基于深度自编码网络的软件缺陷预测方法

软件缺陷预测是提升软件质量的有效方法,而软件缺陷预测方法的预测效果与数据集自身的特点有着密切的相关性。针对软件缺陷预测中数据集特征信息冗余、维度过大的问题,结合深度学习对数据特征强大的学习能力,提出了一种基于深度自编码网络的软件缺陷预测方法。该方法首先使用一种基于无监督学习的采样方法对6个开源项目数据集进行采样,解决了数据集中类不平衡问题;然后训练出一个深度自编码网络模型。该模型能对数据集进行特征降维,模型的最后使用了三种分类器进行连接,该模型使用降维后的训练集训练分类器,最后用测试集进行预测。实验结果表明,该方法在维数较大、特征信息冗余的数据集上的预测性能要优于基准的软件缺陷预测模型和基于现有的特征提取方法的软件缺陷预测模型,并且适用于不同分类算法。     

基于启发式BP算法的软件缺陷预测模型

针对软件缺陷预测时缺陷数据集中存在的类别分布不平衡问题，结合上采样算法SMOTE与Edited Nearest Neighbor (ENN) 数据清洗策略，提出了一种基于启发式BP神经网络算法的软件缺陷预测模型。模型中采用上采样算法SMOTE增加少数类样本以改善项目中的数据不平衡状况，并针对采样后数据噪声问题进行ENN数据清洗，结合基于启发式学习的模拟退火算法改进四层BP神经网络后建立分类预测模型，在AEEEM数据库上使用交叉验证对提出的方案进行性能评估，结果表明所提出的算法能够有效提高模型在预测类不平衡数据时的分类准确度。     

基于改进稀疏自编码神经网络的软件缺陷预测

针对软件缺陷预测时普遍存在的样本缺陷数据不平衡、特征冗余等问题,引进稀疏自编码(SAE)神经网络并加以改进,提出了一种新的分类模型。模型结合了SAE神经网络和少数样本合成过采样技术(SMOTE)的优点,可弥补传统分类方法在软件缺陷预测时忽视少数类分类效果、不能很好地保留数据内部特征等不足。基于NASA软件缺陷公共数据库中多个数据集的实验结果表明:提出的模型在软件缺陷预测方面的分类效果明显优于其他算法,尤其提高了不平衡数据集中少数类的分类精度。     

一种基于特征选择的不平衡数据分类算法

不平衡数据分类是当前机器学习的研究热点,传统分类算法通常基于数据集平衡状态的前提,不能直接应用于不平衡数据的分类学习.针对不平衡数据分类问题,文章提出一种基于特征选择的改进不平衡分类提升算法,从数据集的不同类型属性来权衡对少数类样本的重要性,筛选出对有效预测分类出少数类样本更意义的属性,同时也起到了约减数据维度的目的.然后结合不平衡分类算法使数据达到平衡状态,最后针对原始算法错分样本权值增长过快问题提出新的改进方案,有效抑制权值的增长速度.实验结果表明,该算法能有效提高不平衡数据的分类性能,尤其是少数类的分类性能.     

面向类不平衡数据集的软件缺陷预测模型

软件缺陷预测是软件工程领域的重点研究方向,是保证软件质量的重要途径之一。其中软件缺陷数据的类不平衡问题会影响缺陷预测分类的准确性,为解决类不平衡数据对预测分类的影响,针对如何优化数据预处理的算法执行顺序进行了研究,提出了一种有效提升分类效果的软件缺陷预测模型（ASRAdaboost）。该算法模型在根据对照实验确定数据预处理最优顺序后,采用特征选择卡方检验算法,再执行SMOTE过采样与简单采样方法,解决数据类不平衡和属性冗余同时存在的问题,最后结合Adaboost集成算法,构建出软件缺陷预测模型ASRAdaboost。实验均采用J48决策树作为基分类器,实验结果表明：ASRAdaboost算法模型有效提高了软件缺陷预测的准确性,得到了更好的分类效果。     

多层次过采样集成的不平衡数据缺陷预测模型

针对软件缺陷预测中不平衡数据的分类问题，提出了一种基于过采样和集成学习的类不平衡软件缺陷预测模型XG-AJCC(AJCC-Ram+XGBoost).在预处理阶段，提出了AJCC-Ram(Adaptive Judgment Cure Clustering Random Sampling)多层次过采样方法.该方法基于改进的ADASYN自适应过采样和CURE-SMOTE过采样分别在类边缘和类中心层面生成新样本，通过CLNI方法对样本生成后的数据集进行噪声过滤及清理.在模型构建阶段，与集成算法XGBoost(eXtreme Gradient Boosting)相结合形成最终的不平衡数据缺陷预测模型.本文在AEEEM数据集和NASA数据集中进行了验证，实验结果表明：较于经典的采样方法和采样集成预测模型，在F1指标上AJCC-Ram过采样方法及XG-AJCC采样集成算法模型均能够取得有效的预测结果.     

基于改进SMOTE的软件缺陷预测

为解决软件缺陷预测中的不平衡问题,提出一种基于聚类少数类的改进SMOTE算法。对训练集中的少数类样本进行K-means聚类后,通过关键特征权重及与簇心距离权重,计算每个样本的合成样本数量,采用改进的SMOTE算法实现过抽样。采用CART决策树作为基分类器,使用AdaBoost算法对平衡数据集训练,得到分类模型CSMOTE-AdaBoost。在7组NASA数据集上进行实验,验证分类模型中关键特征权重及与簇心距离权重的有效性,其结果优于传统分类算法,具有更好的分类效果。     

回归算法对软件缺陷个数预测模型性能的影响

针对已有研究在评价软件缺陷个数预测模型性能时没有考虑到软件缺陷数据集存在数据不平衡的问题而采用了评估回归模型的不合适的评价指标的问题,提出以平均缺陷百分比作为评价指标,讨论不同回归算法对软件缺陷个数预测模型性能的影响程度。利用PROMISE提供的6个开源数据集,分析了10个回归算法对软件缺陷个数预测模型预测结果的影响以及各种回归算法之间的差异。研究结果表明：使用不同的回归算法建立的软件缺陷个数预测模型具有不同的预测效果,其中梯度Boosting回归算法和贝叶斯岭回归算法预测效果更好。     

基于差分孪生卷积神经网络的大规模不平衡数据分类算法

传统基于支持向量机的不平衡数据分类算法包含矩阵运算,无法应用于大规模的不平衡数据集。针对这种情况,提出基于差分孪生卷积神经网络的大规模不平衡数据分类算法。设计差分卷积机制增强卷积神经网络的深度结构表示能力,在不改变滤波器数量的情况下提高模型的判别能力。通过差分孪生卷积神经网络分别优化每个类的特征图,每个类关联多个超平面,根据输入样本与超平面的距离决定输出样本的类标签。基于多组不平衡数据集的实验结果表明,该算法实现了较好的分类性能。     

基于数据过采样和集成学习的软件缺陷数目预测方法

预测软件缺陷的数目有助于软件测试人员更多地关注缺陷数量多的模块,从而合理地分配有限的测试资源。针对软件缺陷数据集不平衡的问题,提出了一种基于数据过采样和集成学习的软件缺陷数目预测方法——SMOTENDEL。首先,对原始软件缺陷数据集进行n次过采样,得到n个平衡的数据集;然后基于这n个平衡的数据集利用回归算法训练出n个个体软件缺陷数目预测模型;最后对这n个个体模型进行结合得到一个组合软件缺陷数目预测模型,利用该组合预测模型对新的软件模块的缺陷数目进行预测。实验结果表明SMOTENDEL相比原始的预测方法在性能上有较大提升,当分别利用决策树回归（DTR）、贝叶斯岭回归（BRR）和线性回归（LR）作为个体预测模型时,提升率分别为7.68%、3.31%和3.38%。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.