煤层开采过程中上覆岩层裂隙演化规律研究

以淮南煤矿典型工作面为例,采用离散元数值软件UDEC(universal distinct element code)对工作面回采过程中上下煤岩体内应力场的变化及直接顶冒落过程进行了模拟,分析了上覆煤岩体裂隙产生、发展的形成过程,得到了上覆煤岩裂隙演化规律。研究结果表明,倾向方向工作面回采后,上覆煤岩体内产生冒落、裂隙带和离层带,在工作面内上角位置产生O型圈裂隙带,裂隙发育最大高度为45m。煤层走向回采方向得到了初期来压步距约50m,周期来压步距约20m,上覆煤岩体裂隙在采空区上方约呈45°角发展,并随工作面的前进由下向上、由后往前依次演变。该结果对于煤与瓦斯共采中瓦斯抽放钻孔方位的布置具有工程指导意义。     

Effect of fissure water on mechanical characteristics of rock mass

In view of the effect of fissure water in fractured rock mass on the strength of rock mass in engineering projects,we prepared specimens of cement mortar to simulate saturated rock mass with continuous fractures of different slope angles.By exerting static and dynamic loads on the specimens,the mechanical characteristics of rock mass with fissure water under these loads can be analyzed.Our experimental results indicate that the static compressive strength of saturated fractured rock mass is related to the slope angle.The lowest compressive strength of fractured rock mass occurs when the slope angle is 45°,while the highest strength occurs when the specimen has no fractures.Fissure water can weaken the strength of rock mass.The softening coefficient does not vary with the slope angle and type of load.The hydrodynamic pressure of fractured rock mass gradually increases with an increase in dynamic load.For a 0° slope angle,the hydrodynamic pressure reaches its highest level.When the slope angle is 90°,the hydrodynamic pressure is the lowest.     

Physical and mechanical properties of sandstone containing a single fissure after exposure to high temperatures

In order to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of sandstone containing fissures after exposure to high temperatures,fissures with different angles α were prefabricated in the plate sandstone samples,and the processed samples were then heated at 5 different temperatures.Indoor uniaxial compression was conducted to analyze the change rules of physical properties of sandstone after exposure to high temperature,and the deformation,strength and failure characteristics of sandstone containing fissures.The results show that,with increasing temperature,the volume of sandstone increases gradually while the quality and density decrease gradually,and the color of sandstone remains basically unchanged while the brightness increases markedly when the temperature is higher than 585 ℃;the peak strength of sandstone containing fissures first decreases then increases when the temperature is between 25℃and 400℃.The peak strain of sandstone containing fissures increases gradually while the average modulus decreases gradually with increasing temperature,and the mechanical properties of sandstone show obvious deterioration after 400 ℃.The peak strain of sandstone containing fissures increases gradually while the average modulus decreases gradually with increasing temperature;with increasing angle αof the fissure,the evolution characteristics of the macro-mechanical parameters of sandstone are closely related to the their own mechanical properties.When the temperature is 800 ℃,the correlation between the peak strength and average modulus of sandstone and the angle α of the fissure is obviously weakened.The failure modes of sandstone containing fissures after high temperature exposure are of three different kinds including:tensile crack failure,tensile and shear cracks mixed failure,and shear crack failure.Tensile and shear crack mixed failure occur mainly at low temperatures and small angles;tensile crack failure occurs at high temperatures and large angles.     

Instability characteristics of the cracked roof rock beam under shallow mining conditions

To establish the movement relationship for the roof breaking under shallow mining conditions, the mechanical model of the roof rock beam was built, then the structure instability process of the roof rock beam was analyzed. The changing criterion of the vertical displacement was established and the relationship between the deflection and the rotary motion of roof block was determined. Regarding a mining face in Shangwan Mine, the responsing laws of the deflection and horizontal thrust of the roof rock beam were obtained through FLAC3D numerical analysis. The results show that the structure instability of the cracked roof rock beam depends on the interaction between the vertical load and the horizontal thrust.For the roof rock beam, when the vertical load keeps constant, the horizontal thrust fluctuating rises with increasing deflection. The horizontal thrust increases constantly with the deeper buried depth and the smaller span.     

Longwall mining under gateroads and gobs of abandoned small mine

Due to the use of outdated mining technology or room and pillar mining process in small coal mines, the coal recovery ratio is only 10–25%. In many regions of China, the damage area caused by the small coal mines amounted to nearly one hundred square kilometers. Therefore, special mining techniques must be taken to reclaim the wasted resource in disturbed coal areas. This paper focuses on the different mining methods by analyzing the longwall panel layout and abandoned gateroad(AG) distribution in the abandoned area of Cuijiazhai coal mine in northwestern China. On the basis of three-dimensional geological model, FLAC3 D numerical simulation was employed. The abutment pressure distribution was simulated when the panel face passed through the disturbed areas. The proper angle of the inclined face was analyzed when the panel face passed through the abandoned gateroads. The results show that the head end of the face should be 13–20 m ahead of the tail end. The pillars on both sides of abandoned gateroads had not been damaged at the same time, and no large-area stress concentration occured above the main roof.Therefore, the coal reserves of disturbed areas can be successfully recovered by using underground longwall mining.     

Relationships between gas reservoir and the evolution of stope surrounding rock fracture at the process of mining the closed distance protection layer

Overburden rock movements and fracture developments occur during mining activities. Consequently, relief gas reservoirs and migration in coal seams being mined as well as in near distant coal seams appear. We considered a gas disaster management project and rules on stope relief of gas flows together and explored a gas reservoir and the evolution of stope surrounding rock fractures in the process of mining near distant protective layers by physical simulation, numerical simulation and field testing. Different techniques provide evidence of the rules of interaction of gas reservoirs and the evolution of surrounding rock fractures and are able to find accurately the gas-rich regions around the stope. Finally, we found that these rules can provide a basis for taking measures to prevent gas accidents in the protective layer of the coalface as well as for demonstrating and designing programs to drain high concentrations of gas from the gob.     

Construction and stability of an extra-large section chamber in solid backfill mining

In solid backfill mining without gangue removal, the gangue is separated directly underground and back-filled into goaf. This necessitates the underground construction of an extra-large section chamber...     

富水裂隙围岩隧道涌水量计算方法与规律分析

富水裂隙区隧道涌水量预测精度较差,涌水问题尚未得到较好的解决。针对此问题,视裂隙围岩及注浆区为非均质各向异性介质,初期支护及二次支护结构为均质各向同性介质,构建了裂隙围岩下隧道涌水简化计算模型,基于地下水力学理论及流体质量守恒定律推导了富水裂隙区隧道涌水量计算公式。通过退化分析及案例工程现场实测数据验证了构建富水裂隙区隧道涌水简化计算模型的合理性及涌水量计算式求解的正确性,最后基于解析解揭示了各特征参数对富水裂隙区隧道涌水的影响规律,探讨了富水裂隙区隧道涌水机制。结果表明：理论计算值与现场实测值最大相对误差为8.1%,验证了构建模型的合理性及公式推导的正确性;隧道涌水量随裂隙最大宽度的增加而增大,受堵水结构的联合制约,两者近似呈线性关系;注浆区厚度与隧道半径比值在2倍以内时,隧道涌水量受注浆区厚度的影响显著;富水裂隙区隧道涌水受裂隙分布规律及支护结构的制约,应重视对裂隙分布的调查。     

Numerical simulation study of the failure evolution process and failure mode of surrounding rock in deep soft rock roadways

Based on the safety coefficient method,which assigns rock failure criteria to calculate the rock mass unit,the safety coefficient contour of surrounding rock is plotted to judge the distribution form of the fractured zone in the roadway.This will provide the basis numerical simulation to calculate the surrounding rock fractured zone in a roadway.Using the single factor and multi-factor orthogonal test method,the evolution law of roadway surrounding rock displacements,plastic zone and stress distribution under different conditions is studied.It reveals the roadway surrounding rock burst evolution process,and obtains five kinds of failure modes in deep soft rock roadway.Using the fuzzy mathematics clustering analysis method,the deep soft surrounding rock failure model in Zhujixi mine can be classified and patterns recognized.Compared to the identification results and the results detected by geological radar of surrounding rock loose circle,the reliability of the results of the pattern recognition is verified and lays the foundations for the support design of deep soft rock roadways.     

The influence of borehole arrangement of soundless cracking demolition agents(SCDAs) on weakening the hard rock

The hard roof difficult to collapse easily causes gas accumulation, which threatens the production safety of coal mine. Therefore, roof pre-cracking is required. Although blasting and hydraulic fracturing can also crack the roof, blasting can easily induce rock bursts, whereas hydraulic fracturing needs complex equipment. In contrast, soundless cracking demolition agents(SCDAs) with noise-free, dust-free, and safe characteristics have obvious advantages. The main component of SCDA is calcium oxide, which reacts with water to produce higher expansion pressure. In this paper, focused on the angles of the borehole, the effect of SCDA is analyzed by numerical simulation based on Pingdingshan coal mine. The research results showed that the azimuthal angle a(between borehole projection and the roadway direction) does not significantly affect the efficacy of SCDAs, whereas the influence of borehole elevation angle b is far more significant than that of the azimuthal angle. Therefore, the angle b is a dominant factor influencing the effect of SCDAs. Based on different effects of SCDAs at different angle of boreholes, the weakening unit was established, so the SCDAs could give full play to roof fracturing. Moreover, field tests validated the importance of borehole angle on weakening the hard roofs.     

Stress field evolution law of mining environment reconstructing structure with change of filling height

For improving global stability of mining environment reconstructing structure, the stress field evolution law of the structure with the filling height change of low-grade backfill was studied by ADINA finite element analysis code. Three kinds of filling schemes were designed and calculated, in which the filling heights were 2, 4, and 7 m, separately. The results show that there are some rules in the stress field with the increase of the filling height as follows: (1) the maximum value of tension stress of the roof decreases gradually, and stress conditions are improved gradually; (2) the tension stress status in the vertical pillar is transformed into the compressive stress status, and the carrying capacity is improved gradually; however, when the filling height is beyond 2.8 m, the carrying capacity of the vertical pillar grows very slowly, so, there is little significance to continue to fill the low-grade backfill; (3) the bottom pillar suffers the squeezing action from the vertical pillars at first and then the gravity action of the low-grade backfill, and the maximum value of tension stress of the bottom pillar firstly increases and then decreases. Considering the economic factor, security and other factors, the low-grade backfill has the most reasonable height (2.8 m) in the scope of all filling height.     

Effect of protective coal seam mining and gas extraction on gas transport in a coal seam

A gas–solid coupling model involving coal seam deformation,gas diffusion and seepage,gas adsorption and desorption was built to study the gas transport rule under the effect of protective coal seam mining.The research results indicate:(1) The depressurization effect changes the stress state of an overlying coal seam and causes its permeability to increase,thus gas in the protected coal seam will be desorbed and transported under the effect of a gas pressure gradient,which will cause a decrease in gas pressure.(2) Gas pressure can be further decreased by setting out gas extraction boreholes in the overlying coal seam,which can effectively reduce the coal and gas outburst risk.The research is of important engineering significance for studying the gas transport rule in protected coal seam and providing important reference for controlling coal and gas outbursts in deep mining in China.     

Failure mechanism of pump chambers and their optimized design in deep mining at Qishan Coal Mine

Pump chambers, normally used as dominant structures in mining engineering to insure the safety and production of un-derground coal mines, become generally deformed under conditions of deep mining. Given the geology and engineering condition of Qishan Coal Mine in Xuzhou, the failure characteristics of pump chambers at the -1000 m level show that the main cause can be attributed to the spatial effect induced by intersectional chambers, where one pump is constructed per well. We developed an opti-mized design of the pump room, in which the pump wells in the traditional design are integrated into one compounding well. We suggest that the new design can limit the spatial effect of intersectional chambers during construction given our relevant numerical simulation. The new design is able to simplify the structure of the pump chamber and reduce the amount of excavation required.Based on a bolt-mesh-anchor with a rigid gap coupling supporting technology, the stability of pump chamber can be improved greatly.     

分级循环荷载下保护层开采扰动煤岩强度及裂隙特性研究

针对回采时反复采动作用下的保护层开采扰动煤岩极易诱发巷道围岩失稳的问题,采用分级循环荷载模拟实际回采工程中采动应力的长期作用,研究保护层开采扰动煤岩在循环荷载作用下的力学强度及变形破坏特性.试验结果表明,在加卸载过程中,受保护层开采扰动煤样的体积膨胀变形明显,煤样内部结构破坏程度比未受保护层开采扰动煤样更高.在加卸载后期,受保护层开采扰动煤样表现为塑性破坏,未受保护层开采扰动煤样发生明显的脆性破坏.相比于未受保护层开采扰动煤样,受保护层开采扰动煤样的峰值强度下降,单位体积（直径为50 mm,高度为100 mm）内的煤样裂隙体积显著增加,峰值强度和裂隙体积占比均沿煤层走向分布较为均匀.处于断层带的未受保护层开采扰动煤样的彼此物性差异较大.受保护层开采扰动煤样比未受保护层开采扰动煤样更符合“煤岩破坏时,裂隙空间复杂程度与峰值强度存在反向对应分布”规律.     

Technology of back stoping from level floors in gateway and pillar mining areas of extra-thick seams简

According to the special requirements of secondary mining of resources in gateway-and-pillar goaf in extra-thick seams of Shanxi, this paper presents a technical proposal of back stoping from level floors. Numerical simulation and theoretical analysis are used to investigate the compaction characteristics of cavities under stress as well as an appropriate mining height of the primary-mining layer based on different mining widths and pillar widths. For Yangjian coal mine, the mining thickness of the first seam during back stoping from level floor is determined to be 3 m, which meets the relevant requirements. Gateway-and-pillar goaf of a single layer has a range of influence of 9 m vertically. If gateway-and-pillar goaf occurs both in 9-1 and 9-5 layers, the range is extended to within 11.2 m. When the mining width of a gateway is less than 2 m or larger than 5 m, the gateway-and-pillar goaf in the upper layer of the primary-mining seam can be filled in and compacted after stoping. When the working face is 2 m away from the gateway and pillar before entering into it and after passing through it, the coal body under the gateway and pillar is subjected to relatively high stress. During mining of the upper layer, moreover, the working face should interlock the goaf in primary-mining layer for 20 m.     

Deformation characteristics of surrounding rock of broken and soft rock roadway

A similar material model and a numerical simulation were constructed and are described herein. The deformation and failure of surrounding rock of broken and soft roadway are studied by using these models. The deformation of the roof and floor, the relative deformation of the two sides and the deformation of the deep surrounding rock are predicted using the model. Measurements in a working mine are compared to the results of the models. The results show that the surrounding rock shows clear rheological features under high stress conditions. Deformation is unequally distributed across the whole section. The surrounding rock exhibited three deformation stages: displacement caused by stress concentration, rheological displacement after the digging effects had stabilized and displacement caused by supporting pressure of the roadway. Floor heave was serious, accounting for 65% of the total deformation of the roof and floor. Floor heave is the main reason for failure of the surrounding rock. The reasons for deformation of the surrounding rock are discussed based on the similar material and numerical simulations.     

具有多孔射流二次风的煤无烟燃烧锅炉炉内流场的数值模拟

采用标准k-ε双方程模型和SIMPLE算法对卧式煤无烟燃烧锅炉的炉膛冷态空气动力场进行了数值模拟，预报了炉膛冷态空气动力场的速度分布、压力分布。并对预测结果进行了定性的分析。计算结果表明采用这种偏心轴撞击流式的多孔射流二次风可以得到较了的空气动力场。     

Dynamic leakage mechanism of gas drainage borehole and engineering application

Borehole leakage not only affects the gas drainage effect but also presents considerable risk to human security. For the research on the leakage mechanism of gas drainage borehole, the rheological and visco-elastic-plastic characteristics were considered to establish the mechanical model of coal mass around borehole, which is used to analyze the leakage mechanism and deduce the dynamic leakage model. On the basis of the real coal seam conditions, the variation rules of the stress, leakage ring, and air leakage amount were analyzed through numerical simulation, and the influence factors of air leakage amount were also investigated to provide the theoretical basis for the sealing technology. Results show that the air leakage amount of borehole is inversely proportional to the increase in supporting stress and sealing length, and directly correlated with the increase in borehole radius and softening modulus. Using theoretical analysis, we design a novel active supporting sealing technology that can use grouting material to seal the fractures to reduce the leakage channels and also provide supporting stress to prevent borehole deformation. The engineering test results indicate that the average gas concentration with the novel active supporting sealing technology is increased by 162.12% than that of traditional polyurethane sealing method. Therefore, this technology not only effectively resolves borehole leakage but also significantly improves the gas drainage effect.     

凤阳山矿区太原组和山西组煤质特征分析

基于煤岩测试和工业分析数据评价了凤阳山矿区太原组、山西组可采煤层煤质特征,探讨了可采煤层煤质特征与成煤环境的关系。结果表明：太原组煤层为低灰分（Ad）、低挥发分（Vdaf）、高硫分（St,d）之贫煤,山西组煤层为低灰分、低挥发分、低硫分之贫煤。从下到上煤层镜质组含量、挥发分、硫分含量降低。山西组和太原组煤层灰分含量均较低,但山西组煤层灰分含量变化较大,灰成分指数较高。山西组煤层硫成分以Sp,d、So,d为主,硫分明显低于太原组煤层。从下向上成煤环境从浅海、滨海过渡相向陆相演化,泥炭沼泽水介质也从咸水、半咸水向淡水演化,因此,相应煤层煤质特征也表现出垂直分带性。     

Experimental research of overburden movement and subsurface water seeping in shallow seam mining

Shallow seam coal field has the largest coal reserve in China. Mining in shallow depth causes serious problems, and sub- surface dewatering is a major issue. In this paper, the physical simulating models were prepared to study overburden movement and aquiclude stability in the shallow seam mining of Yushuwan Coalfield, China. According to the characteristic of clay aquiclude and bedrock in the overburden, the proper simulation materials for simulating the plastic clay aquiclude layers and brittle bedrock layers were determined by the stress-strain tests and hydrophilic tests. The physical simulating models of solid medium and two phases of solid-liquid medium were carried out to simulate the failure and caving process of the roof and overburden, as well as the subsurface water seeping. Based on the simulation, it was found that the movement of clay aquiclude follows the movement of the underlying bedrock layers. The stability of aquiclude is mainly affected by cracks in fracture zone. The tests also showed that the best way to control the stability of aquiclude is to reduce the subsiding gradient, and there is a possibility of ground water conservation under longwall mining in Yushuwan Mine. This research provides a foundation for further study on mining dewatering and water conserva- tion.