井下低频脉动水力压裂技术参数优化及现场应用

对于地层压力高、岩石破裂压力大的储层,水力压裂施工面临井口泵压大、设备要求高的难题。井下低频脉动水力压裂技术通过在井底产生低频脉动,可以显著降低岩石起裂压力和延伸压力,提高压裂增产效果。通过室内实验以及理论计算,对低频脉动水力压裂技术的脉动频率及脉动压力幅值两个关键参数进行了优化。结果表明:当脉动频率为20 Hz时,岩石的破坏最为严重; 脉动频率越高,振幅衰减越快; 岩石的抗压强度与脉动压力幅值成反比,幅值越大,岩石的抗压强度越低。最后,在陕北地区低渗透油田进行了3口井的低频脉动水力压裂现场试验。试验结果表明,低频脉动水力压裂后的试验井与相邻常规压裂井相比,砂堵问题明显减少,且在降低施工压力方面具有显著效果。     

深井延迟长脉冲燃爆压裂火药优配与评价

针对燃爆压裂火药爆燃加载速率快、措施安全与裂缝规模难以平衡的问题,基于对成熟火箭推进剂配方的深入考察,借助密闭爆发器、燃速测试仪、落锤仪、摩擦感度仪和差热分析仪等实验设备,筛选优化了延迟长脉冲燃爆压裂火药配方,测试并得到了其从低压到高压的燃速图版,评价了其爆燃加载特性.结果表明,相对传统燃爆压裂火药,该延迟长脉冲火药燃速更低、持压时间更长,且具有较强的耐撞击、摩擦和高温性能,适用于深层、超高压地层油气井.在20℃下测试,延迟长脉冲火药在7 MPa下爆燃加载持压时间78.1ms,为传统燃爆火药的2.12倍;45~70MPa超高压环境下燃速36.4~39.5mm/s,低于传统燃爆火药燃速一半,可有效提高燃爆压裂火药最大装药量、扩大裂缝延伸长度和破裂规模.     

水压力和轴力联合作用下常态混凝土的断裂试验研究

针对常态混凝土高坝在蓄水状态下可能出现的水力劈裂现象,采用恒定水压力加轴向拉力和恒定轴向拉力加水压力两种不同的加载方式,进行了水压力和外力联合作用下的常态混凝土试件轴拉试验。对试验结果进行了分析,得到了常态混凝土断裂的荷载-应变变化规律。结合试验条件计算了裂缝尖端的应力强度因子,得到了两种不同加载条件下的失稳断裂韧度,并进行了对比分析。     

裂隙岩体水力劈裂的颗粒离散元数值模拟

利用颗粒离散元软件PFC2D从细观角度初步模拟裂隙岩体水力劈裂的发展过程,并分析影响水力劈裂的部分因素。研究结果表明,以初始裂缝尖端处的接触黏结破坏作为水力劈裂发生的标志,可以较真实地模拟裂隙岩体水力劈裂时裂缝的产生和扩展过程。数值模拟结果表明,初始裂缝的相对长度、岩体的渗透性以及水压力的加载速率等因素均对水力劈裂的起裂压力有较大影响。起裂压力随着岩体初始裂缝长度的增加、水压加载速率的加快而降低,随着岩体渗透性的增加而有较明显提高。这些规律与现有的理论和研究结果是一致的,从而验证了采用颗粒离散元模拟裂隙岩体水力劈裂的可行性。     

基于均匀设计法的水压致裂模拟试验优化研究

水压致裂技术作为一种绝对应力测量方法广泛地运用在原地应力测量领域,在其测量过程中影响岩石破裂值的流体力学影响因素主要是压裂液的注液速率、黏度和密度等,因此应开展流体力学影响因素的室内模拟试验,定量分析各因素对于原地应力测量准确度的影响。由于因素数量较多且该试验对于岩芯试块为破坏性试验,因此试验设计较为复杂且次数较多,全面试验或正交试验方案将严重影响试验实际操作和试验效果。本文在理论分析流体力学因素对于裂缝扩展和破裂压力影响基础上,提出一种基于混合水平均匀设计方法的水压致裂模拟试验优化方案,根据压裂液的注液速率、黏度和密度等影响因素及其参数值（水平数）构建均匀试验设计方案,利用DPS数据处理软件获取最优混合水平的均匀设计表,然后根据最优均匀设计表选择不同流体力学参数的典型点进行试验。最后将试验结果与部分全面试验结果进行对比分析,证明优化试验的岩石破裂值均处于全面试验测量区间内,印证了不同流体力学因素对于岩石破裂值的影响效应。本文中优化算法试验方案通过较少的试验次数简化了试验流程,试验次数仅为正交试验的四分之一,因此显著提高了水压致裂多影响因素模拟试验效率,对于后续建立不同流体力学影响因素的破裂压力修正公式与补偿模型提供了一种快速有效的试验方法,对原地应力进一步精确测算具有一定的积极意义。     

Phenomenon of methane driven caused by hydraulic fracturing in methane-bearing coal seams

The methane concentration of the return current will always be enhanced to a certain degree when hydraulic fracturing with bedding drilling is implemented to a gassy coal seam in an underground coal mine. The methane in coal seam is driven out by hydraulic fracturing. Thus, the phenomenon is named as methane driven effect of hydraulic fracturing. After deep-hole hydraulic fracturing at the tunneling face of the gassy coal seam, the coal methane content exhibits a ‘‘low-high-low" distribution along excavation direction in the following advancing process, verifying the existence of methane driven caused by hydraulic fracturing in methane-bearing coal seam. Hydraulic fracturing causes the change of pore-water and methane pressure in surrounding coal. The uneven distribution of the pore pressure forms a pore pressure gradient. The free methane migrates from the position of high pore(methane) pressure to the position of low pore(methane) pressure. The methane pressure gradient is the fundamental driving force for methane-driven coal seam hydraulic fracturing. The uneven hydraulic crack propagation and the effect of time(as some processes need time to complete and are not completed instantaneously) will result in uneven methane driven. Therefore, an even hydraulic fracturing technique should be used to avoid the negative effects of methane driven; on the other hand, by taking fully advantage of methane driven, two technologies are presented.     

Fractured rock mass hydraulic fracturing under hydrodynamic and hydrostatic pressure joint action

According to the stress state of the crack surface, crack rock mass can be divided into complex composite tensile-shear fracture and composite compression-shear fracture from the perspective of fracture mechanics. By studying the hydraulic fracturing effect of groundwater on rock fracture, the tangential friction force equation of hydrodynamic pressure to rock fracture is deduced. The hydraulic fracturing of hydrostatic and hydrodynamic pressure to rock fracture is investigated to derive the equation of critical pressure when the hydraulic fracturing effect occurs in the rock fracture. Then, the crack angle that is most prone to hydraulic fracturing is determined. The relationships between crack direction and both lateral pressure coefficient and friction angle of the fracture surface are analyzed. Results show that considering the joint effect of hydrodynamic and hydrostatic pressure, the critical pressure does not vary with the direction of the crack when the surrounding rock stationary lateral pressure coefficient is equal to 1.0. Under composite tensile-shear fracture, the crack parallel to the direction of the main stress is the most prone to hydraulic fracturing. Under compression-shear fracture, the hydrodynamic pressure resulting in the most dangerous crack angle varies at different lateral pressure coefficients; this pressure decreases when the friction angle of the fracture surface increases. By referring to the subway tunnel collapse case, the impact of fractured rock mass hydraulic fracturing generated by hydrostatic and hydrodynamic pressure joint action is calculated and analyzed.     

拖市天然裂缝型低渗透油田压裂工艺及机理研究

采用岩石力学试验,可以求取拖市油田产层、隔层的物性参数,为压裂设计掌握基础资料。在生产中,用Kaiser效应测量对应地层的地应力大小,计算地应力剖面,是为了给压裂设计提供基础数据。同时,还要计算受地应力影响的近井摩阻、压裂液效率、裂缝闭合压力。计算结果与实验结果表明,拖市油田的水力裂缝在近井地带发生偏转,在这种情况下,裂缝的动态缝宽较小,水力压裂应以低砂比、长时间注入为原则,以便降低砂堵风险。     

纯水比例溢流阀控制特性与补偿方法的研究

为了改善纯水比例阀的静动态控制性能,以TIEFENBACH的PDBV型三级座式纯水比例溢流阀为对象,研究阀的控制特性与补偿方法.阀的结构分析和静态比例调节特性试验表明,阀的开环静态特性滞环和死区大,线性可控性差;直接闭环控制的稳定性差,极易产生入口压力振荡.根据阀的开环静态特性试验结果,基于线性拟合建立了分段线性化的迟滞逆模型,并用于阀的前馈控制回路.阀控制特性的补偿效果试验结果表明:阀的前馈静态迟滞补偿大大减小了滞环和死区,提高了线性度,但是在正阶跃响应下易产生大幅超调和压力冲击.在直接前馈补偿中加入单边脉冲反馈的控制方式,可以基本消除超调现象.迟滞补偿对阀的非线性的有效改善,提高阀的控制性能,进一步扩大了水液压比例压力控制技术的应用.     

Guiding-controlling technology of coal seam hydraulic fracturing fractures extension

Aiming at the uncontrollable problem of extension direction of coal seam hydraulic fracturing, this study analyzed the course of fractures variation around the boreholes in process of hydraulic fracturing, and carried out the numerical simulations to investigate the effect of artificial predetermined fractures on stress distribution around fractured holes. The simulation results show that partial coal mass occurs relatively strong shear failure and forms weak surfaces, and then fractures extended along the desired direction while predetermined fractures changed stress distribution. Directional fracturing makes the fractures link up and the pressure on coal mass is relieved within fractured regions. Combining deep hole controlling blasting with hydraulic fracturing was proposed to realize the extension guiding-controlling technology of coal seam fractures. Industrial experiments prove that this technology can avoid local stress concentration and dramatically widen the pressure relief scope of deep hole controlling blasting. The permeability of fractured coal seam increased significantly, and gas extraction was greatly improved. Besides, regional pressure relief and permeability increase was achieved in this study.     

特低渗储层压裂水平井产能因素分析

基于井筒与油藏耦合的压裂水平井产能计算模型,优化了裂缝的流入动态,并综合考虑特低渗储层启动压力梯度和应力敏感的影响,建立了特低渗油藏压裂水平井的产能方程。通过室内实验确定某特低渗油田储层的启动压力梯度和应力敏感系数,计算裂缝间距、裂缝半长和水平段长等参数对水平井产能的影响。计算结果表明,裂缝间距与裂缝半长对产能影响显著,并且该方法预测产量准确,对特低渗油藏压裂水平井开发具有指导意义。     

具有内外置天线切换功能的新型双射频低噪放大电路的设计

介绍了一种工作于GPS的L₁、L₂频段和GLONASS的G₁、G₂频段,并具有内外置天线切换功能的新型双射频低噪放大电路,其中改进了低噪放大电路的结构,明显提高了其带外抑制量,使其具有更好的抗干扰能力,并采用了新型的内外置天线切换电路,解决了外置天线接口对内置天线信号的影响问题.仿真结果表明,该新型双射频低噪放大电路具有较低的噪声系数、较高的增益平坦度和带外抑制能力,并且稳定性很好.制作了该电路的印制板,并对其进行调试和测试,其主要技术参数的测试结果与仿真结果比较符合,从而验证了该新型双射频低噪放大电路所具有的良好特性,而且所制作的电路样品结构紧凑、占用PCB板面积较小,非常适合于手持式高精度定位接收机.     

Progress on the hydraulic measures for grid slotting and fracking to enhance coal seam permeability

A method of hydraulic grid slotting and hydraulic fracturing was proposed to enhance the permeability of low permeability coal seam in China. Micro-structural development and strength characteristics of coal were analysed to set up the failure criterion of coal containing water and gas, which could describe the destruction rule of coal containing gas under the hydraulic measures more accurately. Based on the theory of transient flow and fluid grid, the numerical calculation model of turbulence formed by high pressure oscillating water jet was used. With the high speed photography test, dynamic evolution and pulsation characteristics of water jet water analysed which laid a foundation for mechanism analysis of rock damage under water jet. Wave equation of oscillating water jet slotting was established and the mechanism of coal damage by the impact stress wave under oscillation jet was revealed. These provide a new method to study the mechanism of porosity and crack damage under high pressure jet.Fracture criterion by jet slotting was established and mechanism of crack development controlled by crack zone between slots was found. The fractures were induced to extend along pre-set direction,instead of being controlled by original stress field. The model of gas migration through coal seams after the hydraulic measures for grid slotting and fracking was established. The key technology and equipment for grid slotting and fracking with high-pressure oscillating jet were developed and applied to coal mines in Chongqing and Henan in China. The results show that the gas permeability of coal seam is enhanced by three orders of magnitude, efficiency of roadway excavation and mining is improved by more than 57%and the cost of gas control is reduced by 50%.     

二位四通开关阀位置伺服系统的稳定性和控制精度

本文介绍按 PNM 式原理工作的二位四通开关阀组成的阀控单出杆缸计算机控制系统,根据该系统的传递函数,应用 Z 变换,对影响系统稳定性和位置精度的生要因素进行分析,并由实验结果证实,在低频工作范围内,该系统工作可靠,位置精度较高.     

获得转速脉冲触发阈值的精确时标研究

提出了一种基于脉冲沿准确估计的阈值时标精确插值新方法.在LabVIEW平台下,用模拟变速随机脉冲信号和实测转子试验台的光电转速脉冲对该算法进行了测试,证明该方法能有效消除阈值对误差的影响,能在较低采样率下实现阈值时标的精确插值.本方法比传统的线性插值方法具有更高的精度,在提高转转速计算精度上具有重要应用价值和现实意义.     

多分支缝水力压裂暂堵起裂点位置研究

针对多分支缝压裂成缝起裂点不明确的问题,基于多孔介质流固耦合理论模型,通过Comsol Multiphysics软件进行有限元模拟分支缝压裂过程,分析不同应力差条件下缝内起裂点和井筒起裂点的集中应力变 化规律,随着缝内净压力的增加,存在一个差别点,区分起裂点起裂的优先顺序。通过控制缝内净压力变化,调整起 裂优先顺序,控制分支缝延伸条数,保证了多分支缝水力压裂缝网的复杂性。对海拉尔油田现场实例计算分析,调 整缝内净压力,施工结果与模拟结果相同,可以指导现场施工,提高多分支缝水力压裂的成功率。     

基于PFC-FLUENT联合开展岩体水力劈裂细观机理分析

为研究岩体水力劈裂的致灾过程,揭示水力劈裂细观机理,采用VB编译平台,实现PFC、SURFER、GAMBIT、FLUENT商业软件的调用,并依托FORTRAN编译子程序实现软件间数据信息交换及特定功能,完成岩体水力劈裂三维分析平台的构建。随后,利用该平台建立与文献中相同的岩体水力劈裂圆筒模型,并与试验结果比对,验证了该平台研究岩体水力劈裂的可行性。最终,以某一输水隧洞为例,依托该平台开展输水隧洞裂纹扩展研究,分析高内水压下围岩裂隙萌生、扩张、延伸、贯通的破坏过程。结果表明:该平台能较精细地揭示隧洞衬砌水力劈裂过程并动态获取相应裂隙流场分布特征,针对该隧洞模型,衬砌外围岩压力大于0.6 MPa时方能确保当前高压内水作用下隧洞衬砌安全。     

Characterization of Hydraulic Fracture with Inflated Dislocation Moving Within a Semi-infinite Medium

Hydraulic fracturing is accompanied by a change in pore fluid pressure. As a result,this may be conveniently represented as inflated dislocation moving within a semi-infinite medium. Theory is developed to describe the pore pressures that build up around an inflated volumetric dislocation migrating within a saturated porous-elastic semi-infinite medium as analog to hydraulic fracturing emplacement. The solution is capable of evaluating the system behavior of both constant fluid pressure and zero flux surface conditions through application of a superposition. Characterization of horizontal moving dislocation processes is conducted as an application of these techniques. Where the mechanical and hydraulic parameters are defined,a priori,type curve matching of responses may be used to evaluate emplacement location uniquely. Pore pressure response elicited at a dilation,subject to pressure control is of interest in representing hydraulic fracturing where leak-off is an important component. The effect of hydraulic fracturing on fracture fluid pressure is evaluated in a poroelastic hydraulic fracture model utilizing dislocation theory. A minimum set of dimensionless parameters are defined that describe the system. Pore fluid pressures recorded during hydraulic fracturing of a well in the San Joaquin Valley of Central California is examined using the proposed model. The estimated geometry of the hydraulic fracture is matched with reasonable fidelity with the measured data.     

注液速率对页岩水力压裂起裂的影响规律研究

为了研究近井筒区域内的裂缝起裂行为,采用单轴水力压裂设备开展水力压裂试验。采用不同的注液速率开展压裂试验,结果表明注液速率对近井筒范围内的裂缝起裂时间有显著影响,随注液速率增加,起裂时间减小。注液速率对裂缝起裂压力的影响可以忽略,裂缝起裂与注液总量具有较强的关联性。通过图像对比,分析了裂缝表面的粗糙程度,结果表明沿不同位置起裂的裂缝表面粗糙程度不同,沿层理面起裂的裂缝表面粗糙程度更大。     

Reservoir reconstruction technologies for coalbed methane recovery in deep and multiple seams

Multiple coal seams widely develop in the deep Chinese coal-bearing strata. Ground in situ stress and coal seam gas pressure increase continuously with the increase of the mining depth, and coal and gas outburst disasters become increasingly severe. When the coal is very deep, the gas content and pressure will elevate and thus coal seams tends to outburst-prone seams. The safety and economics of exploited firstmined coal seams are tremendously restricted. Meanwhile, the multiple seams occurrence conditions resulted in different methane pressure systems in the coal-bearing strata, which made the reservoir reconstruction of coal difficult. Given the characteristics of low saturation, low permeability, strong anisotropy and soft coal of Chinese coal seams, a single hydraulic fracturing surface well for reservoir reconstruction to pre-drain the coalbed methane(CBM) of multiple seams concurrently under the different gas pressure systems has not yet gained any breakthroughs. Based on analyses of the main features of deep CBM reservoirs in China, current gas control methods and the existing challenges in deep and multiple seams, we proposed a new technology for deep CBM reservoir reconstruction to realize simultaneous high-efficiency coal mining and gas extraction. In particular, we determined the first-mined seam according to the principles of effectiveness and economics, and used hydraulic fracturing surface well to reconstruct the first-mined seam which enlarges the selection range of the first-mined seam. During the process of mining first-mined seam, adjacent coal seams could be reconstructed under the mining effect which promoted high-efficiency pressure relief gas extraction by using spatial and comprehensive gas drainage methods(combination of underground and ground CBM extraction methods). A typical integrated reservoir reconstruction technology, ‘‘One well for triple use", was detailed introduced and successfully applied in the Luling coal mine. The application showed that the proposed technology could effectively promote coal mining safety and simultaneously high-efficiency gas extraction.