强流脉冲电子束作用下镍基高温合金GH3039表面铬合金化及其抗高温氧化性能研究

目的改善GH3039合金的抗高温氧化性能。方法在GH3039合金表面涂抹Cr粉末,然后借助于强流脉冲电子束装置(简称HCPEB)对该合金表面进行相应的处理,而后分别使用X射线衍射仪(XRD)与扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对合金表面进行观察,对比处理前后的物相和微观结构变化,然后以850℃恒温环境为基础,对样品合金化前后的氧化动力学与氧化机制进行相应的测试与分析。结果该合金在HCPEB辐照处理后,其表层已经形成了相应的滑移带,表层晶粒显著细化,尤其是30次辐照样品中形成了尺寸约为100 nm的纳米晶结构。恒温氧化试验的测试结果显示,通过100 h的氧化处理,原始样品氧化增重数值最大,与此同时生成的氧化膜整体偏厚,达到6μm,有一定程度的裂纹与孔洞,基体发生了严重的内氧化。通过辐照处理30次后的合金化样品,氧化100 h后的增重数值最小,由此生成的氧化膜厚度仅仅约为3μm,同时氧化膜的主要构成为氧化铬,该氧化膜还呈现出连续生长属性,相应结构具有致密性且没有剥落,对基体有较为明显的保护功能。结论HCPEB辐照可以将Cr原子熔入GH3039合金表层,快速实现Cr表面合金化。合金表面Cr含量的提高以及在微结构促进元素扩散的共同作用下,该合金抗高温氧化性能得到显著优化。     

加氧处理对700℃级超超临界锅炉合金GH2984饱和蒸汽氧化行为的影响

采用氧化增重法、X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜研究了不同溶解氧浓度下700℃级超超临界锅炉用GH2984镍基合金的750℃饱和蒸汽氧化行为,结果表明： GH2984合金在不同溶解氧浓度(10ppb、5ppm)的水蒸气中生成的氧化层均为单层结构,主要由连续Cr2O3和少量弥散或局部聚集分布着Al2O3、TiO2内氧化产物组成。加氧处理会造成GH2984合金氧化膜厚度增加和内氧化现象明显,并使得表面零散分布的Fe2O3瘤状凸起消失,转而生成更多富Cr瘤状凸起。另外,水中溶解氧浓度上升未引起GH2984合金表面Cr2O3氧化膜的加速挥发,但降低了氧化膜中的TiO2含量。     

多弧离子镀铝对TiAl合金高温抗氧化性能的影响

利用多弧离子镀技术在TiAl合金表面制备镀铝层.采用SEM、EDS和XRD分析了膜层的显微组织、化学成分及其相组成,研究了镀铝层对TiAl合金的高温抗氧化性能的影响.结果表明:TiAl合金表面离子镀铝后,形成致密的纯铝层,经850℃×100 h高温氧化后,氧化膜外层为连续致密的A12O3,内层为扩散层TiAl3相,有效地提高了TiAl合金高温抗氧化性能; 经950℃×100h高温氧化后,表面氧化膜由A12O3及少量的TiO2组成,膜层中TiAl2为主要成膜相.对TiAl合金的抗高温氧化性能起到一定的提高作用.     

镍基单晶高温合金DD10的恒温氧化行为

采用X射线衍射(XRD),扫描电镜(SEM)及能谱(EDX)等方法研究了不同钴含量的两种镍基单晶高温合金在900,1000和1100 ℃的恒温氧化行为。研究发现,增加合金中的Co含量,会降低合金的扩散激活能,引起氧化速率的略微增加。在900和1000 ℃氧化时符合抛物线规律,氧化膜分为3层：外层主要由Cr2O3和TiO2组成;中间层是很薄的CrTaO4和Ta2O5氧化层;内层是连续的Al2O3氧化层。在1100 ℃时氧化膜的严重剥落和CrO3的挥发使增重曲线略微偏离抛物线规律,生成了NiCr2O4, CoAl2O4, CoNiO2和Co2TiO4等尖晶石相,并发生了内氮化     

Ni-20Cr-18W高温合金1100℃恒温氧化行为(英文)

利用电镜、具备能谱分析功能的扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪等分析设备,研究了一种新型Ni-Cr-W基高温合金Ni-20Cr-18W在1100℃的恒温氧化行为。通过试样的氧化增重,获得了氧化动力学规律。分析结果显示,在氧化初始阶段,合金表面生成了由六面体结构的Cr2O3,立方结构的NiO和与M3O4型氧化物同型的尖晶石结构 (Ni,Mn,Cr)3O43种相组成的混合氧化膜。长时间氧化后,氧化膜由单层转变为双层,在内层形成连续的Cr2O3膜,在外层形成可以抑制内层Cr2O3挥发的致密NiO氧化膜;同时在氧化膜与合金基体界面处形成氧化孔洞,并且在该处发生Al元素的内氧化。     

GH3535合金700℃恒温氧化行为研究

利用增重法,研究了GH3535合金在700℃/700 h下的恒温氧化行为。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、电子探针(EPMA)和同步辐射荧光(SRXRF)分析技术研究了GH3535合金高温氧化膜的氧化动力学、形貌及氧化物的组成。结果表明,GH3535合金在700℃/700 h氧化后表面氧化膜无明显剥落,氧化动力学曲线遵循立方规律,氧化膜厚度为5μm左右,无内氧化现象发生。700℃下,GH3535合金属于完全抗氧化等级。合金表面生成的氧化膜成分以Ni O、Cr2O3、Ni Cr2O4和Ni Mn2O4为主。     

新型镍基高温合金950℃氧化行为的研究

利用静态增重法研究新型镍基高温合金950℃氧化动力学,氧化增重分段遵循抛物线规律.并且通过XRD、SEM和EDX等观察和分析.结果表明,新型镍基高温合金氧化膜的组成主要以Cr2O3为主,并且含有(Co,Ni)Cr2 O4,Al2O3及TiO2,在氧化过程中,发生了内氧化.     

TC4合金双辉等离子渗Cr高温氧化行为

研究了双层辉光等离子渗Cr对TC4合金650、750、850℃恒温氧化性能的影响。结果表明：渗Cr后,表面梯度合金层显著提高了TC4合金的高温氧化性能,Ti-Cr互扩散层可有效阻止氧向基体扩散。氧化过程中,Ti、Cr向外扩散形成TiO2/Cr2O3氧化膜,其形态与氧化温度有关。850℃氧化100 h后,渗Cr试样表面形成致密Cr2O3膜,恒温氧化性能优于NiCrAlY热障涂层。     

铁基高温金恒温氧化行为研究

采用OM,XRD及SEM/EDX研究了铁基高温合金GH 1140的高温静态空气氧化行为,得到了该合金的氧化动力学曲线、氧化膜形貌及其相组成,评价了合金的抗氧化性能并分析了其氧化机理.结果表明:铁基高温合金GH1140在750～900℃时氧化动力学遵循抛物线规律,无氧化膜剥落;在950℃氧化时氧化动力学近似遵从直线规律,且有少量氧化膜剥落;合金氧化过程中有内氧化现象发生,生成的氧化膜以Cr2O3为主;该合金可满足850℃以下高温使用要求.     

喷丸处理对GH3535合金900℃恒温氧化行为的影响

采用不连续增重法,对喷丸状态与非喷丸状态GH3535合金900℃恒温氧化行为进行了对比研究。结果表明,900℃下,喷丸强度0.45Nmm样品与未喷丸样品相比,氧化增重降低了79.7%。未喷丸GH3535合金表面氧化产物为NiCr2O4,MoO2,NiMoO4,喷丸状态下氧化膜主要由NiO、NiFe2O4、Cr2O3和NiCr2O4组成。喷丸处理后GH3535合金表面产生塑性变形使晶粒细化,位错密度增加,在合金表层塑性变形区域的位错及晶界充当了Cr原子的快速扩散路径,增加了Cr原子扩散通量,促进Cr向表面扩散形成富Cr氧化物,使得Cr2O3层的更快形成,减少了瞬态氧化期。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。