K2O对MnOx/TiO2低温脱硝催化剂的中毒作用研究

实验通过溶胶-凝胶法制备了MnOx/TiO2脱硝催化剂,以KNO3作为K2O的前驱物模拟催化剂钾中毒,通过SEM,XRD,BET,XPS,NH3-TPD,DRIFTS方法对催化剂微观结构及性能进行表征.在SCR活性试验仪上研究不同含量的K2O对催化剂脱硝活性的影响,结果发现:K2O对于催化剂的毒性较强,随着添加量的增大,催化剂脱硝活性急剧下降,比表面积和孔容逐渐下降.NH3-TPD及DRIFTS结果表明K2O中毒后催化剂表面酸量大大减少,主要原因是K2O的K+与催化剂的活性酸性位结合从而阻碍了NH3在催化剂上的吸附,导致催化剂脱硝率大大下降.     

工业V2O5-WO3/TiO2催化剂的碱土中毒研究

以某燃煤电厂应用的V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂蜂窝型SCR脱硝催化剂为研究对象,在实验室条件下模拟该催化剂Ca、Mg及二者复合中毒,研究了不同浓度的Ca和Mg对催化剂活性的影响,并用XRD、H₂-TPR及NH₃吸附FT-IR对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,Ca和Mg对工业SCR脱硝催化剂均具有毒性作用,其中Mg毒性相对较强,复合中毒在一定程度上弱化单组分对催化剂活性的影响;催化剂组分分散度和结晶度不受Ca和Mg的影响,但CaO和MgO的掺入抑制V₂O₅的还原能力;CaO和MgO对催化剂表面的酸性位均存在影响,尤其是B酸位,二者复合中毒对酸性位的影响小于单一组分。     

燃煤锅炉脱硝系统催化剂性能评价

7条催化剂的脱硝效率均大于80%且氨逃逸不大于3μL/L、SO_2/SO_3转化率低于1.0%。中、下层四条催化剂经过24000 h的运行,活性组分V2O5和WO_3减少明显,催化剂表面SO_3含量明显增加,催化剂相对活性较低,仅为0.789~0.756,催化剂的活性下降趋势明显。新加装催化剂经过4300 h的运行,催化剂仍保持着较好的催化活性,但催化剂表面SO_3含量有了较为明显的增加。在中、下层四条催化剂检出As_2O_3,As_2O_3的出现引起催化剂中毒的加剧。     

砷对商业V2O5-WO3/TiO2催化剂脱硝性能的影响

以某燃煤电厂钒钛基选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝催化剂为研究对象,在实验室条件下模拟了该催化剂的As中毒,考察了不同浓度的As对催化剂活性的影响,结合H2-TPR、XPS、NH3吸附FT-IR实验分析As对催化剂性能的影响。结果表明催化剂As中毒后,其活性下降,并且As浓度越大,活性下降越明显;催化剂表面的W和Ti的化学形态不受As的影响,而V物种出现多样化;As对催化剂表面的酸性位有一定的影响,使其吸附NH3的Bronsted酸位减少,而对其酸强度和催化反应途径的影响并不显著。     

铁铈复合选择性催化还原脱硝催化剂的碱金属(钾)中毒机理

采用湿法浸渍法将碱金属(钾和钠)负载到柠檬酸法制备的铁铈复合催化剂(FeCeO_x)表面模拟中毒,考察碱金属对此催化剂低温选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝活性的影响;通过N2吸附、程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD、NO-TPD)、H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)及原位漫反射红外傅里叶变换光谱(in situ DRIFTS)等表征技术分析了催化剂的失活原因和机理。结果表明,碱金属钾比钠对铁铈复合催化剂的脱硝活性影响更大;碱金属钾中毒后,催化剂的比表面积和氧化还原性能下降;钾降低了催化剂的低温NOx吸附能力,尤其是减少了活性硝酸盐物种而生成更多的惰性硝酸盐物种;催化剂表面酸性的显著下降是此催化剂失活的主要因素,且Br?nsted酸位和Lewis酸位两种酸性位均受到钾的影响,抑制着NH3在催化剂表面的吸附。     

钒钛基SCR脱硝催化剂碱土金属中毒

分别制备了钒钨体系和钒钼体系的新鲜催化剂,并通过浸渍法、固态扩散法与干混法分别制备了碱土金属中毒的催化剂,比较了中毒方法、碱土金属以及催化助剂种类等因素对催化剂脱硝活性的影响,并利用程序升温脱附（NH₃-TPD）、程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）和X射线光电子能谱分析（XPS）等表征手段进行分析。结果表明,3种中毒方法中,浸渍法碱土金属中毒对催化剂毒害作用最大;Ca对催化剂的毒性大于Mg,且钒钼体系催化剂比钒钨体系催化剂具有更强的抗碱土金属中毒性能。碱土金属的存在会降低催化剂表面的总酸量与酸位点的强度,提高催化剂的还原温度,改变活性组分的价态并降低催化剂上表面活性氧的比例。     

金属氧化物脱硝催化剂钾、钠中毒及抗中毒研究进展

金属氧化物脱硝催化剂是NH_3选择性催化还原技术(NH_3-SCR)中应用最广泛的催化剂,但在使用过程中易受到碱金属钾、钠的影响,使其脱硝活性下降甚至失效。本文介绍了不同金属氧化物催化剂进行脱硝时的反应机理,以及存在钾、钠时金属氧化物催化剂的物理和化学失活机理,系统介绍了催化剂抗钾、钠中毒改进的技术方法,即元素掺杂改性、改变载体形状、硫酸化以及酸性气氛等。     

钾石盐溶浸开采溶解实验研究

为缓解我国钾资源供应不足,有效利用深部低品位钾资源,选择性溶采是唯一技术可行的开采方式。以某地钾盐矿为原料,对钾盐矿组分和粒度分布进行分析,结果表明:钾盐矿物的主要成分为NaCl、KCl,另含有少量的Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)及水不溶物,矿物中的氯化钠晶粒大于氯化钾晶粒。常压条件下的水和NaCl的溶解实验结果表明:液相中钾的质量浓度随温度的升高而增大,在质量分数为13%的NaCl溶液中钾的质量浓度可达95g/L;与同等条件下水溶实验结果相比,钾盐矿石在NaCl溶液中钾的平衡浓度有所降低,说明NaCl溶液作为溶浸剂对钾石盐中KCl的溶解具有一定的抑制作用,但同时液相中钠的质量浓度变化不大,即固相矿石中NaCl的浸出率明显降低,可通过配制一定质量分数的NaCl溶液作为溶浸剂,减少地下深部钾石盐中NaCl的溶出,保障溶浸通道畅通,达到选择性溶采钾的目的。原矿和浸出渣的SEM图谱分析结果表明,在一定的浸出条件下,原矿中KCl溶解率高于NaCl,即KCl优先溶解。     

烟气脱硝催化剂中毒机制与再生技术

随着烟气脱硝系统在火电厂的应用,对选择性催化还原催化剂的中毒机理和再生工艺的研究受到广泛关注。本文系统综述了脱硝催化剂的物理及化学中毒机制、再生方法及工艺。在中毒机制方面,将不同中毒机制归为三类:颗粒物或生成盐沉积在催化剂表面,堵塞催化剂通道和孔道;毒物与活性中心作用使表面的酸性性能和氧化还原性能降低;催化剂结构破坏和发生不可逆相变。在催化剂的再生方面,本文详细介绍了失活催化剂的再生工艺流程和再生液的选择,比较了不同再生技术的针对性和优缺点,最后介绍了电厂高钙项目的再生工业示范,其再生催化剂的相对活性恢复到原来的0.96,SO₂氧化率为1.0%,且各项指标达到了新鲜催化剂的水平。本文对延长催化剂使用寿命和制定废弃催化剂再生工艺具有重要指导意义。     

失活V2O5-WO3/TiO2 SCR脱硝催化剂的再生方法

针对模拟钙中毒的商业V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝催化剂,选用络合剂乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)、表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸(LAS)两种清洗剂配合超声波震荡方法对其进行清洗再生,并结合活性测试以及多种表征手段,研究清洗剂浓度及组配方式和清洗时间对钙中毒催化剂的活性恢复及物化性能变化的影响。结果表明:0.01 mol/L的EDTA水溶液辅助超声波震荡清洗30 min取得较好的再生效果,清洗再生后的催化剂脱硝活性在400℃达到85%以上,恢复到新鲜催化剂活性的近90%,并且CaSO_4的去除率达到92%以上,钒和钨的残余率分别为99.4%和98.3%。此外,增加少量的LAS可以微弱地提升CaSO_4的去除率和催化剂的脱硝活性。清洗再生机理研究表明,EDTA可以较好地恢复催化剂的微孔结构、去除表面条带状硫酸钙涂覆层、恢复催化剂表面Lewis酸位以及1 680 cm~(-1)处的Br?nsted酸位。EDTA和LAS均可以有效提高催化剂的氧化还原能力。     

Chemical deactivation of V2O5/WO3–TiO2 SCR catalysts by additives and impurities from fuels, lubrication oils and urea solution: Part II. Characterization study of the effect of alkali and alkaline earth metals

A characterization study on a practice-oriented V₂O₅/WO₃–TiO₂ SCR catalyst deactivated by Ca and K, respectively, was carried out using NH₃-TPD, DRIFT spectroscopy, and XPS as well as theoretical DFT calculations. It was found from NH₃-TPD experiments that strongly basic elements like K or Ca drastically affect the acidity of the catalysts. Detailed DRIFT spectroscopy experiments revealed that these poisoning agents mostly interact with the Brønsted acid sites of the V₂O₅ active phase, thus affecting the NH₃ adsorption. Moreover, these experiments also indicated that the V⁵⁺ = O sites are much less reactive on the poisoned catalysts. XPS investigations of the O 1s binding energies showed that the oxygen atoms of the V⁵⁺ = O sites are affected by the presence of the poisoning agents. Based on these results and on DFT calculations with model clusters of the vanadia surface, the poisoning mechanism is explained by the stabilization of the non atomic holes of the (0 1 0) V₂O₅ phase as a result of the deactivation element. Consequently, V–OH Brønsted acid sites and V⁵⁺ = O sites are inhibited, which are both of crucial importance in the SCR process. The deactivation model also gives an explanation to the very low concentrations of potassium needed to deactivate the SCR catalyst, since one metal atom sitting on such a non-atomic hole site deactivates up to four active vanadium centers.     

SCR脱硝催化剂抗砷中毒改性优化与再生研究进展

选择性催化还原（SCR）是目前应用最为广泛的烟气脱硝技术,催化剂是整个SCR脱硝系统的核心。在实际应用过程中,催化剂存在各种失活问题,其中砷中毒是催化剂失活的重要原因之一。本文详细阐述了SCR脱硝催化剂砷中毒的物理和化学失活机理,其中物理失活是由于As₂O₃在催化剂表面沉积、氧化造成催化剂孔道堵塞所致,而化学失活是由于砷氧化物破坏催化剂酸位点、改变活性基团形态、降低催化剂氨吸附及氧化还原能力所致。然后,系统介绍了抗砷中毒SCR脱硝催化剂的研发路线以及现有抗砷中毒催化剂优化改进的主要技术手段,主要包括调整催化剂孔隙结构、优化催化剂化学配方和烟气侧砷氧化物吸附固化等,其中MoO₃是优选的催化剂活性助剂,金属元素（如Bi、In、Sn、Mg）是主要的抗砷助剂,钙基物质是典型的烟气侧砷氧化物吸附添加剂。最后,对砷中毒废弃催化剂的再生技术进行了简要介绍,包括湿法清洗、热还原法、复合再生等,在实际工业应用中,主要以物理清扫、湿法清洗配合活性组分添加的复合再生方式实现中毒催化剂再生。本文可对未来抗砷中毒SCR脱硝催化剂的研发与优化提供重要支撑。     

Catalytic NO reduction with ammonia at low temperatures on V2O5/AC catalysts: effect of metal oxides addition and SO2

The catalytic behavior of the V-M/AC (M=W, Mo, Zr, and Sn) catalysts were studied for the NO reduction with ammonia at low temperatures, especially in the presence of SO₂. The presence of the metal oxides does not increase the V₂O₅/AC activity but decreases it. Except V-Mo/AC, the other catalysts are promoted by SO₂ at 250°C, especially for V-Sn/AC. However, the promoting effect of SO₂ is gradually depressed by catalyst deactivation. Changes in catalyst preparation method can improve the catalyst stability in short-term but cannot completely prevent the catalyst from a long-term deactivation. Mechanisms of the promoting effect and the deactivation of V-Sn/AC catalyst by SO₂ were studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectra and measurement of catalyst surface area and pore volume. The results showed that both the SO₂ promotion and deactivation are associated with the formation of sulfate species on the catalyst surface. In the initial period of the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) reaction in the presence of SO₂, the formed sulfate species provide new acid sites to enhance ammonia adsorption and thus the catalytic activity. However, as the SCR reaction proceeds, excess amount of sulfate species and then ammonium-sulfate salts are formed which is stabilized by the presence of tin oxide, resulting in gradual plugging of the pore structures and the catalyst deactivation.     

H2O和SO2对Mn-Fe/MPS催化剂用于NH3低温还原NO的影响

研究了H2O和SO2对Mn-Fe/MPS催化剂低温下选择性催化NH3还原(SCR)NO的影响. 结果表明,Mn-Fe/MPS催化剂具有良好的催化活性,在空速为20000 h-1、反应温度433 K时,NO的SCR转化率达99.1%. 在反应温度低于413 K时,水蒸汽(10%, j)在一定程度上降低了催化活性;超过433 K时,这种影响可完全消除,NO的SCR转化率达到97.8%以上. 低浓度SO2(100′10-6)存在条件下,443 K时催化效率仍可稳定在97.2%. 在水和SO2共存的情况下,生成的硫酸盐和亚硫酸盐沉积在催化剂表面导致催化剂逐渐失活,FT-IR测试也表明伴随SCR反应生成了硫酸铵. 提高反应温度可以延缓催化剂的失活. 此外还研究了不同活化温度对催化剂活性恢复的影响,结果表明,当活化温度达到773 K时,催化剂活性可以完全恢复. 本研究中的催化剂的综合性能优于目前文献报道的其他催化剂.     

在运烟气脱硝催化剂的表征及性能评价

采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射、比表面分析、氨气-程序升温脱附法和活性检测模拟试验等对某电厂运行21 000 h的烟气选择性催化还原(SCR)催化剂的微观形貌、晶体结构、比表面积、孔径分布、表面酸量和表观活性进行检测,并与同批次新鲜催化剂进行对比。结果表明,催化剂长时间在高温、高尘环境下运行,性能发生变化,活性有所下降,比表面积和孔体积分别降低20.9%和4.39%,表面总酸量减少,部分区域出现铵盐结晶及颗粒团聚现象。在运催化剂表面富集的Na⁺、Ca²⁺、K⁺、NH⁺₄、SO^2-₄、As及表面V和W的流失,加快了催化剂性能劣化的趋势。依据在运催化剂样品的分析数据,结合各SCR系统的实际运行情况,提出SCR催化剂性能评价体系,有利于电厂进行SCR催化剂的优化管理。     

Deactivation of V2O5-WO3-TiO2 SCR catalyst at biomass fired power plants: Elucidation of mechanisms by lab- and pilot-scale experiments

In this work, deactivation of a commercial type V₂O₅-WO₃-TiO₂ catalyst by aerosols of potassium compounds was investigated in two ways: (1) by exposing the catalyst in a lab-scale reactor to a layer of KCl particles or fly ash from biomass combustion; (2) by exposing full-length monolith catalysts to pure KCl or K₂SO₄ aerosols in a bench-scale reactor. Exposed samples were characterized by activity measurements, SEM-EDX, BET/Hg-porosimetry, and NH₃ chemisorption. The work was carried out to support the interpretation of observations of a previous study in which catalysts were exposed on a full-scale biomass fired power plant and to reveal the mechanisms of catalyst deactivation.Slight deactivation (about 10%) was observed for catalyst plates exposed to a layer of KCl particles at 350 °C for 2397 h. No deactivation was found for catalyst plates exposed for 2970 h to fly ash (consisting mainly of KCl and K₂SO₄) collected from an SCR pilot plant installed on a straw-fired power plant. A fast deactivation was observed for catalysts exposed to pure KCl or K₂SO₄ aerosols at 350 °C in the bench-scale reactor. The deactivation rates for KCl aerosol and K₂SO₄ aerosol exposed catalysts were about 1% per day and 0.4% per day, respectively.SEM analysis of potassium-containing aerosol exposed catalysts revealed that the potassium salt partly deposited on the catalyst outer wall which may decrease the diffusion rate of NO and NH₃ into the catalyst. However, potassium also penetrated into the catalyst wall and the average K/V ratios (0.5–0.75) in the catalyst structure are high enough to explain the level of deactivation observed. The catalyst capacity for NH₃ chemisorption decreased as a function of exposure time, which reveals that Brønsted acid sites had reacted with potassium compounds and thereby rendered inactive in the catalytic cycle. The conclusion is that chemical poisoning of active sites is the dominating deactivation mechanism, but physical blocking of the surface area may also contribute to the loss of activity in a practical application. The results support the observation and mechanisms of deactivation of SCR catalysts in biomass fired systems proposed in a previous study [Y. Zheng, A.D. Jensen, J.E. Johnsson, Appl. Catal. B 60 (2005) 253].     

铜系低温选择性催化还原脱硝催化剂的研究进展

选择性催化还原（SCR）技术已广泛应用在燃煤电站烟气脱硝技术中,开发低温高活性、高抗中毒性能的催化剂体系已经成为国内外学者的研究重点。Cu系催化剂由于具有良好的脱硝性能及水热稳定性,得到了广泛的研究和关注。本文综述了近年来活性组分Cu负载在TiO₂、Al₂O₃、碳基材料和分子筛等材料上的研究进展;重点分析了Cu系催化剂低温SCR反应机理,主要包括Eley-Rideal （E-R）机理和Langmuir-Hinshelwood （L-H）机理,同时分析了SCR反应的两个必然过程：吸附（NH₃吸附和NO_x吸附）和反应;简要地介绍了Cu系催化剂的抗水抗硫中毒性能研究现状以及反应机理,同时介绍了碱金属中毒、飞灰和催化剂烧结对催化剂失活的影响,结合生命周期分析SCR脱硝系统还原剂氨和尿素对NO排放的影响。在此基础上展望了未来铜系催化剂的研究方向：采用新型方式对催化剂进行改性、进一步采用表征和模拟技术研究催化体系的反应机理、优化锅炉和催化剂设计减轻催化剂失活以及研究适用于其他还原剂条件的高选择性催化剂。     

Research progress in the SO2resistance of the catalysts for selective catalytic reduction of NOx

The selective catalytic reduction(SCR)of NOxwith NH3has been proven to be an efficient technology for NOx conversion to N2.However,the catalysts used for SCR usually suffer from the problem of sulfur poisoning which seriously limits their practical application.This review summarized sulfur poisoning mechanisms of various SCR deNOxcatalysts and strategies to reduce deactivation caused by SO2such as doping metals,control-ling the structures and morphologies of the catalysts,and selecting appropriate supports.The methods and procedures of catalysts preparation and the reaction conditions also have effect on SO2-resistance of the catalysts. Several novel catalyst systems that exhibited good SO2resistance are also introduced.This paper could provide guidance for the development of highly efficient sulfur-tolerant deNOxcatalysts.     

Combined effect of H2O and SO2 on V2O5/AC catalysts for NO reduction with ammonia at lower temperatures

Combined effect of H₂O and SO₂ on V₂O₅/AC the activity of catalyst for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with NH₃ at lower temperatures was studied. In the absence of SO₂, H₂O inhibits the catalytic activity, which may be attributed to competitive adsorption of H₂O and reactants (NO and/or NH₃). Although SO₂ promotes the SCR activity of the V₂O₅/AC catalyst in the absence of H₂O, it speeds the deactivation of the catalyst in the presence of H₂O. The dual effect of SO₂ is attributed to the SO₄²⁻ formed on the catalyst surface, which stays as ammonium-sulfate salts on the catalyst surface. In the absence of H₂O, a small amount of ammonium-sulfate salts deposits on the surface of the catalyst, which promote the SCR activity; in the presence of H₂O, however, the deposition rate of ammonium-sulfate salts is much greater, which results in blocking of the catalyst pores and deactivates the catalyst. Decreasing V₂O₅ loading decreases the deactivation rate of the catalyst. The catalyst can be used stably at a space velocity of 9000 h⁻¹ and temperature of 250 °C.     

降低船舶NO_x排放的紧凑型SCR实验

采用浸渍法制备铬基催化剂,在10%Cr/TiO_2基础上研究锑负载量对催化剂催化氧化NO活性的影响。结果表明,350℃焙烧的10%Cr10%Sb/TiO_2催化剂具有最佳的NO催化氧化活性,在NO体积分数为0.07%、O2体积分数为5%,空速27 000 h-1条件下,260℃时NO氧化率可达到50%,满足紧凑型SCR条件。XPS表明新鲜催化剂表面铬主要以Cr3+形式存在,经NO催化氧化反应后出现Cr6+。此外考察SO_2对催化剂的影响发现,加入体积分数为0.03%的SO_2后,350℃时10%Cr10%Sb/TiO_2催化剂经15.6 h后效率由50%缓慢下降并稳定在17%,热再生后活性完全恢复。在NO催化氧化联合SCR实验中发现,当NO氧化率为46%时促成的紧凑型SCR在高空速下仍具有很高的脱硝率。空速为300 000 h-1、200℃时紧凑型SCR脱硝率达到90%,比标准SCR提高了39.5个百分点。可有效解决船舶SCR布设空间不足的问题。