弯管液固两相流冲蚀失效模拟分析

目的分析流体参数、砂粒参数、环境参数对液固两相流弯管冲蚀失效的影响。方法利用FLUENT模拟弯管冲刷腐蚀,分析流速、粒径、砂粒质量流量、操作压力、重力方向对弯管冲蚀的影响。结果管内流速从2 m/s增加到10 m/s,最大冲刷腐蚀速率从8.86×10-8 kg/(m2·s)增加到2.45×10-7kg/(m2·s);颗粒粒径从75μm增加到200μm,再增加到550μm,最大冲蚀速率先从2.04×10-7 kg/(m2·s)减小至1.5×10-7 kg/(m2·s),后增加到2.66×10-7 kg/(m2·s);砂粒流量从0.05 kg/s增加到0.25 kg/s,最大冲蚀速率从8.56×10-8 kg/(m2·s)增加到3.20×10-7 kg/(m2·s);管内操作压力从0.1 MPa增加到0.9 MPa,最大冲蚀速率从1.50×10-7 kg/(m2·s)减少至1.25×10-7 kg/(m2·s);弯头出口由垂直向下位置变化为垂直向上,冲刷腐蚀速率从1.50×10-7 kg/(m2·s)逐渐增加至1.86×10-7 kg/(m2·s)。结论流速与冲刷腐蚀呈正相关关系;随着砂粒直径的增加,最大冲刷腐蚀速率先减小后增加;在一定范围内,最大冲刷腐蚀速率随着砂粒流量增加而增加;管内操作压力的变化对冲蚀减弱现象影响不明显;出口垂直向上时,冲蚀破坏最严重。     

基于试验和CFD模拟的稠油热采井口四通管冲蚀规律分析

目的 分析稠油热采中含砂流体对四通管冲蚀磨损问题,明确失效机理及特征.方法 采用金相分析仪对失效四通管损伤处材料ZG(J)35CrMo进行金相组织分析,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)对四通管进行冲蚀形貌微观检测,同时借助多相流冲蚀试验机对四通管材料ZG(J)35CrMo进行冲蚀试验,构建冲蚀预测模型,并通过单因素冲蚀试验对冲蚀预测模型进行验证.最后建立CFD-DPM-EPM(耦合计算流体动力学-离散粒子-冲蚀)数值模型,研究不同流体速度、颗粒粒径和质量流量对四通管冲蚀规律的影响.结果 金相组织分析结果显示,失效四通管材料基体组织成分为索氏体、铁素体和贝氏体,表面发生轻微脱碳现象.扫描电镜分析结果显示,失效四通管内壁有明显的砂粒冲蚀形貌,材料无明显的材质劣化及脆断现象.单因素冲蚀试验验证了回归分析法构建的冲蚀模型的准确性.随着流体速度由5 m/s增加至25 m/s,四通管最大冲蚀速率增加了16.947倍;颗粒粒径由0.05 mm增加至0.2 mm时,四通管最大冲蚀速率减少了50％,而颗粒粒径由0.2 mm增加至0.4 mm时,四通管最大冲蚀速率增加了1.382倍;质量流量从0.15 kg/(m2·s)增加至2.4 kg/(m2·s)时,最大冲蚀速率增加了16.584倍.结论 四通管失效主要由于颗粒冲蚀管道内壁,管道减薄到一定程度后,无法承受内部压力所致.四通管出口段肩部为冲蚀高危区.随流体速度的增加,四通管最大冲蚀速率呈指数关系增加;随着颗粒粒径的增加,最大冲蚀速率呈先减小后增大的趋势;当质量流量增加时,最大冲蚀速率呈线性关系增加.     

高压高产气井应急试采过程中采气树抗冲蚀性能分析

目的研究高压高产气井在大排量应急试采工况下,日产量和日出砂量对气固两相流采气树冲蚀行为的影响。方法运用CFD数值模拟方法,在Eulerian和Lagrangian坐标系下求解气体-颗粒、颗粒-壁面间的相互作用,并捕捉颗粒运动轨迹。采用用户自定义函数(UDF)编写冲蚀磨损方程,分析日产量和日出砂量对于采气树冲蚀速率、冲蚀位置和颗粒轨迹的影响。结果日产量由100万方增加到1000万方时,采气树内气体流速逐渐增大,最大流速为当地音速365 m/s,最大冲蚀速率则由4.14×10~(-8) kg/(s·m~2)增大至3.462×10~(-7) kg/(s·m~2)。气体从采气树四通内流入两翼支管发生节流,压降随日产量的增加而增大。当日产量为1000万方时,最大压降为1.52 MPa;当日产量超过300万方,气体流入旁通支管时,压降形成的流动功将大部分颗粒直接带入支管,造成主要冲蚀区域由四通内壁扩大至旁通支管内壁。当日出砂量由7.7方增大至38.5方时,最大冲蚀速率由7.121×10~(-8) kg/(s·m~2)增大至3.462×10~(-7) kg/(s·m~2)。结论日产量和日出砂量均与冲蚀速率呈正相关关系,控制应急试采日产量是降低采气树冲蚀速率的有效方式。     

高压隔膜泵单向阀阀隙流场的冲蚀磨损特性分析

目的 探究高压隔膜泵单向阀阀隙流场冲蚀磨损产生的原因及主要影响因素。方法 基于固液两相流基本理论和冲蚀模型,考虑颗粒保护效应及磨蚀效应,采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法模拟单向阀阀隙流场的冲蚀磨损行为,探究矿粉颗粒体积分数、颗粒粒径、单向阀半锥角、胶垫突出高度等参数对单向阀冲蚀磨损特性的影响。结果 矿粉颗粒紧贴阀芯壁面的剪切运动是造成阀芯发生冲蚀磨损失效的主要原因。当矿粉的体积分数由0.1增大到0.5时,由冲蚀造成的最大冲蚀磨损速率随之减小,由磨蚀造成的平均冲蚀磨损速率随之增大。当矿粉粒径为0.025~0.048 mm时,随着矿粉粒径的增大,平均冲蚀磨损速率随之增大。当矿粉粒径超过0.048 mm时,平均冲蚀磨损速率逐渐减小。当单向阀半锥角由30°增大到45°时,阀隙流场的最大流速由12.23 m/s减小至9.19 m/s,矿粉颗粒对阀芯壁面的最大冲蚀磨损速率减小了41.16%。阀隙流场的最大流速和冲蚀磨损速率随着胶垫突出高度h的增大而增大,同时位置也发生了相应变化。结论 矿粉颗粒体积分数的增加会加重粒子对阀芯壁面的损伤程度,随着粒径的增加,泵阀的最大冲蚀磨损速率先增大后减小,增大半锥角可以缓解颗粒对壁面的冲蚀磨损,增大胶垫突出高度会导致冲蚀磨损区域逐渐向胶垫突出位置集中。     

高温高压条件下流速对X70钢CO2冲刷腐蚀行为的影响

目的 研究X70管线钢在高温高压CO2饱和溶液中不同流速下的冲刷腐蚀行为。方法 通过流体动力学模拟的方法,获得不同喷射流速下壁面切应力的变化规律。采用喷射冲击试验装置,利用扫描电镜、表面形貌测试仪、维氏硬度仪等设备和失重测量方法,分析喷射速度对X70管线钢CO2冲刷腐蚀行为的影响。结果 随着喷射流速Uexit的增大,试样表面的壁面切应力和壁面压应力逐渐增大。随距喷射中心距离(径向距离)的增大,壁面切应力先增大后减小,壁面压应力急剧减小。在低流速(Uexit≤10 m/s)情况下,最大壁面切应力所对应的特征攻角大约为23°;当流速Uexit≥20 m/s时,特征攻角迅速增至45°左右,且变化很小。试样表面形貌表现出明显的三个区域:停滞区、过渡区、壁面喷射区,且在低流速下,三个区域划分更为明显。在20 m/s喷射速度下,壁面切应力呈现中心轴对称变化,为“M”形状,试样表面的冲蚀轮廓(冲蚀深度)呈现中心对称的“W”形状变化,大约在距中心滞点4 mm左右,即最大壁面切应力附近出现最大冲蚀深度,约55 μm。试样表面硬度随径向距离的增大而减小,中心停滞区硬度高达340HV10。喷射流速从10 m/s增加到40 m/s时,冲蚀速率由11.86 mm/a增加到32.97 mm/a。结论 X70管线钢的典型形貌特征与喷射流体的壁面切应力大小和CO2腐蚀有关,最大壁面切应力处产生的冲蚀最为严重,冲蚀速率(Rcorr)与喷射流体的流速呈现线性关系,即Rcorr=4.861+0.714×Uexit。     

煤炭地下气化生产井井口装置冲蚀规律研究

目的 研究煤炭地下气化生产井口装置采气过程中,携带煤灰、煤渣的粗煤气对井口装置采气流场区域冲蚀磨损的影响规律及主要影响因素。方法 基于气–固两相流理论,采用离散相模型(DPM)描述离散固相颗粒的运动学和运动轨迹,采用雷诺–平均–纳维–斯托克斯(RANS)方程计算连续相的流体动力学特性,通过数值分析得到主要冲蚀磨损位置,以及固体颗粒粒径、颗粒质量流量、粗煤气流速的变化对采气流场区域冲蚀率的影响,并通过实验进行验证。结果 主要冲蚀磨损区域在小四通和侧阀Ⅰ的内部壁面。固体颗粒粒径为20～200μm,小四通内壁面处,颗粒粒径为40μm时最大冲蚀率最大,为8.7×10^–7 kg/(m²·s),是粒径为180μm时的11.9倍。固体颗粒质量流量为2.5×10^–4～12.5×10^–4 kg/s,小四通内壁面处,在质量流量为12.5×10^–4 kg/s时,最大冲蚀率最大,为7.3×10^–7 kg/(m²·s),是质量流量为2.5×10^{–4 ...}     

液控随钻扩眼器球座冲蚀规律及结构优化

在随钻扩眼的过程中,扩眼器球座的冲蚀较为严重,尤其是球座旁通孔附近。基于冲蚀理论与固液两相流理论,结合DPM离散相模型对扩眼器球座进行冲蚀模拟分析,研究不同因素对扩眼器球座冲蚀的影响规律。此外,利用正交试验方法,研究各参数对冲蚀磨损的影响程度,并优化扩眼器球座结构。通过极差和方差分析可知:影响球座冲蚀磨损的因素依次为流量>含砂比>颗粒直径,最优工艺参数组合为：流量35 L/s、含砂比3%、黏度0.028 Pa·s、颗粒直径0.25 mm、颗粒密度1 500 kg/m3,此时球座的冲蚀率最小,为4.52×10-6kg/(m2·s)。为了减少扩眼器球座的冲蚀,对球座进行结构优化,优化后球座旁通孔角度为顺时针倾斜45°、圆角半径为7 mm、个数为6,相比优化前的球座冲蚀率降低了24%。     

弯管液固两相流动冲蚀磨损的数值预测

固体颗粒的冲蚀磨损是导致液体管道壁面磨损甚至失效的主要原因。本文基于计算流体动力学（CFD）方法,研究弯管在不同条件下冲蚀磨损分布规律。对8种常用的冲蚀模型分别进行计算评估,结果显示,基于DNV冲蚀模型的预测结果与实验结果吻合较好。基于DNV模型研究不同颗粒属性下弯管冲蚀磨损的分布规律。结果表明:随着颗粒直径从10 μm 增加到200 μm,最大磨损速率先减小后增大;当颗粒质量流量为0.02~0.20 kg/s 时,最大磨损速率随着颗粒质量流量的增大而线性增大;随着颗粒形状系数从0.2增加到1.0,最大磨损速率先增大后减小。研究结果可为实际工程应用提供一定的理论支撑。     

基于CFD对60.3 mm弯管冲蚀仿真预测

目的提高工业生产过程中弯管冲蚀预测可靠度。方法在拉格朗日坐标系,通过CFD-DPM模型求解在流体作用下固体颗粒对弯管的冲蚀问题,并利用冲蚀方程研究流体速度、固体颗粒直径和固体颗粒质量流量分别与弯管冲蚀之间的关系,预测弯管最大冲蚀位置及模拟数值。结果通过仿真得到弯管冲蚀最大冲蚀位置主要集中在弯管出口的水平两侧和弯管入口的垂直两侧。随着固流体速度u由8 m/s增大至18 m/s时,固体颗粒对弯管的最大冲蚀速率增大了9.912倍;冲蚀固体颗粒的质量流量f由0.2 kg/s增大到0.8 kg/s时,弯管最大冲蚀速率增大了4.527倍;当仿真过程中固体颗粒直径由200μm增大到900μm时,弯管的最大冲蚀速率增大了3.94倍。结论当固体颗粒直径、固体颗粒速度和固体颗粒质量流量不变时,弯管冲蚀随着流体速度的增大而增大,弯管冲蚀区域在弯管出口水平位置逐渐增大。当固体颗粒直径增大,流体速度固体颗粒质量不变时,固体颗粒在惯性力作用下,弯管肘部的冲蚀逐渐增大,弯管出口水平两侧冲蚀逐渐减小。弯管冲蚀在固体颗粒质量流量增大时,呈增长趋势。     

天然气水合物喷射破碎压控滑套冲蚀磨损特性研究

目的 研究天然气水合物开采过程中,钻井液对喷射破碎压控滑套冲蚀磨损的影响规律及主要影响因素.方法 基于欧拉-拉格朗日算法的DPM模型,建立了滑套冲蚀磨损数值分析模型,预测了压控滑套在使用过程中易发生冲蚀磨损的区域.探究了不同的钻井液粒径、入口液相流速、质量流量及封堵块位置的变化,对冲蚀磨损过程的影响规律.结果 压控滑套的易冲蚀区域为封堵块面、过流通道口、内壁面三个位置.在控制单因素变量条件下,易冲蚀区域最大冲蚀率和冲蚀面积随着粒径增大而增大,粒径从0.1 mm增大到1.1 mm时,易冲蚀区域平均最大冲蚀率增大了63.4倍,并在不同粒径段呈现不同变化趋势.随着封堵块与滑套距离减小,易冲蚀区域平均最大冲蚀率增加,距离从50 mm降低到5 mm时,平均最大冲蚀率增大了3.8倍,并在不同的距离段呈现不同变化趋势;同时随着封堵块与滑套距离减小,内壁面的冲蚀面积降低明显,封堵块和过流通道冲蚀面积没有显著变化.随着入口流速和流体质量流量的增加,易冲蚀区域最大冲蚀率呈现指数增加,流速从6 m/s增大到14 m/s时,易冲蚀区域平均最大冲蚀率增大了9.5倍,流体质量流量从0.001 kg/s增大到0.007 kg/s时,易冲蚀区域平均最大冲蚀率增大了5.6倍,但冲蚀面积都没有显著变化.结论 滑套封堵块面、过流通道和内壁面最易发生冲蚀破坏.冲蚀颗粒直径应该小于0.3 mm为宜,封堵块与滑套距离应该大于30 mm,同时入口流速和质量浓度越小,冲蚀情况越好.综合最大冲蚀率数值及增长倍数分析,粒径是冲蚀率增长的主要因素.该研究为喷射破碎压控滑套的设计和应用提供了指导意义.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。