基于人机工程学的头戴式耳机造型设计

针对长时间佩戴头戴式耳机时出现的耳廓疲劳、疼痛、闷热等问题,从人机工程学角度出发,对头戴式耳机提出了结构设计思路,并通过造型设计目标形成初步方案;运用ANSYS有限元仿真分析法,找出初步方案的不足,再次通过优化设计完善方案,并验证优化方案的可行性。通过对头戴式耳机人机工程等方面的改进,能够为用户提供较为满意的定制化方案,且能为同类产品的设计提供参考。     

基于人机工程学的办公座椅舒适性设计研究

目的有效提升办公座椅设计的舒适性及合理性,减少不良坐姿对人体健康带来的损害。方法系统分析了人们长时间办公状态下的坐姿变化,以及人体骨骼和肌肉在不同坐姿状态下的一系列变化。结论以人机工程学原理和方法为依据,探讨了坐姿变化和座椅因素对人体舒适性的影响,提出了基于坐姿变化的人机工程学办公座椅设计原则,从而为办公座椅设计的结构形式和功能尺寸提供相应的科学依据,为办公座椅的人机工程学改良设计提供有效建议。     

基于JACK虚拟仿真分析的介助老人护理床人机工程学设计

目的 目前护理床普遍采用标准化设计,针对介助老人及护理人员的双用户体验模型进行护理床人机工程学设计,对现有护理床结构、功能提出改进方案。方法 以人机工程软件Jack为分析工具,建立符合中国老年人身体尺寸模型和护理人员相关任务动作模型,在此基础上进行虚拟仿真,对介助老人护理床使用人机匹配性、不同姿势下的舒适度分析,以及护理人员在护理任务中不同动作的舒适性、动作姿势和快速上肢分析,并通过对静态人体尺寸与动态功能尺寸人机分析,对现有护理床进行设计改进。结论 在护理床设计过程中进行介助老人和护理人员双用户人机工程分析,有利于发现双用户在使用过程中不合理的设计内容,得到新的基于人机工程学的护理床设计方法,提高介助老人和护理人员的舒适性,提高使用性能。     

基于人机工程的踏板电动车儿童安全座椅设计

目的 针对近年来儿童乘坐电动自行车频发伤亡事故的现状,研究现有电动车儿童安全座椅不合理的人机关系;从安全性、易用性的角度出发,为儿童安全座椅提供设计依据。方法 采用人机工程学理论,综合分析了儿童安全座椅的人机工程学因素;运用产品设计中人体尺寸的应用原则,对儿童安全座椅进行了安全、合理的人机尺寸设计;使用调查法对儿童安全座椅的使用场景与使用方式进行了调研,得出了儿童安全座椅须符合人机工程学的功能与结构设计要求;依据儿童的生理和心理特征,对造型要素进行了分析。结果 从可调节性、便携性、安全性等方面展开了研究,得出了儿童安全座椅的合理尺寸与结构设计要求,基于儿童的心理与生理特征,得出了安全座椅的造型设计要求。结论 以踏板电动车为例,进行儿童安全座椅的创新设计实践,实现以人为中心,安全、舒适、便携的人机关系。     

踏步康复训练器把手舒适性设计研究

目的 旨在有效提高踏步康复训练器把手的使用舒适性,满足不同患者训练需要,提升患者使用体验.方法 根据患者训练需要,调研总结市场现有的踏步康复训练器把手设计所存在的问题,分析影响把手使用舒适性的人机尺寸、抓握方式、外观特征等设计要素,提出基于人机舒适性的踏步康复训练器把手设计原则,依此对把手进行重新设计,综合应用CATIA软件、语义差异法、李克特量表法等,对新型把手进行人机舒适性仿真分析及外观特征舒适度评价.结果 把手设计的合理性对患者使用舒适度具有一定影响.结论 新型把手设计符合患者使用的生理习惯与心理需求,有效提升了使用舒适度,给患者带来更加积极的使用感受,为踏步康复训练器把手的舒适性设计提供了依据,也为康复医疗产品把手设计提供了参考.     

用户行为分析视角下的产品人机优化设计

目的 以提升用户体验为前提,结合产品的实际功能,从使用过程、用户行为分析、人机工程等多个方面探索产品的设计方法。方法 以医疗保健类产品手持式头部按摩器为例,从用户使用产品时的行为出发,以非参与式方法,观察用户使用产品的整个过程。基于SAPAD架构,完成行为—意义—对象三个维度之间的映射分析,得到手持式头部按摩器在整个使用过程中的关键部件和用户内心潜在需求。再以人机工程学原理和方法为依据,提出了基于用户需求的产品人机设计原则,为设计研发提供参考并最终得出设计结果。结论 提出了一种手持式头部按摩器的设计方法,优化了用户体验,提高了产品的工作效率。为产品的人机优化设计提供了一种新思路,对相关实体产品的工业设计具有一定的参考。     

空间站卫生间人机仿真评估与实践

目的 对空间站卫生间的人机关系进行分析,评价其人机工效,为空间站卫生间人机工程评价、设计优化提供理论方法和技术支持。方法 以DELMIA软件为分析工具,在对空间站卫生间环境建模后,导入航天飞行乘员人体尺寸模型,构建人机仿真虚拟场景。将空间站卫生间如厕过程分解,调整人体模型的如厕姿态及舒适角度范围,对空间站卫生间可达可视域进行判别,开展空间站卫生间如厕姿态舒适性仿真分析与评价。结果 仿真结果显示虚拟航天成员如厕各阶段姿态可达性、可视性、舒适性均满足人机工程学需求。结论 该空间站卫生间能为航天乘员提供一个舒适的如厕环境,其总体结构与布局符合人机工程学设计原则。     

面向脑卒中患者的上肢康复产品人机工程设计

目的 为提升脑卒中患者的康复体验,帮助患者上肢恢复,围绕患者的人机要素展开设计研究。方法 首先,对脑卒中患者的生理和心理特征进行分析,剖析病患显性和隐性障碍,并调查上肢康复产品使用现状,分析总结现有产品存在的问题,为上肢康复产品提供设计依据;基于人机工程学分析患者的上肢运动特征和信息感知特征,探讨上肢康复产品设计的关键点;依据用户分析和人机分析,从产品尺寸、信息交互、色彩与材质等方面展开设计,为患者上肢康复提供解决方案,并通过对比分析验证设计方案。结果 通过系统研究患者与康复产品的人机特征,设计出符合人体工学的上肢康复产品。结论 从人机工程学角度剖析脑卒中康复产品中存在的问题具有可行性,通过借助其他感官通道能有效解决脑卒中康复产品在人机方面存在的问题,为其他康复产品设计提供参考。     

人机工程学在设计实践中的应用——以座便器为例

座便器是人们日常生活中必不可少的器具,座便器设计的科学与否将直接影响人们的日常生活,影响使用者的身体健康,同时还会影响卫生间的整体协调性。座便器的设计要让使用者感到舒适方便,应该符合人体的基本尺寸,尤其是人在坐姿状态下的尺寸。文章主要对人机工程学中人体坐姿尺寸和坐便器尺寸的关系进行分析,阐述座便器中的人机工程学理论,为座便器的设计者提供尺寸依据。     

基于人机工程学的增强现实眼镜设计研究

目的以提升用户人机体验为前提,结合增强现实眼镜的功能需求,从人机工程、使用过程、用户研究等多个方面探索该类产品的设计方法。方法针对增强现实眼镜在使用中出现的问题,从人体数据入手,建立数字头部模型,再通过人机工程学计算得出设计尺寸,为设计研发提供参考并最终得出设计。结论提出了一种增强现实眼镜的造型设计方法,提升了用户体验,对增强现实眼镜的工业设计具有一定的参考。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...