重金属污染问题,提供一个切实可行的思路。