清洗方式对鲜切生菜保鲜效果的影响

以静电水、臭氧水、次氯酸钠水、电解水、自来水对生菜切割后进行处理,研究不同处理方式对贮藏过程中其品质变化的影响。结果表明,这5种处理方式对鲜切生菜失重率的影响不大;臭氧水、次氯酸钠水、电解水处理能够显著延缓鲜切生菜VC、叶绿素含量的下降,在贮藏过程中保持了较好的感官品质。在上述5种处理方式中臭氧水对后期的保鲜效果最佳,是切割蔬菜贮藏前推荐的处理方式,鲜切菜产品贮藏到第12天仍有商品价值。     

Sensory shelf life of butterhead lettuce leaves in active and passive modified atmosphere packages

The objective of the present work was to study the influence of both passive and active modified atmosphere packaging on sensory shelf life of butterhead lettuce leaves, stored at 5 and 10 °C. Results showed that the efficacy of active modified atmosphere with respect to passive modified atmosphere depended on the storage temperature considered. When stored at 10 °C, despite being subjected to different package atmosphere composition, lettuce leaves in active and passive modified atmosphere showed the same sensory deterioration rate and sensory shelf life. On the contrary, when stored at 5 °C, lettuce leaves in active modified atmosphere packages showed lower deterioration rate and higher sensory shelf life than those in passive modified atmosphere. Sensory shelf life of lettuce in modified atmosphere packages was estimated using criteria determined according to consumers' rejection to purchase percentage, which consisted on an improvement over more arbitrary criteria presented in most studies.     

外源乙烯处理对鲜切莴苣和甘蓝苯丙烷代谢的影响

为阐明外源乙烯对鲜切叶菜类蔬菜苯丙烷代谢的影响,本实验以莴苣和甘蓝为材料,经清洗与切割后,采用外源乙烯处理鲜切莴苣和鲜切甘蓝,研究了乙烯对苯丙烷代谢过程中关键酶—苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性的影响,同时,还分析了主要次生代谢物质,总酚、类黄酮和木质素的含量变化。结果表明:外源乙烯处理对鲜切莴苣和鲜切甘蓝组织中PAL活性具有明显抑制作用,降低了总酚和类黄酮含量,促进了木质素合成而使含量有所上升,鲜切莴苣对乙烯作用的敏感性显著大于鲜切甘蓝(p<0.05)。      

茉莉酸甲酯处理对鲜切莴苣和甘蓝苯丙烷代谢的影响

本文以鲜切莴苣和鲜切甘蓝为实验材料,采用10μmol/L茉莉酸甲酯(以10%甲醇为溶剂)浸泡处理,研究了处理后鲜切莴苣和鲜切甘蓝苯丙烷代谢的变化。结果表明,MeJA处理可有效提高鲜切莴苣和鲜切甘蓝苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性,同时,次生代谢产物如总酚、类黄酮以及木质素的含量也有所增加。由此可见,茉莉酸甲酯作为外界信号分子可诱导并激活苯丙烷代谢途径运行,合成多酚类化合物用以修复伤口,提高鲜切莴苣和甘蓝的自身修复能力与抗性。      

净菜加工中常用的消毒杀菌剂

综述了净菜常用的消毒杀菌剂如卤素及卤素化合物、离子化合物质、有机酸、活性氧化合物等各自的优缺点。     

结球生菜多酚氧化酶动力学特性研究

为解决生菜加工贮藏过程中出现的褐变问题,研究了结球生菜多酚氧化酶（polyphenol oxidase,PPO）动力学特性,分析了pH、温度及底物浓度等因素对PPO活性的影响,建立了结球生菜褐变的反应动力学方程。结果表明,结球生菜最适pH为8.0,最适温度为40℃。用Michaelis-Menten机理描述可得结球生菜PPO相应的动力学参数Km=0.0691mol/L,vmax=26.5957U/min。生菜叶片组织中的PPO活性较强,叶柄和茎部组织中的PPO活性差异不大,均低于叶片组织中的PPO活性,且结球生菜茎部切口处已经发生褐变的部分PPO活性为6.12U/min,远高于没有发生褐变的部分。     

Effect of storage temperature and duration on the behavior of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on packaged fresh-cut salad containing romaine and iceberg lettuce

This study investigated the impact of storage temperature and duration on the fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on commercially packaged lettuce salads, and on product quality. Fresh-cut Romaine and Iceberg lettuce salads of different commercial brands were obtained from both retail and wholesale stores. The packages were cut open at one end, the lettuce salad inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 via a fine mist spray, and resealed with or without an initial N(2) flush to match the original package atmospheric levels. The products were stored at 5 and 12 °C until their labeled "Best If Used By" dates, and the microbial counts and product quality were monitored periodically. The results indicate that storage at 5 °C allowed E. coli O157:H7 to survive, but limited its growth, whereas storage at 12 °C facilitated the proliferation of E. coli O157:H7. There was more than 2.0 log CFU/g increase in E. coli O157:H7 populations on lettuce when held at 12 °C for 3 d, followed by additional growth during the remainder of the storage period. Although there was eventually a significant decline in visual quality of lettuce held at 12 °C, the quality of this lettuce was still fully acceptable when E. coli O157:H7 growth reached a statistically significant level. Therefore, maintaining fresh-cut products at 5 °C or below is critical for reducing the food safety risks as E. coli O157:H7 grows at a rapid, temperature-dependent rate prior to significant quality deterioration. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Specific information regarding the effect of temperature on pathogen growth on leafy greens is needed to develop science-based food safety guidelines and practices by the regulatory agencies and produce industry. Temperature control is commonly thought to promote quality of leafy greens, not safety, based at least partially on a theory that product quality deterioration precedes pathogen growth at elevated temperatures. This prevalent attitude results in temperature abuse incidents being frequently overlooked in the supply chain. This study demonstrates that human pathogens, such as E. coli O157:H7, can grow significantly on commercially packaged lettuce salads while the product's visual quality is fully acceptable. Packaged fresh-cut salads are marketed as "ready-to-eat" while lacking an effective pathogen kill step during their preparation. Thus, maintaining storage temperature at 5 °C or below is critical to prevent pathogen proliferation and mitigate food safety risks should pathogen contamination inadvertently occur during crop growth or postharvest fresh-cut processing.     

包装薄膜对鲜切莴笋品质的影响

以普通塑料薄膜保鲜袋作对照,研究不同包装薄膜(0.03mm聚氯乙烯薄膜、0.03mm聚乙烯薄膜、0.03mm微孔薄膜)对鲜切莴笋贮藏期间品质的影响。结果表明:0.03mm厚聚乙烯薄膜包装能有效地控制鲜切莴笋的失重率、褐变度、呼吸强度、Vc损失率,提高鲜切莴笋的感官品质和营养价值。     

绿芥末对即食鲜切生菜的保鲜效果

为明确绿芥末对即食鲜切生菜的保鲜效果,以清水和NaClO常规处理为对照组,考查了不同浓度的绿芥末液浸泡保鲜处理对即食鲜切生菜的失重率、腐烂率、褐变指数、感官评价、微生物菌落总数、沙门氏菌、单增李斯特菌、大肠埃希氏菌O157:H7等指标的影响.结果表明,冷藏温度4℃,相对湿度85.6％ ～95％条件下,不同浓度的绿芥末均...     

不同清洗剂对鲜切豇豆品质的影响

将新鲜豇豆清洗切割后用苯甲酸钠（5g／L）、双氧水（50ml／L）、次氯酸钠（0．01％）溶液及蒸馏水浸泡5rain,蒸馏水作为对照,沥干后置于无菌托盘中37℃贮藏。通过测定贮藏过程中各处理豇豆的失重率、维生素c含量、亚硝酸盐含量、各种菌落数以及进行感官评价,研究相对最佳的清洗方法。结果表明：4种清洗剂对鲜切豇豆失重率的影响不大,维生素e含量呈现下降趋势,影响作用最强的为双氧水。双氧水对增加亚硝酸钠含量作用最强,对各种微生物的抑制作用最强,但不能保持豇豆的外观;次氯酸钠也能很好的抑制微生物的生长,同时可以保持鲜切豇豆的外观品质;苯甲酸钠也能在一定程度上抑制微生物的生长,但作用效果次于次氯酸钠。所以次氯酸钠应为鲜切豇豆最佳的清洗剂,可以在各种果蔬清洗剂中加入次氯酸钠以便更好的清洗果蔬。     

鲜切结球莴苣中单增李斯特菌生长预测模型的建立

为建立不同温度下鲜切结球莴苣中单增李斯特菌生长模型,将单增李斯特菌接种到鲜切结球莴苣表面,并于不同温度下贮藏,获得其在4、8、16、24和32℃下的生长数据,选用Gompertz模型进行拟合,建立初级生长模型。在此基础上建立二级模型研究温度对初级模型中单增李斯特菌生长动力学参数的影响,并进行数学检验。结果表明,对最大比生长速率和延滞时间建立平方根模型,结果呈良好的线性关系,相关系数R2分别为0.977 2和0.984 7,所建立的预测模型能很好地描述不同温度下单增李斯特菌的生长动态。     

Antimicrobial activity of oregano oil on iceberg lettuce with different attachment conditions

In this study, the antimicrobial activity of oregano oil was investigated under different attachment conditions of Salmonella spp. to iceberg lettuce. Inoculated lettuce was either not dried or dried for 30 min, 60 min, or 120 min, under either static air or moving air. Washing iceberg lettuce with 500 ppm oregano oil for 1, 5, and 10 min reduced the population of Salmonella spp. by (respectively) 1.3, 1.65, and 2.28 log cfu/g following the most challenging inoculation conditions, an inoculum drying period of 2 h under moving air. Across all inoculation conditions, increasing the treatment time significantly increased the reductions in the populations of Salmonella spp. (P < 0.05). Browning and softening of the lettuce leaf surface was observed after 10 min of treatment with oregano oil. For each treatment time, attachment times and drying under static compared with moving air did not significantly affect the antimicrobial efficacy of the various oregano oil treatments (P > 0.05). The results obtained in this study suggest that oregano oil can effectively reduce populations of Salmonella attached to lettuce leaf surfaces. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The use of essential oils as an antimicrobial treatment can help to ensure the safety of leafy green products. As used in this study, oregano oil effectively reduced Salmonella spp., even after the pathogen had dried onto the lettuce leaves. Treatments that incorporate oregano oil therefore hold promise as a biocide treatment for process and packaged lettuce.     

Acids in combination with sodium dodecyl sulfate caused quality deterioration of fresh-cut iceberg lettuce during storage in modified atmosphere package

Recent studies showed that sodium acid sulfate (SAS) and levulinic acid (LA) in combination with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was effective in inactivating human pathogens on Romaine lettuce. The present study investigated the effects of LA and SAS in combination with SDS (as compared with citric acid and chlorine) on the inactivation of E. coli O157:H7 and sensory quality of fresh-cut Iceberg lettuce in modified atmosphere packages during storage at 4 °C. Results showed that LA (0.5% to 3%) and SAS (0.25% to 0.75%) with 0.05% SDS caused detrimental effects on visual quality and texture of lettuce. LA- and SAS-treated samples were sensorially unacceptable due to development of sogginess and softening after 7 and 14 d storage. It appears that the combined treatments caused an increase in the respiration rate of fresh-cut lettuce as indicated by higher CO(2) and lower O(2) in modified atmosphere packages. On the positive side, the acid treatments inhibited cut edge browning of lettuce pieces developed during storage. LA (0.5%), SAS (0.25%), and citric acid (approximately 0.25%) in combination with SDS reduced population of E. coli OH157:H7 by 0.41, 0.87, and 0.58 log CFU/g, respectively, while chlorine achieved a reduction of 0.94 log CFU/g without damage to the lettuce. Therefore, compared to chlorine, LA and SAS in combination with SDS have limited commercial value for fresh-cut Iceberg lettuce due to quality deterioration during storage.     

含钙离子壳聚糖涂膜对鲜切莴苣的保鲜性研究

制备氯化钙(CaCl2)质量浓度分别为0、2 g/100 mL、4 g/100 mL、6 g/100 mL的壳聚糖/CaCl2溶液,将其对鲜切莴苣进行涂膜处理,考察该膜对鲜切莴苣的保鲜性。结果发现,随着贮藏期延长,壳聚糖/CaCl2涂膜能一定程度的保持鲜切莴苣的感官品质、抑制色度,失重率、硬度和VC含量下降,从而延长鲜切莴苣的货架寿命。结果表明,CaCl2质量浓度为4 g/100 mL的壳聚糖涂液处理的鲜切莴苣的各项指标最好,使鲜切莴苣的保质期延长到2 d。     

EHA/PE高阻隔复合膜对鲜切莴笋保鲜效果的影响

为了考察EHA/PE高阻隔复合膜对鲜切莴笋的保鲜效果,采用EHA/PE复合膜真空包装鲜切莴笋,以相同条件处理但不加任何包装的鲜切莴笋作为对照,并于(5±2)℃下冷藏,贮藏期间定期测定菌落总数、色差、p H、汁液流失率、VC、感官评分等指标。结果表明:EHA/PE复合膜包装莴笋的各项指标均显著优于对照组(p<0.05)。未加包装的莴笋在4 d时感官状态已不能接受,菌落总数达(5.91±0.12)CFU,而EHA/PE组感官状态可保持16 d,且第18 d时菌落总数仅为5.69 CFU,水分流失率在16 d时仍小于1.5%,VC含量始终大于5 mg/100 g。可见,EHA/PE高阻隔复合膜可明显延长鲜切莴笋的贮藏期。      

臭氧水处理结合气调包装对鲜切生菜保鲜效果的影响

研究臭氧水处理结合气调包装对鲜切生菜在4℃贮藏下的保鲜效果。结果表明,臭氧水处理结合气调包装相比于对照组可以有效抑制鲜切生菜组织中细菌的生长繁殖、水分的流失、叶的降解以及多酚氧化酶的活性,降低鲜切生菜腐败、萎蔫、黄化、褐变的速度,维持鲜切生菜的感官品质,同时也有效抑制了鲜切生菜中VC的氧化分解,延长了货架期,使鲜切生菜在贮藏第14天仍具商品价值。另外,研究结果显示在适当低浓度(5%~10%)的O2和CO2比例范围内,经过长时间(6d以上)贮藏后,不同的气调比例对鲜切生菜品质没有显著的影响。     

洗涤处理对高保形羊毛织物免烫性能的影响

为探究洗涤处理对高保形羊毛织物免烫性能的影响,采用不同洗涤剂,在不同洗涤温度下对免烫羊毛织物洗涤不同次数.结果表明:织物在高温条件下经重复洗涤处理后,纤维表面受损严重,鳞片出现钝化或者脱落现象,部分纤维断裂;织物的折皱回复角下降约35％,断裂强力下降约20％;试样处理前后,其红外特征吸收峰并未发生明显的变化;经次氯酸钠...     

Influence of combined hot air and UV-C treatment on the antioxidant system of minimally processed broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. Italica)

Broccoli develops a fast senescence that deteriorates the nutritional quality of the product. In this work, a combined treatment with hot air and UV-C were applied to minimally processed broccoli florets to investigate their effects on the antioxidant system during storage at 20 °C. Application of UV-C and heat enhanced by approximately 13% the levels of total antioxidants immediately after treatment. These levels were lower than initials in both control and treated samples. Nevertheless, higher values (ranged from 12 to 50%) were also detected in treated samples during storage. In general, higher values of antioxidants were correlated with elevated levels of phenols (from 10 to 17%) and ascorbic acid (from 11 to 17%) in treated florets. The increment in the content of phenolics in treated broccolis was correlated to an increased phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity. The combined treatment also affects the activity of enzymes involved in removal of reactive oxygen species. An increase of about 50% in superoxide dismutase activity was detected after treatment. During the first days of storage this higher activity was about 40%. Enzymes that remove H₂O₂ like catalase and ascorbate peroxidase showed an enhanced activity toward the end of storage. The combined treatment diminished the peroxidase (POX) activity approximately 60% after the treatment and near 50% after two days of storage, suggesting a minor role of this enzyme in detoxification of H₂O₂. In conclusion, combined treatment may contribute to enhance the protection against oxidative molecules not only by increasing levels of phenolics and ascorbic acid but also by enhancing the activity of enzymes involved in removing reactive oxygen species.     

Optimization of acidified warm water treatment to improve the microbiological status and sensory quality of iceberg lettuce

The optimal conditions of washing iceberg lettuce with acidified warm water to improve the hygienic and sensory product quality were determined with the aid of a central composite design. To determine the criteria of product quality, in the course of storage for 13 days at 4 °C lettuce was subjected every 2 days to sensory evaluation. The sensory values were found to correlate with the physical measurements of color (a* value) (R²=0.83) and texture (specific energy of deformation) (R²=0.77), respectively. Color, texture and overall visual quality correlated with product acceptability (R²=0.96, 0.97, 0.96, respectively). In the experiments of series I, the effect of temperature at washing (45–50 °C), pH (4–5) and treatment time (5–10 min) were investigated and the results were used for the construction of a model to describe the effects on color and texture and to define an area of sensory product acceptance. In series II the parameters were changed to ranges of temperature (45–50 °C), pH (4.6–6) and treatment time (2–5 min), and the effect on the reduction of bacterial counts within the area of product acceptance was defined. In that area reduction rates of total counts by 0.9–2.9 log cfu/g and Enterobacteriaceae by 0.8–3.0 log cfu/g were achieved. The initial germ- reducing effect was sustained until the end of storage for 7 days at 4 °C. At 50 °C, washing for 5 min at pH 4.93, the total bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae were reduced by 2.9 and 3.7 log cfu/g, respectively. The removal of the two groups of bacteria exhibited characteristic differences. Two independent experiments confirmed the reliability of the models.