Verbrennungstechnik für den Umweltschutz

Combustion engineering for environmental protection. Use of combustion as a means of environmentally sound disposal of gaseous, liquid, and solid industrial production residues places new demands on combustion engineering, depending upon the properties of the residues. High temperature process engineering has the task of ensuring reliable disposal while satisfying legal requirements concerning the quality of combustion. Combustion engineering as a means of residue disposal raises many questions of a scientific and practical nature, which will all have to be answered.     

Katalysatoren für den Umweltschutz

Catalysts for environmental protection. The main emitters of anthropogenic air pollution are internal combustion engines, power plants, and production processes. Components of exhaust gases which are regarded as pollutants are hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO_x), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and dust. Three main types of catalyst are understood to improve the environment; namely automotive emission control, NO_x abatement and oxidation. To reduce the pollutants HC, CO, and NO_x in automobile exhaust gas, three-way catalysts are currently applied. The reduction of particle emissions in diesel exhaust gas is achieved by diesel filters and oxidation catalysts. Pollutants from power plants are mainly the inorganic components NO_x and SO₂. In the SCR process, NO_x is catalytically reduced to nitrogen and water. The DESONOX process is suited for the simultaneous catalytic abatement of NO_x and SO_x. Exhaust gases from production processes in many areas require after-treatment. Therefore catalyst formulations depend on process parameters and exhaust gas components. This overview presents and explains catalyst types, design, mode of operation, and processes.     

Praktikumsintegrierter Umweltschutz – eine Anregung für den Unterricht

Aspects of Environmental Protection in Chemistry Lab Courses – Suggestions for Teaching Chemistry It should be a goal in chemical education to create consciousness for the urgent necessity of environmental protection. Lab courses offer the opportunity to meet some aspects of environmental protection like avoiding highly poisonous materials, reducing the amount of materials, collecting harmful materials separately, recycling waste. Some starting materials can be saved and the amount of waste be reduced significantly. Traditional goals of education remain intact.     

Die Adsorptionsmittel als Helfer für den Umweltschutz und technische Testmethoden

Adsorbents as Aid in Environmental Protection and Technical Test Methods Practically all impurities from air and water can be removed by adsorbents upto a concentration which is no longer harmful. A special adsorbent can be employed for each field of application. Adsorbents are classified into hydrophobic (activated charcoal) and hydrophilic (silica gel, alumina gel, molecular sieves, active bentonites) types. Activated charcoal is primarily used for the removal of substances which are insoluble or sparingly soluble in water, whereas the inorganic adsorbents are employed for the removal of water-soluble substances and gases. Combinations of the two are often suitable. The adsorbed substances can be recovered or destroyed in concentrated form by steaming the adsorbents or by regenerating the latter with a hot gas (cooling during circulation).     

Expertensysteme für die Verfahrenstechnik

Expert systems in chemical and process engineering . A survey is given of expert systems in chemical and process engineering and adjacent fields of knowledge. The article assumes a knowledge of the basic concepts of artificial intelligence and expert-system technology. The expert systems, arranged according to their function and domain of expertise, are described and discussed with emphasis on information of interest to the potential user, e.g. on applications, construction, and implementation. Finally, an attempt is made to give an outlook on future applications of technical expert systems and on the abilities which these systems are expected to possess.     

Wirbelschicht-Prozesse für die Chemieund Hütten-Industrie,die Energieumwandlung und den Umweltschutz

Fluidized bed processes for the chemical and metallurgical industries, energy conversion, and pollution control . This article presents a review of, and selection criteria for, gas/solids reactors with the aid of examples of industrially operating fluidized bed processes. The choice of optimum reactor design with regard to flow and reaction conditions, heat and mass transfer, grain size, and retention time of solids and gas is considered. In conclusion, various processes are described in terms of several process flowsheets.     

Wirbelschicht-Technologie: Neuentwicklungen für Kraftwerkstechnik und Umweltschutz

Fluidized bed technology: recent developments for power station engineering and pollution abatement . The principle of fluidization has been successfully applied to numerous areas of chemical engineering. Combustion of coal in a fluidized bed consisting of particles of ash and limestone or dolomite permits low-pollution utilization of coals having lower heating values or high sulphur contents without any need for removing sulphur from the exhaust gases. The present state of the art and world-wide development work on fluidized combustion are considered, as are the future prospects of this new energy technology.     

Rohrfertigung für den Reparaturbereich

Pipe fabrication for the repair sector. The paper discusses the changes in pipe fabrication that have taken place in recent years. These enable repair work to be carried out more efficiently, without thereby impairing the flexibility and speed of operation that are essential to maintenance work. A prerequisite for this is that work on the pipes be transferred to workshops. Only here is it possible for manual operations, such as manual welding, to be reduced to a minimum and be replaced by mechanized or semi-mechanized welding methods. The use of modern machines for bending the pipes is more economic than the welding in of pipe bends. Necking out of the pipes by mechanical means or the use of mechanically pre-fabricated connections permit optimum preparation of the weld seam for branch fittings. Any additional work on the pipes, where this is necessary, is carried out at workplaces specially designed for the purpose.     

Modulare Verfahrenstechnik: Apparateentwicklung für wandlungsfähige Produktionssysteme

The process industry faces the challenges of intensified, global competition with increasing market dynamics. Modular, transformable production concepts promise a better adaption to these in the dimensions of throughput, product mix and production location. In order to unfold the full potential, modularization and transformability have to be applied not only on plant and logistics level but also on apparatus level. Characteristics like setup and scaling concepts are discussed. Examples for modular apparatuses concerning the process engineering tasks of mixing, heat exchange, reaction and separation are presented and further research needs are derived.     

Planung und Konstruktion hochkorrosionsfester Anlagen für die Thermische Verfahrenstechnik

Design and construction of highly corrosion-resistant plant for thermal processes . The demands made by the chemical and pharmaceutical industry on materials science have increased considerably in recent years. Requirements have been largely satisfied in the field of corrosion by the development of materials having special properties. Applications, properties, and new developments are illustrated in connection with the use of borosilicate glass in combination with other highly corrosion-resistant materials, such as PTFE, graphite, steel/enamel, titanium, tantalum, etc.