Effects of intercritical treatment and tempering on fracture behavior in a medium-carbon 2Si-3Ni steel

In the 2Si-3Ni steel intercritically treated in the range of 720 ‡C to 790 ‡C, the fracture behavior under the impact testing has been analyzed and the post-tempering effect has also been investigated. The transgranular fracture occurred in the specimens treated below and at 730 ‡C (SN73 specimen) in relatively low intercritical temperature range, but the intergranular fracture occurred in the specimens treated at 750 ‡C and 770 ‡C (SN75 and SN77 specimens) in relatively high intercritical temperature range. In the SN73 specimen, there was little coarse martensite at the prior austenite grain boundaries, whereas there was continuous, coarse martensite at those boundaries in the SN75 and SN77 specimens. The fracture behavior was mainly discussed in terms of the microstructural differences. In addition, no or a little increase in impact toughness, in spite of great decreases in hardness, in the SN75 and SN77 specimens tempered at 600 ‡C is correlated with the easy occurrence of intergranular fracture, which is caused by the carbide aggregates formed in the continuous, coarse martensite at the grain boundaries.     

胀断连杆用中碳非调质钢的析出强化行为

 利用金相显微镜、透射电镜及X射线衍射仪等分析了2种不同钒质量分数(0.15 %、 0.28 %)的胀断连杆用中碳非调质钢在热锻及空冷后的微合金碳氮化物析出相的成分及粒度分布等特征,并探讨了其析出强化行为。结果表明,随着钢中钒质量分数的增加,组织细化,铁素体增加,珠光体片层间距减小,同时含钒、铬的M(C,N)型析出相的数量增多。2种试验钢中分别约有质量分数48 %、64 %的钒处于M(C,N)相中,M(C,N)相中又分别有约质量分数42.6 %、56.7 %的颗粒尺寸小于10 nm,这些细小粒子主要弥散分布在铁素体内,其沉淀强化增量分别为140.0和232.6 MPa。当试验钢中钒质量分数较高时,不仅可获得与传统胀断连杆用C70S6钢相当的抗拉强度和冲击功,而且还可获得远高于C70S6钢的屈服强度和屈强比,因而适合用来制造高性能胀断连杆。     

Effect of hydrogen on fracture behavior of a quenched and tempered medium-carbon steel

This work examined the effects of hydrogen on fracture of quenched and tempered 1045 steel. Tests were made at room temperature on tensile, Charpy impact, and 4-point notched bend specimens. This steel exhibits tempered martensite embrittlement (TME) for tempering temperatures between 300 and 375 °C. Thus hydrogen in most cases affected fracture by increasing the amount of intergranular fracture. In bend specimens, hydrogen also induced quasicleavage (QC) fracture at points of maximum normal stress below the notch root, points which appeared to be the locations of crack initiation. Tear ridges on theseQC surfaces were at martensite lath packet boundaries. Crack orientations were largely mode I in uncharged specimens, with mode II appearing at the notch root in most hydrogen-charged specimens. These observations are in general agreement with earlier work on martensitic steel. Formerly graduate student, Carnegie-Mellon University     

Martensite morphology and strain aging behaviours in intercritically treated low carbon steel

Abstract

The strain aging behaviour of intercritically annealed low carbon steel with different martensite morphologies has been investigated. Aging experiments after 4% prestrain were carried out at 180°C for different times ranging from 10 to 160 min. It was found that the variation in bake hardening response ΔY, lower yield stress and ultimate tensile stress with aging time describes a similar trend for all three microstructural variants, but the absolute values of bake hardening response, lower yield stress and ultimate tensile stress are higher for the microstructure containing fibrous, more uniformly distributed martensite. The aging response of fibrous martensite was also found to be slower, and the fibrous martensite morphology provided the best combination of strength and ductility as desired for dual phase steels.     

On the structure of Ni9 steel and its tensile fracture behaviour

The tensile curves as well as original and selective dissoluted fracture surfaces have been studied. The function of the γ' phase on the mechanical properties of the steel has been investigated. The fracturing process consists of: formation of dimples – formation of splits in dimples – the splits in dimples join each other to form secondary cracks – formation of inner lips and tiny dimple regions. The morphology of fracture looks like ridges and peaks. It is considered that the column boundaries in ingots may split easily; this causes bedding fracture and the degradation of Z–direction properties. The formation of bedding fracture is affected markedly by heat treatment and tensile temperature. Some ways of improving mechanical properties have been discussed.     

机械搅拌对中碳钢钢液凝固组织的影响

研究了中碳钢钢液在凝固初期施加机械搅拌,改变搅拌参数对钢液凝固组织的影响。实验结果表明,随着搅拌时间的延长等轴晶比例增大,搅拌时间30 s时,等轴晶比例最大为50.784%;改变插入钢液深度,随着插入液面深度的增加,等轴晶区比例明显增大,同时晶粒得到细化,分布更均匀,插入深度为4.5 cm时,等轴晶比例和晶粒细化程度达...     

Retained carbide distribution in intercritically austenitized 52100 steel

Two 52100 steels, one containing 0.009 pct P, the other 0.023 pct P, were homogenized at 1150 °C, slowly cooled to form proeutectoid carbides and pearlite, partially spheroidized, austenitized at 850 °C for one hour, oil quenched, and tempered at 200 °C. Light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy of carbon extraction replicas showed that cementite particles were retained as three different morphologies in the fine-grained austenite formed during the 850 °C intercritical austenitizing treatment. The morphologies are characterized as follows: (1) closely spaced intragranular carbides most of which are less than 0.25 μm in diameter, (2) carbides about 1 μm in diameter, located on austenite grain boundaries, and (3) branched proeutectoid carbides arranged in networks corresponding to the coarse, 130 μm diameter austenite grains formed during homogenizing. The major effect of high phosphorus content was to retard the spheroidization of the retained carbides.     

块状组织细化对贝氏体钢断裂行为的影响

 中碳贝氏体钢由亚微米贝氏体铁素体板条和残余奥氏体组成,对韧性起主要作用的为残余奥氏体,通过细化块状组织能显著提高贝氏体钢的韧性。为了探究块状组织细化对断裂行为的影响,采用两步贝氏体等温工艺对中碳(碳质量分数为0.3%)贝氏体钢中块状组织进行细化,对拉伸和冲击性能及其裂纹扩展行为变化进行了研究。利用光学、扫描电子(SEM)、透射电子(TEM)显微镜、X射线衍射(XRD)等对试验钢的显微组织类型和尺寸、拉伸和冲击性能及断口形貌进行表征和分析。结果表明,与一步贝氏体工艺相比,两步贝氏体工艺中新形成的贝氏体铁素体分割细化块状马氏体+残余奥氏体,随着真应变的增加,加工硬化的效果更好;断裂形式为韧性断裂,且韧窝的数量、深度更优于一步贝氏体转变,塑韧性更佳。     

低碳钢和中碳钢连铸方坯初始凝固的对比研究

以低碳钢和中碳钢为研究对象,围绕不同连铸工艺参数对方坯初始凝固行为的影响,利用CA-FE耦合模型模拟实际连铸过程结晶器内方坯的初始凝固行为,考察拉速和过热度对方坯出结晶器坯壳厚度的影响,对比二者出结晶器横截面枝晶微观形貌.研究表明:过热度和拉速增加均能使出结晶器坯壳厚度下降,而拉速的影响更为显著.不同钢种在相同条件下出结晶器坯壳厚度下降梯度不同.过热度越低柱状晶越致密细小,利于提高连铸坯质量,拉速对柱状晶的影响相对较小.由于出结晶器坯壳安全厚度限制,过热度取15℃,低碳钢拉速不能超过2.2 m·min^-1,中碳钢拉速不能超过2.5 m·min^-1,据此针对不同钢种设计不同拉速可提高连铸效率.同时,模型结果显示低碳钢出结晶器时刻柱状晶更为发达.     

Characterization of cryogenic Fe-6Ni steel fracture modes: A three dimensional quantitative analysis

Quantitative three dimensional analyses of fracture surfaces of Fe-6Ni cryogenic steel were used to study the effect of temperature variations on the geometry of the characteristic features in different fracture modes. Stereo SEM techniques combined with stereo photogrametry provide the tools to perform such analysis on standard Charpy specimens tested with appropriate instrumentation over a 300 deg temperature range. The characteristic features of the ductile fracture mode were found to maintain a constant aspect ratio for these temperatures, while the brittle fracture modes exhibit an aspect ratio that is temperature dependent. This geometrical factor dependence of temperature in the nonductile case resembles that of the Charpy impact energy for the same temperature range. formerly with the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720.     

Acicular ferrite morphologies in a medium-carbon microalloyed steel

The influence of time and isothermal transformation temperature on the morphology of acicular ferrite in a medium-carbon microalloyed steel has been studied using optical and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This study has been carried out with the analysis of the microstructures obtained with one- and two-stage isothermal treatments at 400 °C and 450 °C, following austenitization at 1250 °C. The heat treatments were interrupted at different times to observe the evolution of the microstructure at each temperature. The results show that a decrease in the isothermal transformation temperature gives rise to the development of sheaves of parallel ferrite plates, similar to bainitic sheaves, but intragranularly nucleated. These replace the face-to-edge nucleation that dominates the transformation at higher temperatures. The TEM observations reveal that the plates correspond to upper acicular ferrite and the sheaves to lower acicular ferrite. In this last case, cementite precipitates are present at the ferrite unit interiors and between the different platelets.     

Hydrogen-enhanced load relaxation in a deformed medium-carbon steel

To investigate the idea that the decohesive effect of low-fugacity hydrogen is manifested by enhancing the nucleation and early growth of microvoids in steels that fail by dimpled fracture. the load relaxation of strained tension specimens of AISI 1045 steel has been measured. Straining to various values of plastic strain and permitting load relaxation at constant strain, all without hydrogen, enables the load relaxation kinetics to be established as a function of strain. By controlled cathodic charging of hydrogen at successively larger fugacities during load relaxation it is found that a hydrogen fugacity larger than a critical value is necessary for producing an abrupt increase in the rate of load relaxation. It is deduced that this threshold effect is consistent only with hydrogen-induced decohesion and decohesive growth of microvoids at internal interfaces in the 1045 steel. The implication of this to the hydrogen embrittlement phenomenon is discussed.     

超高强度钢热处理组织中碳化物演化行为研究进展

摘要：具有优异性能的超高强度钢在各工业领域备受关注,随着超高强度钢服役环境愈加复杂,通过调整多种微观组织、采用基体与碳化物强化相复合结构来进一步提高钢材强韧性能成为当今研究热点之一。简要回顾超高强度钢发展历程与研究现状,着重讨论在不同热处理工艺条件下超高强度钢中微观组织结构、碳化物析出种类及演变规律的最新进展,并详细介绍作者团队在超高强度钢领域的研究成果。在超高强度钢研究过程中,仍需深入探讨碳化物与基体之间存在的位相关系,澄清不同热处理工艺改变碳化物析出顺序的内在机制,为超高强度钢的组织调控和性能优化提供基础数据和理论指导。     

Ferrite recrystallization and austenite formation in cold-rolled intercritically annealed steel

The recrystallization of ferrite and austenite formation during intercritical annealing were studied in a 0.08C-1.45Mn-0.21Si steel by light and transmission electron microscopy. Normalized specimens were cold rolled 25 and 50 pct and annealed between 650 °C and 760 °C. Recrystallization of the 50 pct deformed ferrite was complete within 30 seconds at 760 °C. Austenite formation initiated concurrently with the ferrite recrystallization and continued beyond complete recrystallization of the ferrite matrix. The recrystallization of the deformed ferrite and the spheroidization of the cementite in the deformed pearlite strongly influence the formation and distribution of austenite produced by intercritical annealing. Austenite forms first at the grain boundaries of unrecrystallized and elongated ferrite grains and the spheroidized cementite colonies associated with ferrite grain boundaries. Spheroidized cementite particles dispersed within recrystallized ferrite grains by deformation and annealing phenomena were the sites for later austenite formation.     

中碳钙硫易切削钢夹杂物形态控制

在实验室进行了1kg坩埚实验,研究了中碳高硫结构钢钙处理前后夹杂物的形态、尺寸及组成.结果表明:钢钙处理后获得了可以改善钢切削性的纺锤形夹杂物,夹杂物的平均纺锤形率为68.11%,并且随钢中[Ca]/[S]增加夹杂物纺锤形化趋势增加;钙处理后小于2.5μm的夹杂物占夹杂物总量的76.05%,夹杂物细小、弥散分布于钢基体中;夹杂物类型以钙铝酸盐芯硫化物外壳的复合夹杂物、(Mn,Ca)S形式的硫化物为主,有少量的铝酸钙与CaS的复合夹杂物;含钙硫的45钢铸态钢锭比普通45钢铸态钢锭切削性能有所改善.     

Fracture behavior in medium-carbon martensitic Si- and Ni-steels

A study of fracture behavior in medium-carbon martensitic Ni- and Si-steels has been made. Charpy impact testing was conducted in order to investigate fracture mode as a function of test temperature. Whereas the transgranular cleavage fracture becomes the primary brittle fracture mode with decreasing test temperature in the Si-steel, intergranular fracture is the only brittle fracture mode observed at low temperatures in the Ni-steel. The different fracture behavior between these steels appears to be due to variation in intrinsic matrix toughness. Since Si may impair the intrinsic matrix toughness, the occurrence of transgranular cleavage fracture becomes relatively easy with decreasing test temperature. On the other hand, since Ni may improve considerably the intrinsic matrix toughness, the transgranular cleavage fracture is not able to occur although the test temperature decreases. Thus, the intrinsic matrix toughness can play a significant role in controlling the fracture behavior.