改进型气升式内环流硝化反应器氧传递特性的研究

在废水处理领域,气升式内环流硝化反应器有着较好的应用前景;但其氧传递性能有待进一步改善.通过调整导流筒直径以及导流筒内静态混合元件的个数,试验了反应器结构对氧传递特性的影响.研究发现,当导流筒直径取5.5 cm,并在导流筒内安装13个静态混合元件时, 这种改进型硝化反应器的氧传递能力显著提高.在表观气速为5.05～ 23.80cm(s(1的条件下, 测得氧传递系数为0.151～ 0.778 min(1,充氧能力为7.84 ～ 42.80 g O2(h(1,容积供氧能力为2.00 ～ 10.93 kg O2·m(3(d(1,氧转移效率为39.2% ～ 48.1%,氧转移动力效率为3.2 ～ 4.0 kg O2( (kW(h) (1.相对于普通气升式内环流硝化反应器,改进型内环流硝化反应器的氧传递系数、充氧能力、氧转移效率和氧转移动力效率都提高72.5%.根据Higbie渗透模型和Kolmogoroff各向同性理论,建立了氧传递系数与相关参数的关联式,预测值与试验结果相吻合,两者的相对误差为9.15%.     

气升式三相内环流生物反应器内流体力学和传质性能的实验研究

本文通过实验研究了气升式三相内环流反应器在非牛顿流体中的流体动力学特性和传质性能.考察了表观气速、导流筒与反应器截面积之比、固体粒子加入量及CMC溶液浓度等操作条件对气升式三相内环流生物反应器中导流筒与环隙内液体循环速度、气含率、固含率及气-液体积传质系数等流动与传质特性参数的影响.     

锯齿形导流筒对环流反应器流体力学特性的影响

为提高中心气升式环流反应器的气液分布效果,采用RNG k-ε湍流模型、欧拉-欧拉双流体模型,分别对传统环流反应器和一种锯齿形导流筒环流反应器的流动规律进行了数值模拟研究,以探究锯齿形导流筒齿数和齿宽对流场分布的影响。模拟结果表明,与传统中心气升式环流反应器相比,锯齿形导流筒结构可以有效减少反应器上部中心区域的小速度漩涡,增强气液分布及传质效果;此外,随着导流筒齿数和齿宽的增大,反应器内流场分布特性及循环液速呈现先变好后变差的变化趋势,分别当齿数等于80及齿宽等于65mm时,气液分布及传质效果达到最优。     

低高径比喷射环流反应器结构的研究

在 ７０ Ｌ 低高径比釜式喷射环流反应器中,分别研究了单导流筒单喷咀、单导流筒多喷咀以及多导流筒多喷咀三种结构反应器的气液传质性能,得到了相应平均气含率和体积溶氧传质系数的关联式。研究结果表明多导流筒多喷咀是一种具有传质效率高、能耗低和便于放大的高效生化反应器。此外,还研究了 ８００ Ｌ多导流筒多喷咀结构反应器,得到体积溶氧传质系数关联式,其计算值和实验值吻合较好     

带分段导流筒的气升式环流反应器的研究

带分段导流筒的气升式环流反应器是具有独特的两相流动和传质特性的一种多相反应器。本文用水－空气和亚硫酸钠（１０％－空气体系研究了分段导流筒环流反应器的气含率ε、氧消耗速率ｒｏ２、传质比表面ａ、以及体积传质系数ｋＬａ随表观气速变化规律，并与一段导流筒的环流反应器进行了比较。实验采用的表面气速下（０－６ｃｍ／ｓ），导流筒分段的环流反应的εｒｏ２，ａ和ｋＬａ有显著提高，平均比一段环流反应器高出１０％以上。     

气升式振荡环流反应器的数值模拟和结构优化

气升式振荡环流反应器（ARLR）作为一种新型的气升式环流反应器,能够有效地提高反应器的气含率和传质系数,并已得到生物发酵实验的验证。本文通过CFD的手段研究了反应器内的流动和传质状况,并利用CFD模拟和响应面分析相结合的方法,优化了反应器的结构参数,如高径比（H/D）、升液区降液区面积之比、导流筒高度等。经过实验测量,优化后的气升式振荡环流反应器与传统的气升式环流反应器相比,气含率提高了32%以上,传质系数提高了11%以上。结果表明,气升式振荡环流反应器作为生化反应器有着非常广阔的应用空间。     

中心气升式气固环流反应器中的能耗分布

基于能量平衡,推导出计算中心气升式气固环流反应器中不同区域内气固混合物流动能耗的理论模型,测量了不同区域内固相颗粒速度、气固混合物密度及床层压降,并根据实验数据确定出相应的模型参数,模型计算与实验结果吻合较好. 模型计算表明,中心气升式气固环流反应器内环隙区和气固分离区的能耗分别占反应器总能耗的近40%和30%,颗粒环流受到的阻力主要集中在这2个区域;而导流筒区及分布器影响区能耗较小,共占总能耗的近30%. 随导流筒区表观气速增加,环隙区能耗占总能耗的比重减小,气固分离区能耗所占比重增大,导流筒区和分布器影响区能耗基本保持不变. 气体分布器的安装位置对反应器内能量消耗的分布影响较大,中心气升式气固环流反应器内流动阻力更小.     

缩放型导流筒气升式内环流生物反应器流体力学与传质特性

从气相含率、液体循环速度和体积氧传质系数方面研究缩放型导流筒气升式内环流生物反应器内的流体力学与传质特性。实验结果表明,与传统圆柱形导流筒相比较,缩放型导流筒气相含率和体积氧传质系数分别提高８％和１０％以上。气相含率和体积氧传质系数随固含率的增加而提高,液体循环速度随固含率的增加而减小;同一内管反应器随介质粘度的增加,体积氧传质系数减小。此外还在Ｈｉｇｂｉｅ穿透理论和Ｋｏｌｏｍｏｇｏｒｏｆｆ各向同     

气体分布器结构对气升式环流反应器内气液两相流动的影响

使用欧拉两流体模型研究气体分布器结构对气升式环流反应器内气液两相流动的影响,预测了环己烷氧化反应器内单环结构、三环结构、五环结构的气体分布器时反应器内液相速度分布、气含率分布、液相循环速度以及液相微观混合特性.模拟结果表明,在等量的进气流量下,气体分布器环数增加,液相速度分布和气含率分布更趋均匀;气体分布器环数增加,液相推动力增加,从而使得液相循环速度增加,液相的宏观混合效果增强;气体分布器环数增加,导流筒内外的平均气含率增加.随机游走模型模拟结果表明,气升式环流反应器与普通鼓泡床反应器对气体分布器结构要求不同.     

中心气升式气-固环流反应器与自由流化床流动特性对比

对中心气升式气固环流反应器和自由床流化反应器的流动特性进行了对比. 结果表明,在同样的操作条件下,在轴向高度h=112~512 mm范围内,环流反应器导流筒区的径向不均匀指数RNI比自由床的RNI减小27%~36%;与自由床相比,环流反应器导流筒区的局部不均匀指数减小20%~59%,整体不均匀指数减小17%~43%,环流反应器的流化质量较高;环流反应器导流筒区和自由床内均存在气体返混现象,导流筒区各采样点示踪气体的浓度和轴向扩散系数Da,g比自由床均有所降低,在表观气速0.2~0.4 m/s范围内,导流筒区Peclet准数的绝对值比自由床增大12%~58%,说明导流筒区气体返混程度小于自由床,气-固两相流向上的宏观流动可有效抑制气体的轴向返混.     

Dynamic and local gas holdup studies in external loop recirculating airlift reactor with two rolls of fiberglass packing using electrical resistance tomography

BACKGROUND: Airlift bioreactors have been used extensively in biotechnology industries in recent years in a variety of arrangements and applications. The insertion of packing inside the bioreactors has the potential to provide high productivity within a compact size through utilizing immobilized species. RESULTS: A novel recirculating external loop airlift bioreactor that has two rolls of fiberglass packing and a gas distributor in between was designed and built. Electrical resistance tomography (ERT) images showed that the gas holdup increased after installing the packing and the gas distributor. Gas holdup in the riser increased with decreasing static liquid height in the bioreactor. This decreased the liquid superficial velocity, which contributed to a higher gas holdup in the bioreactor. Results also showed that riser gas holdup varied slightly with different sparger configurations. Higher gas holdup increases the oxygen mass transfer rate by increasing the residence time and interfacial mass transfer area. CONCLUSION: ERT results showed that fiberglass packing with an installed gas distributor in bioreactors can achieve higher gas holdup at higher superficial gas velocity. This can contribute to improved conversion in bioreactors with packing through utilizing higher biomass concentrations and higher oxygen concentration. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

微气泡耦合生物反应器的研究进展

微气泡具有气液接触面积大、气体溶解速率快、上升速度慢和水中停留时间长等理化特征,非常适合于高气液传质效率需求的生物发酵过程。本文介绍了能够耦合生物反应器的几种微气泡发生装置,分别为微气泡分散器、微孔膜、流体振荡器耦合微孔膜和微气泡曝气搅拌桨;并简述了微气泡发生装置耦合搅拌式生物反应器、气升式生物反应器和生物膜反应器在生物反应过程的应用进展;最后回顾了二氧化碳微气泡在生物反应器的应用研究进展。指出微气泡耦合生物反应器的研究仍处于起步阶段,在放大规律和能耗方面仍处于研究空白。微气泡耦合生物反应器的发展对工业生物技术、石油化工、污水处理和资源再利用等的发展具有重要的意义。     

Region-dependent mass transfer behavior in a forced circulation airlift loop reactor

The contribution of local regions to global mass transfer holds the key to optimization and scale-up of a reactor. Extensive study has been conducted to investigate gas-liquid mass transfer occurring in the internal airlift loop reactor, but mostly restricted to global mass transfer performance. A cold model forced circulation internal airlift loop reactor was employed and divided into six regions in which dissolved oxygen concentration in slurry and mass transfer interfacial area were measured respectively. Different models were utilized to calculate volumetric mass transfer coefficient. Contributions of individual region to global mass transfer performance were calculated and compared. It was found that mass transfer coefficient and mass transfer interfacial area of individual region increases with increasing superficial gas velocity and slurry feed flowrate. The feed affected region has the greatest mass transfer coefficient and volumetric mass transfer coefficient, contributing more than 30% to global mass transfer in most operating condition. Mass transfer interfacial area is close in the gas distributor region, feed affected region and the gas-slurry separator region. In the present work, circulating bubbles are rare and contribute negligibly to the global mass transfer. Global volumetric mass transfer coefficient is close to that of the gas-slurry separator region, ranging from 0.02 to 0.1 1/s. Comparison of k_La is made between this work and literatures, suggesting a great improvement of mass transfer due to external liquid circulation.     

Simulation of algae growth in a bench scale internal loop airlift reactor

The growth of red marine alga Porphyridium sp. cultivated in an internal loop airlift (ALR) photobioreactor was simulated. The model proposed integrates a dynamic formulation of the kinetics of photosynthesis, photoinhibition, and the fluid dynamics of the ALR, including shear stress effects on the kinetics of growth. The kinetic parameters obtained previously for a system under defined light/dark cycles were used, and satisfactory agreement was found. The maintenance term was modified to take into account the detrimental effects of shear stress in the bioreactor on the rate of growth. A hybrid method for approximate solution of the equations is proposed. The conditions of gas flow rate and illuminance required for positive growth were found. This is the first mathematical model that predicts the effect of gas flow rate, column height, column diameter, and cross-sectional areas on the productivity of a photosynthetic process in an airlift bioreactor. Extrapolations done using the model indicate the possibility of predicting the optimal diameter for an assembly of ALR photobioreactors.     

Modeling and scale up of airlift bioreactor

A previously presented mathematical model based on a tanks-in-series model with back flow for an airlift bioreactor is extended by considering the variations of the oxygen in the gas phase and the hydrostatic pressure along the bioreactor. The kinetic model used considers the effect of two substrates (glucose and dissolved oxygen) on the growth rate. A set of first order differential equations for the material balances of the micro-organism, glucose, product, dissolved oxygen, and oxygen in the gas phase around the hypothetical well mixed stages in the riser and the downcomer were solved simultaneously using Athena software package.

The model has been validated with experimental data of gluconic acid fermentation in two different scales of internal loop airlift bioreactor, 10.5 dm³ and 35 dm³. The scale up effects on the performance, kinetic parameters and model predictions of gluconic acid fermentation in airlift bioreactors were studied. The model is simple enough to be used in design and scale up studies and it can be adapted to other airlift system configurations and fermentation systems other than gluconic acid fermentation.     

On the design and simulation of an airlift loop bioreactor with microbubble generation by fluidic oscillation

Microbubble generation by a novel fluidic oscillator driven approach is analyzed, with a view to identifying the key design elements and their differences from standard approaches to airlift loop bioreactor design. The microbubble generation mechanism has been shown to achieve high mass transfer rates by the decrease of the bubble diameter, by hydrodynamic stabilization that avoids coalescence increasing the bubble diameter, and by longer residence times offsetting slower convection. The fluidic oscillator approach also decreases the friction losses in pipe networks and in nozzles/diffusers due to boundary layer disruption, so there is actually an energetic consumption savings in using this approach over steady flow. These dual advantages make the microbubble generation approach a promising component of a novel airlift loop bioreactor whose design is presented here. The equipment, control system for flow and temperature, and the optimization of the nozzle bank for the gas distribution system are presented.     

强制液体外循环气升式内环流反应器的流体力学特性

在有机玻璃制成的主体反应器(φ0.286 m×3.0 m)内,采用空气-水的气液两相体系考察了不同表观气速下带有中心下料管和环管式气体分布器的环流反应器内局部气含率和内环气泡上升速度的流体力学特性。结果表明：气含率均随表观气速的增大而增大;从外环流入内环的气泡数量比较少;在相同条件下外环的气含率远远低于内环的气含率;新型气体分布器的采用和液体外循环的引入可以增大床层气含率并使其分布趋于均匀,从而增大了内环中气液两相的接触面积和湍动强度,使传递过程得到强化。在此基础上采用商业软件ANSYS CFX10.0对该反应器进行了数值模拟研究,模拟结果与实验数据基本吻合,说明了基于实验验证的Euler-Euler法可以用于该反应器开发和放大研究。     

Mass transfer coefficient in the eductor liquid-liquid extraction column

In this research gasoil desalting was investigated from mass transfer point of view in an eductor liquid–liquid extraction column (eductor-LLE device). Mass transfer characteristics of the eductor-LLE device were evaluated and an empirical correlation was obtained by dimensional analysis of the dispersed phase Sherwood number. The Results showed that the overall mass transfer coefficient of the dispersed phase and extraction efficiency have been increased by increasing Sauter mean diameter (SMD) and decreasing the nozzle diameter from 2 to 1 mm, respectively. The effects of Reynolds number (Re), projection ratio (ratio of the distance between venturi throat and nozzle tip to venturi throat diameter, R_pr), venturi throat area to nozzle area ratio (R_th-n) and two phases flow rates ratio (R_Q) on the mass transfer coefficient (K) were determined. According to the results, K increase with increasing Re and R_Q and also with decreasing R_pr and R_th-n. Semi-empirical models of drop formation, rising and coalescence were compared with our proposed empirical model. It was revealed that the present model provided a relatively good fitting for the mass transfer model of drop coalescence. Moreover, experimental data were in better agreement with calculated data with AARE value of 0.085.     

低高径比外循环气升式生物反应器带渣发酵生产有效霉素

Fermentation experiments to produce validamycins from crude substrates by Streptoniyces hygroscopi-cus were carried out in an external-loop airlift bioreactor (0.0115 m3 ) with a low ratio of height to diameter of the riser of 2.9 and a ratio of riser to downcomer diameter of 6.6. The influences of gas flow rate and liquid volume on fermentation of validamycins were investigated. Comparisons of validamycin fermentation were made among the external-loop airlift bioreactor, a mechanically stirred tank bioreactor (0.010m3 ) and shaking flasks. Under the same operation conditions including fermentation medium composition, inoculum ratio and culture temperature, the fermentation time in the external-loop airlift bioreactor (45 h) was shorter than that in the shaking flasks (100 h) and the same as that in the mechanically stirred tank bioreactor. After a total fermentation time of 45 h under optimized operation conditions, average validamycin concentration obtained in the external-loop airlift bioreactor was