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李晓锋 《福建能源开发与节约》2012,(5):91-92
介绍饮用水源地水中含有的有机污染物的检测方法,主要是气相色谱、液相色谱、离子色谱和质谱的联用技术。对水体中含有的有机污染物的处理工艺,尤其是一些新型方法:活性炭吸附,臭氧氧化,膜处理和树脂吸附等进行详细的阐述,并指出检测和处理工艺未来的发展趋势。 相似文献
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介绍饮用水源地水中含有的有机污染物的检测方法,主要是气相色谱、液相色谱、离子色谱和质谱的联用技术。对水体中含有的有机污染物的处理工艺,尤其是一些新型方法:活性炭吸附,臭氧氧化,膜处理和树脂吸附等进行详细的阐述,并指出检测和处理工艺未来的发展趋势。 相似文献
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生物炭的制备及其对氮肥吸附效果的研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
以玉米秸秆为原材料,分别在350、400、450℃下炭化3 h制备玉米秸秆生物炭(分别命名为B350、B400、B450),利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜仪、比表面积及孔径分布仪、红外光谱仪等对材料进行表征,确定材料的相关性能,并探讨其与氮肥吸附的相关性。以平衡实验法研究了溶液pH对生物炭吸附氨氮的影响。实验结果表明:玉米秸秆生物炭B350、B400、B450对氨氮的吸附过程均遵循二级吸附动力学模型,且采用Langmuir方程能更好地描述吸附等温线模型;玉米秸秆生物炭对氨氮的饱和吸附量按从大到小依次为B400、B350、B450,且均为有利吸附;玉米秸秆生物炭对氨氮吸附的最佳pH为8~12。 相似文献
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为了提高TiO_2光催化剂对水体有机污染物的降解能力,将松子壳基活性炭作为载体负载TiO_2,研究载体比表面积、载体与TiO_2的复合比例以及煅烧温度对复合光催化剂降解水体有机污染物亚甲基蓝的影响。通过BET,XRD,FTIR和SEM分析方法对复合光催化剂的比表面积、晶体结构、有机官能团和表面形貌进行了表征。研究结果表明:适当的增加载体的比表面积,有利于Ti O2的负载和复合光催化剂催化活性的提高;当活化水量为1.5 mL/min时,在充分的水蒸气活化反应下,松子壳炭可制备成比表面积为634.65 m~2/g的活性炭,使其负载TiO_2后具有较好的亚甲基蓝吸附作用和光降解作用;当TiO_2与活性炭的质量比为0.8∶1时,复合光催化剂的催化效果较好;当煅烧温度为450℃时,复合光催化剂具有较优的催化效果,降解率可达77.10%。 相似文献
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文章以乙酸钾为催化剂,在城市污泥中分别添加花生壳、玉米杆、玉米芯、稻草,采用间歇式反应釜在400℃下制备多种污泥-生物质生物炭,考察不同种类生物质的添加对生物炭产率及性能的影响,并对生物炭进行表征和分析。研究结果表明:与污泥生物炭相比,不同种类的污泥-生物质生物炭的H/C均减小,芳香性均增大;与污泥生物炭相比,不同种类的污泥-生物质生物炭的比表面积和总孔体积均增大,平均孔径均减小,其中,污泥-玉米杆生物炭的BET比表面积最大,为26.062 m~2/g;与污泥生物炭相比,不同种类的污泥-生物质生物炭的碘吸附性能均有所提高,其中,污泥-玉米芯生物炭的碘吸附值最大,为438.49 mg/g;污泥-生物质生物炭呈碱性并含有一定量的速效氮、速效磷、有机质等营养物质,污泥-生物质生物炭的重金属含量(Zn除外)均远低于农业用地标准值,有作为土壤改良剂或肥料缓释载体的应用前景。 相似文献
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A review on the utilization of fly ash 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Fly ash, generated during the combustion of coal for energy production, is an industrial by-product which is recognized as an environmental pollutant. Because of the environmental problems presented by the fly ash, considerable research has been undertaken on the subject worldwide. In this paper, the utilization of fly ash in construction, as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of organic compounds, flue gas and metals, light weight aggregate, mine back fill, road sub-base, and zeolite synthesis is discussed. A considerable amount of research has been conducted using fly ash for adsorption of NOx, SOx, organic compounds, and mercury in air, dyes and other organic compounds in waters. It is found that fly ash is a promising adsorbent for the removal of various pollutants. The adsorption capacity of fly ash may be increased after chemical and physical activation. It was also found that fly ash has good potential for use in the construction industry. The conversion of fly ash into zeolites has many applications such as ion exchange, molecular sieves, and adsorbents. Converting fly ash into zeolites not only alleviates the disposal problem but also converts a waste material into a marketable commodity. Investigations also revealed that the unburned carbon component in fly ash plays an important role in its adsorption capacity. Future research in these areas is also discussed. 相似文献
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不同种类的生物质原料可通过热转化的方式制备生物炭,由于其独特的特性被广泛应用于不同的研究领域。近期,随着生物炭合成方法的大规模涌现,生物炭及生物炭基材料相关的研究广受关注。总结了生物炭基催化剂在生物柴油制备(酯交换/酯化反应)过程中的研究现状,简要描述了生物炭催化剂的设计和合成方法,并总结了生物炭催化剂在制备生物柴油中的应用,最后归纳了生物炭基催化剂在生物柴油制备中存在的问题,对今后的研究重点及前景做出展望,以期为将来低成本生物炭基催化剂的制备以及生物柴油合成的研究和发展提供指导建议。 相似文献
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以西瓜皮为原料制备生物炭(WM)吸附水中的Zn2+,再将吸附后的生物炭进行二次热解,制得WM-Zn并用于吸附水中的Pb2+。研究表明,WM-Zn对Pb2+ 的吸附容量(163.84 mg/g)高于WM的吸附容量(87.64 mg/g)。利用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、元素分析(EA)、X射线衍射(XRD)、吸附比表面测试法(BET)和Zeta电位对生物炭进行了表征,发现WM-Zn表面孔结构的扩大和官能团的增多均有助于Pb2+ 的去除,WM-Zn对Pb2+ 的吸附可归结为官能团络合、静电吸附、物理吸附和沉淀作用。此外,WM吸附Zn2+ 和WM-Zn吸附Pb2+ 均符合Langmuir等温吸附模型和拟二级动力学模型,表明吸附过程是以单分子层吸附为主的化学吸附。在吸附-解吸循环实验中,WM-Zn在第6次循环中吸附量可达到87.36 mg/g,表明WM-Zn吸附具有良好的可重复性。 相似文献
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《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2022,47(67):28782-28793
Highly-efficient and stable non-noble metal electrocatalysts for overcoming the sluggish kinetics of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is urgent for water electrolysis. Biomass-derived biochar has been considered as promising carbon material because of its advantages such as low-cost, renewable, simple preparation, rich structure, and easy to obtain heteroatom by in-situ doping. Herein, Ni2P–Fe2P bimetallic phosphide spherical nanocages encapsulated in N/P-doped pine needles biochar is prepared via a simple two-step pyrolysis method. Benefiting from the maximum synergistic effects of bimetallic phosphide and biochar, high conductivity of biochar encapsulation, highly exposed active sites of Ni2P–Fe2P spherical nanocages, rapid mass transfer in porous channels with large specific surface area, and the promotion in adsorption of reaction intermediates by high-level heteroatom doping, the (Ni0.75Fe0.25)2P@NP/C demonstrates excellent OER activity with an overpotential of 250 mV and a Tafel slope of 48 mV/dec at 10 mA/cm2 in 1 M KOH. Also it exhibits a long-term durability in 10 h electrolysis and its activity even improves during the electrocatalytic process. The present work provides a favorable strategy for the inexpensive synthesis of biochar-based transition metal electrocatalysts toward OER, and improves the water electrolysis for hydrogen production. 相似文献
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Influence of pyrolysis conditions on nitrogen speciation in a biochar ‘preparation-application’ process 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
To investigate biochar nitrogen conversion in a ‘preparation-application’ system and the response of its transportation in plants, biochar samples were produced from rice straw at different pyrolysis temperatures (400 °C and 800 °C) and atmospheres (N2 and CO2). Subsequently, biochar was synthesized under CO2 atmosphere to explore its nitrogen nutrient characteristics and further improve the chemical and physical properties of soil. Nitrogen speciation of the biochar and plant root samples were evaluated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Research has shown that organic nitrogen such as protein-N, free amino acid-N, and alkaloid-N in rice straw is converted into organic (nitrile-N, pyridine-N, amino-N, and pyrrole-N) and inorganic (NH4+-N, NO2?-N, and NO3?-N) species in biochar during the biomass pyrolysis process. In turn, biochar nitrogen is transported to plants as protein-N, free amino acid-N, alkaloid-N, NH4+-N, NO2?-N, and NO3?-N. Comprehensive consideration of the biochar quality and preparation cost indicated the lower pyrolysis temperature (400 °C) under CO2 atmosphere as the best conditions for biochar preparation. 相似文献
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《能源学会志》2020,93(5):2063-2073
In the framework of circular economy, the need of new feedstock materials for the production of alternative new products is of high priority. Biowastes such as manure, sewage sludge (biosolids, BS) and food-waste are used as raw materials for the production of biochar. The present study aims at characterizing biochars produced from three distinct biowastes (i) manure from cattle waste (manure-derived biochar; MDB), (ii) biosolids (BS) from a conventional Urban Wastewater Treatment Plant (UWTP) (biosolids-derived biochar; BDB), and (iii) spent coffee grounds (SCG)-derived biochar (SCGDB). Samples were slowly pyrolyzed in a small-scale kiln with a capacity of 20–24 kg. The samples were heated under nitrogen atmosphere at approximately 6–7 °C min−1 up to the desired temperature (550 °C) and held for 1.5h. The physicochemical characterization of biochars showed the production of alkaline materials with similarities and variations in their characteristics, which depend to the type of feedstock used. The surface area of the raw materials was considerably low (<0.1 m2/g) and increased after pyrolysis to 14.03 m2/g, 3.98 m2/g and 1.53 m2/g for MDB, BDB and SCGDB, respectively. The high %C content, the low H/C ratio and the FTIR adsorption peaks revealed high aromaticity, polymerization and carbonization of the biochars and the presence of several functional groups. These, are some of the biochar properties which could lead to different sorption mechanisms of organic and inorganic contaminants. Also, they presented good stability in soil, which enables to be used as soil amendment and C sequestration mechanism. Finally, the produced biochars showed promising properties for environmental applications. 相似文献
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《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2022,47(68):29207-29218
Coke formation is a significant challenge in catalytic tar reforming. AAEMs are essential in the conversion and decomposition of tar catalyzed by biochar. In this paper, four biochar catalysts with different K and Ca contents were prepared by acid washing and loading, and the coke accumulation characteristics in catalytic tar reforming at 650 °C were investigated using a single-stage reaction system. The gas-liquid-solid products were characterized by GC-MS, Raman, N2 adsorption, FTIR and TG. The results suggest that K-loaded biochar has a maximum tar reforming capacity of 94.9%, while H-form biochar has a tar removal efficiency of only 27.8%. The micropore area in biochar is considerably reduced and the average pore size is increased after coke deposition. While K-loaded biochar retains the highest micropore area, it also exhibits a smaller increase in average pore size. The loading of K/Ca affects the growth structure of the coke, resulting in an increased number of O-containing structures in it. The coke on the Raw biochar surface is mainly small aromatic ring structures and aliphatic structures, thus increasing the intensity of the vibrational peaks corresponding to aromatic = C–H and aliphatic C–H on it. The coke on K-loaded biochar has a large proportion of aliphatic structures, which also contributes to the reduced graphitization of it after reforming. The AAEMs-free biochar surface preferentially removes tar components carrying O-containing groups. K-loaded biochar preferentially catalyzes the reforming of mono-aromatic ring components in tar. Ca-loaded biochar preferentially removes the mono-aromatic ring components, while being less selective for the removal of tar components containing hydroxyl groups and polyaromatic ring components. The loading of K/Ca promotes the dehydrogenation of the tar fraction during reforming, while only K catalyzes the deoxygenation of tar components. H-form biochar has no appreciable catalytic activity on CH4 cracking. AAEMs have a catalytic activity on CH4 cracking. K is particularly effective in improving tar conversion and hydrogen production of biochar. 相似文献
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《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2022,47(61):25608-25630
Borate is a kind of wide-bandgap semiconducting material with rich structure and variety, which is usually used in optical properties research. Its unique crystal structure has essential research value for expanding the applications of photocatalysis. This review summarizes the recent research progress of borate photocatalysis, including novel borate photocatalyst, borate-based composite, and borate glass photocatalyst. Furthermore, the energy and environmental photocatalysis applications of borate photocatalysts are discussed, such as overall water splitting reaction, water decomposition to generate hydrogen or oxygen, degradation of pollutants, and others. The strategy of the combination of theoretical calculation and experiment to explore new borate photocatalysts was also introduced. Finally, some developing directions and challenges in borate photocatalytic materials are summarized. 相似文献
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基于鸽粪基生物炭的优良特性,进行模拟重金属污染土壤修复试验,研究了其对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的作用效果及土壤中赋存形态转化的影响.结果表明:鸽粪基生物炭中的CO_32-及OH-可与溶液中的Pb反应产生Pb的碳酸盐和氢氧化物沉淀;在重金属复合污染土壤中添加生物炭后,生物有效性最强的可交换态Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd含量分别降低98.48%、61.79%、89.15%和32.76%.生物炭中的灰分使土壤pH值显著升高(2.5~3.13),从而增加了碳酸盐结合态含量;而土壤有机质含量的升高(37.75%~178.43%)直接导致有机结合态含量增加;和500℃生物炭相比,400℃生物炭有机质含量更高,灰分含量更低.本研究的结果可以为鸽粪基生物炭在重金属复合污染土壤修复中的应用提供一定的理论基础,也为鸽粪固废处理开拓了新的思路. 相似文献