强流脉冲电子束作用下CrFeCoNiMo0.2高熵合金微观结构变化与耐蚀性能研究

目的 提高CrFeCoNiMo0.2高熵合金的耐腐蚀性能。方法 采用强流脉冲电子束(HCPEB)辐照非等原子比CrFeCoNiMo0.2高熵合金(HEA)表面。通过X射线衍射仪（XRD）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析了辐照表面的微观结构和腐蚀形貌。利用CHI760C电化学工作站,在质量分数为3.5%的NaCl溶液中,研究HCPEB辐照处理前后合金的抗腐蚀性能。结果 XRD分析表明,辐照样品表面发生了明显的取向变化,在(200)晶面上表现出择优取向。微观结构观察表明,在HCPEB辐照后,合金表面发生重熔,形成熔坑和厚度约为3~5 μm的致密重熔层。随着脉冲数量的增加,凹坑的密度和尺寸明显减小。此外,HCPEB处理消除了烧结合金中的孔隙和成分偏析,实现了组织和成分的均匀化。动电位极化曲线表明,与烧结样品相比,辐照样品在3.5%（质量分数）的NaCl溶液中具有更正的腐蚀电位和更低的腐蚀电流密度。Nyquist和Bode图的结果表明,在HCPEB辐照后,样品表面具有良好的电容行为和耐腐蚀性,其中辐照次数为30次时,样品的耐腐蚀性能最好。结论 HCPEB消除了烧结合金表面的组织缺陷,促使表面的元素分布更加均匀,进而提高了CrFeCoNiMo0.2高熵合金的耐腐蚀性能。     

强流脉冲电子束作用下镍基高温合金GH3039表面铬合金化及其抗高温氧化性能研究

目的改善GH3039合金的抗高温氧化性能。方法在GH3039合金表面涂抹Cr粉末,然后借助于强流脉冲电子束装置(简称HCPEB)对该合金表面进行相应的处理,而后分别使用X射线衍射仪(XRD)与扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对合金表面进行观察,对比处理前后的物相和微观结构变化,然后以850℃恒温环境为基础,对样品合金化前后的氧化动力学与氧化机制进行相应的测试与分析。结果该合金在HCPEB辐照处理后,其表层已经形成了相应的滑移带,表层晶粒显著细化,尤其是30次辐照样品中形成了尺寸约为100 nm的纳米晶结构。恒温氧化试验的测试结果显示,通过100 h的氧化处理,原始样品氧化增重数值最大,与此同时生成的氧化膜整体偏厚,达到6μm,有一定程度的裂纹与孔洞,基体发生了严重的内氧化。通过辐照处理30次后的合金化样品,氧化100 h后的增重数值最小,由此生成的氧化膜厚度仅仅约为3μm,同时氧化膜的主要构成为氧化铬,该氧化膜还呈现出连续生长属性,相应结构具有致密性且没有剥落,对基体有较为明显的保护功能。结论HCPEB辐照可以将Cr原子熔入GH3039合金表层,快速实现Cr表面合金化。合金表面Cr含量的提高以及在微结构促进元素扩散的共同作用下,该合金抗高温氧化性能得到显著优化。     

强流脉冲电子束作用下激光熔覆NiCoCrAlYSi涂层组织与性能

利用激光熔覆(Laser cladding, LC)技术在镍基高温合金表层制备NiCoCrAlYSi涂层,随后利用强流脉冲电子束(High current pulsed electron beam,HCPEB)技术对熔覆层表面进行辐照处理。利用X射线衍射仪(X-ray diffraction, XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(Scanning electron microscopy, SEM)等仪器观察HCPEB辐照前后激光熔覆层微观结构演变,并对比分析熔覆层表面显微硬度。结果表明:激光熔覆层主要由γ/γ′相构成,表面存在较多孔隙并具有典型的枝晶偏析现象;HCPEB辐照处理后熔覆缺陷消失,表面发生重熔并形成致密的重熔层,且重熔层厚度随辐照次数的增加而逐渐增加。此外,辐照表面诱发产生交滑移及纳米晶结构。表面显微硬度结果显示,HCPEB辐照处理后熔覆层表面硬度显著高于原始样品硬度。     

9310渗碳钢强流脉冲电子束表面钛合金化处理的结构与性能

为进一步提高SAE9310钢表面渗碳层的耐磨性和耐蚀性,采用强流脉冲电子束(HCPEB)技术在不同的能量密度下对SAE9310渗碳钢进行表面钛合金化处理。并通过扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计、摩擦磨损试验及电化学试验等研究了钛合金化试样的表面及截面形貌、相组成及性能等。结果表明:强流脉冲电子束辐照后钛以合金元素形式固溶于基体中,重熔层奥氏体含量增加。钛合金化层腐蚀电位由未处理时的-0.577V提高至-0.539V,自腐蚀电流密度降至2×10-7 A/cm2,较未处理试样低1个数量级。合金化处理后样品表面显微硬度与原始样品接近,硬度约为780HV0.25,但干摩擦因数由0.8降至0.15,磨损率降低接近3倍。电子束表面钛合金化处理可以提高9310钢渗碳层的耐磨性和耐蚀性。     

纳米Fe-Al粉电子束改性铝合金的组织和性能

利用电子束扫描技术对铝合金ADC12表面进行纳米合金化处理,探讨电子束扫描技术对铝合金组织和性能的影响;通过添加不同比例的纳米Al-Fe混合粉末,分别用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、EDAX能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)等设备对合金层的组织、物相构成、硬度以及摩擦磨损性能进行分析测试,确定合金化纳米混合粉的最佳配比.结果表明:电子束纳米Al-Fe合金化可以提高铝合金材料的硬度、增加耐磨性;随着混合粉中纳米Fe粉含量的增加,合金层中合金硬质强化相逐渐增多,合金化层的硬度和耐磨性也逐渐提高,硬度最高可达800 HV,但组织中会出现裂纹且均匀性不好.当混合粉中纳米Fe粉含量为50％时,合金化层的硬度和耐磨性能较好,其耐热硬度,在675 K时硬度可达到300 ～ 400 HV,其磨损量仅为铝合金基材的1/6.     

强流脉冲电子束处理对WC-Co硬质合金耐磨性的影响

作为一种新型高效的表面改性技术,强流脉冲电子束（HCPEB）由于可以在极短时间内诱发的温度-应力耦合作用,改性层内组织细化并生成纳米新相WC_1-x、Co₃W₃C、Co₃W₉C₄和石墨,从而改善合金的理化性质以及力学性能等,达到表面强化的目的。本文研究了HCPEB表面改性处理后YG8、YG6X和YG6硬质合金耐磨性的变化情况。结果表明,23.4 kV、25次辐照处理后的YG8硬质合金耐磨性提高3倍;27 kV、20次辐照处理后YG6X的耐磨性提高6.4倍;27 kV、20次辐照处理后YG6硬质合金耐磨性提高4.4倍。HCPEB处理后的WC-Co硬质合金的耐磨性均有明显提高。     

强流脉冲电子束M2高速钢表面改性组织和耐磨性能

目的 改善M2高速钢表面组织,提高其耐磨性和红硬性。方法 利用强流脉冲电子束(HCPEB)进行M2高速钢表面辐照改性处理,工作参数包括加速电压25 kV,脉冲宽度2.5μs,能量密度4 J/cm²,脉冲次数3、8和15次。采用MEF-4型光学显微镜和Zygo 9000型3D表面光学轮廓仪观察辐照前后样品表面形貌。采用XRD-6000型X射线衍射仪分析改性层组成。采用DMH-2LS型努氏显微硬度计测量样品表面和截面硬度。采用CFT-I型摩擦磨损试验机测量表面耐磨性能。在600℃下保温1 h后空冷,测量样品表面硬度变化用以比较红硬性。结果 HCPEB改性M2高速钢样品表面重熔并出现熔坑,随脉冲次数增加,熔坑数量减少且尺寸增加,表面粗糙度下降,15次脉冲处理样品表面形成大量孪晶,熔坑内部出现熔孔和微裂纹。重熔层组织细化致密,碳化物类型改变,碳化物颗粒尺寸减小,残余奥氏体数量增加。相对于未改性样品,15次脉冲处理样品表面硬度提高53.5%,磨损体积减小16.5%,红硬性提高19.2%。结论 HCPEB可有效改善M2高速钢表面组织,使表面显微硬度、耐磨性和红硬性指标均有明显...     

TiC含量对激光合金化层组织和耐磨性的影响

以亚微米级TiC和WC作为陶瓷硬质相,自制的合金粉末作为粘结相,采用激光表面合金化技术在球墨铸铁表面制备出高硬度、耐磨的合金化层.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、EDAX能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)等分析测试手段对不同TiC含量下的合金化层的显微组织和物相构成进行了分析,并对合金化层进行了硬度和摩擦磨损性能测试.结果表明,随着涂料中TiC含量的增加,合金化层中碳化物硬质强化相逐渐增多,合金化层的硬度和耐磨性也逐渐提高.当TiC含量为40%时,合金化层的性能较好,平均显微硬度可达1097 HV0.2,其磨损量仅为基材球墨铸铁的1/9.     

强流脉冲电子束W18Cr4V高速钢表面处理

利用solo-强流脉冲电子束(HCPEB)装置对W18Cr4V高速钢进行表面辐照处理.通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、EDS能谱仪、超微载荷显微硬度计研究了该钢HCPEB处理后的表面形貌、表层组织结构、元素成分、显微硬度的变化.结果表明,HCPEB辐照处理使该钢表面出现火山口状熔坑、微小孔洞引起的波动起伏形貌,表层组织由回火马氏体变为极细奥氏体,熔化层碳元素含量的提高,增加了奥氏体常温稳定性.由于HCPEB辐照处理高速钢表层温度场及应力场的变化,试样在距表面以下300μm范围内出现显微硬度提高,最高硬度比基体提高约30%.     

亚微米陶瓷颗粒补强合金化涂层的研究

以亚微米级TiC和CrxCy合金混合粉末为原料,采用激光合金化技术在球铁表面制备出耐磨、耐腐蚀、耐高温的合金化层.利用XRD、SEM、EDS等分析了激光合金化层的相组成及微观组织,并测试了激光合金化的显微硬度,在室温干摩擦条件下测试了涂层的耐磨性.结果表明,合金化涂层致密,硬度(HV)达930(测试载荷2 000 N),干摩擦条件下材料磨损量是基材球墨铸铁的1/16,合金化涂层的耐磨性有一定的提高.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。