影响高固含量石蜡乳液颗粒度因素的考察

以58#石蜡为原料,非离子与阴离子表面活性剂复配物为乳化剂,考察了乳化剂的HLB(亲水亲油平衡)值、乳化剂用量、乳化温度、乳化时间、搅拌速度和乳化方法等工艺条件对石蜡乳液颗粒度的影响.结果表明,石蜡乳化剂适宜的HLB值约为9.3,乳化剂的用量、乳化温度、乳化时间、搅拌速度和乳化方法对乳液的粒度均有影响.w(乳化剂)=7%,乳化温度85℃～90℃,乳化时间40 min,搅拌速度为1 000 r/min下采用剂在油中法,制得了平均粒度为1.3 μm,折光率为1.42,固含量约为50%的石蜡乳液,乳液外观为均匀、细腻的乳白色液体.     

撞击流-旋转填料床制备丙烯酰胺反相乳液及其稳定性研究

以撞击流-旋转填料床为乳化设备,煤油为有机介质,山梨醇酐油酸酯(Span 80)和烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚(OP-10)为复配乳化剂制备了丙烯酰胺反相乳液,研究了超重力因子、撞击速度、油水体积比、乳化剂质量分数、复配乳化剂HLB值以及丙烯酰胺单体质量分数对乳液稳定性的影响,并与搅拌式乳化装置进行了对比研究。结果表明:在超重力因子为65.32,撞击速度为12.58 m/s,V(油相)∶V(水相)=1∶1,乳化剂质量占乳液总质量的5%,复配乳化剂HLB值为6.0,丙烯酰胺单体质量占单体水溶液总质量的15%的条件下,所制备乳液平均粒径为664 nm,稳定性系数达0.973;对比研究发现,采用撞击流-旋转填料床制备的乳液稳定性好,粒径小,分散均匀,乳化时间短,为连续化制乳过程。     

橘子油清洗剂的研制及性能研究

采用十二烷基硫酸钠(K12)和脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(AEO5)作为复配体系,共同乳化D-柠檬烯,制备了新型环保的橘子油清洗剂.较优的乳化条件为:采用正滴法,在25℃下,复配的乳化剂之比为n(K12)∶ n(AEO5)=1∶3,搅拌速度为6 000 r/min,加料速度为10 mL/min,加料后继续搅拌20 min.研究了橘子油清洗剂的清洗效果和生物降解性能,实验结果表明,按配方D-柠檬烯质量分数20％,D-柠檬烯与助溶剂乙醇质量比1∶2,复合表面活性剂(K12和AEO5)质量分数15％制得的清洗剂清洗效果最佳,且橘子油清洗剂具有极高的生物降解性能.     

影响乳化硅油颗粒度因素的考察

以二甲基硅油为主要原料,非离子表面活性剂复配制备乳化硅油,考察了乳化剂用量、乳化时间、乳化温度、pH、搅拌速度、乳化水温度和乳化方法等工艺条件对乳化硅油颗粒度的影响。结果表明,在50～90℃,乳化温度对乳液粒径影响不显著;乳化剂用量、乳化时间、pH、搅拌速度和乳化方法对乳液的粒径均有影响。w(乳化剂)=7%,乳化时间45min,乳化温度80℃,乳化体系的pH≈6,在1200r/min的搅拌速度下采用乳化剂在油中法,制得了平均粒径为1.561μm,折光率为1.403,表观黏度216mPa.s的固体份质量分数为30%的硅油乳液。应用文中所述的工艺条件,脱膜剂厂家制备出了性能优良的乳化硅油脱模剂产品。     

高速剪切乳化法制备硅油乳液

以二甲基硅油(1 000 mPa·s)为主要原料,非离子型表面活性剂NP-4和吐温-80复配为乳化剂,天然高分子明胶为稳定剂,采用高速剪切乳化法制备了水包油型(O/W)硅油乳液。考察了乳化剂HLB值及用量、硅油含量、稳定剂用量、乳化温度、剪切速度、剪切时间等制备条件对硅油乳液性能的影响。确定了最佳工艺条件为:在乳液体系中w(硅油)=35%,w(乳化剂)=10.5%,w(稳定剂)=0.3%;乳化温度35℃,剪切速度11 000r/min,剪切时间10 min。在上述工艺条件下,所制得的硅油乳液外观呈白色、细腻、均一的液体,具有良好的分散性和稳定性,乳液平均粒径为1.2μm左右,乳液固体质量分数为46%左右。     

秸秆基环氧树脂乳液的制备及其涂膜性能

以脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(AEO-9)和十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)复配为乳化剂,通过相反转技术乳化秸秆基环氧树脂,考察了复配乳化剂的HLB值、用量以及乳化温度和搅拌速率对乳液临界含水量Rf值、粒径及稳定性的影响,获得了如下较佳的乳化工艺条件:HLB值17,复合乳化剂用量8%,乳化温度35°C,搅拌速率800 r/min。以此工艺制得的乳液稳定性较好,平均粒径为1.57μm。以水性聚酰胺为固化剂,将此乳液制成清漆,固化后所得漆膜综合性能良好。     

丙烯酸酯/石蜡复合乳液的制备及其稳定性研究

利用丙烯酸酯优良的成膜性能,对石蜡乳液进行改性,通过物理方法获得石蜡丙烯酸酯复合乳液,探索了乳化剂的HLB值、复配乳化剂比例、搅拌速度、稳定剂无水硫酸镁和可溶性淀粉等条件对丙烯酸酯/石蜡复合乳液稳定性的影响。结果表明:当HLB值为10.2,复配乳化剂用量占石蜡的30%,m(水)∶m(石蜡)=3.5∶1,搅拌速度为1 000 r/min,乳化速度为1 000 r/min的条件下制备的石蜡乳液性能较好;适量稳定剂无水硫酸镁和可溶性淀粉均可提高石蜡乳液的稳定性,其中无水硫酸镁对石蜡乳液的稳定效果要比可溶性淀粉好;丙烯酸酯乳液与石蜡乳液复配后能够促进石蜡乳液的高温稳定性,促进丙烯酸酯乳液的钙离子稳定性、p H稳定性和电解质稳定性。     

无醇微乳化柴油的研究

采用无醇复配乳化剂,在常温下制备油包水(W/O)型微乳化柴油,并绘制柴油-乳化剂-水的拟三元相图,通过对拟三元相图分析,考察亲水亲油平衡(HLB)值对无醇微乳化剂增溶性的影响;对微乳液中的水滴粒径、表面张力进行测试,考察HLB值与掺水量对微乳液水滴粒径、表面张力的影响,并对微乳液的稳定性进行分析。结果表明:无醇复配乳化剂微乳化性能较好,乳化剂用量为10.2%时,微乳体系的增溶水量为22.1%;当复配乳化剂的HLB=7.5时,体系拟三元相图的面积最大,且制得微乳液的水滴平均粒径与表面张力最小;当乳化剂用量为5%时,含水量为12%的微乳液能保持180 d外观透明。     

柴油微乳液研制及影响因素的考察

利用非离子型表面活性剂复配制备W/O柴油微乳液,并以油、水、表面活性剂 助表面活性剂为三组分做出相图。通过微乳液相区面积考察不同因素对制备柴油微乳液的影响。因素包括不同表面活性剂的复配,不同的助表面活性剂及助表面活性剂与表面活性剂的比(m(C)∶m(T))。并用不同浓度的碱液代替水相,考察碱液对柴油微乳液形成的影响。结果表明最佳实验条件为:表面活性剂复配比为0.667,m(C)∶m(T)=0.3,助剂为正丁醇,碱液质量分数为0.1%。利用HLB值理论和界面膜理论对实验结果进行了分析。     

有机硅表面活性剂的制备及乳化性能

以烯丙基聚氧乙烯醚、低含氢硅油为原料,氯铂酸的异丙醇溶液为催化剂,在无溶剂条件下合成出有机硅表面活性剂,并用红外光谱对其结构进行表征。正交实验表明,较佳的合成条件为:原料中SiH与C=C的量之比为1∶1.1,催化剂用量为10μg/g(以铂含量计),反应温度100℃,反应时间6 h,聚醚转化率达88.58%;在此条件下制得的有机硅表面活性剂的最低表面张力为27.8 mN/m、浊点为60℃、临界胶束质量浓度为0.32 g/L。将其与Span 60复配后用于乳化二甲基硅油,可制得稳定的硅油乳液。激光粒度仪测得乳液平均粒径为17.556μm,与一般Span/Tween复配乳化剂乳化的硅油乳液相比,乳液粒径更小,乳液更稳定。     

Technological Aspects of Nanoemulsion Formation of Low‐Fat Foods Enriched with Vitamin E by High‐Pressure Homogenization

Formation of a low‐fat oil‐in‐water (O/W) nanoemulsion enriched with vitamin E using the nonionic surfactant Tween 40 is studied by means of a high‐pressure homogenizer. The effect of different process variables of the emulsification process, including pressure, temperature, and concentration of the emulsifying agent, is evaluated. The relation between pressure and the obtained mean droplet diameter is derived and described by an equation which can be taken as a basis of any process design. The droplet size can be decreased by increasing the vitamin E concentration. A higher fat content slightly affects the droplet size distribution and the mean droplet diameter of the nanoemulsion, so it is recommended to use preparations of nanoemulsions with low fat contents enriched with vitamin E for dietary supplement.     

石油醚W/O乳状液及其液膜稳定性

以破乳率为衡量标准,借助显微镜直接观察,探讨了乳状液含水量、表面活性剂用量、乳化时间、乳化强度等因素对石油醚W/O型乳状液体系稳定性的影响。在实验范围内,乳状液含水量的提高及表面活性剂用量的增加,有利于乳状液的稳定;存在较优的乳化时间20min和乳化强度4000rmin-1。选取脂肪烃、芳香烃、混合烃共6种不同油相制备乳状液,对比其稳定性的差异。此外,还初步考察了石油醚W/O/W液膜溶胀和泄漏问题,结果表明该乳状液膜泄漏率低于3.5%,表观溶胀率约为20%。     

Development of Nanoemulsion of Silicone Oil and Pine Oil Using Binary Surfactant System for Textile Finishing

Nanoemulsions of silicone oil and pine oil using a binary surfactant system were prepared. Silicone oil and pine oil were used to achieve softness and mosquito repellency and antibacterial activity respectively when the nanoemulsion was applied on the fabric. A silicone surfactant (AG-pt) and a hydrocarbon surfactant (TDA-6) were used in different proportions to obtain stable nanoemulsions at the lowest possible droplet size. The various emulsification process variables such as ratio of hydrocarbon to silicone surfactant, surfactant concentration, ratio of silicone oil to pine oil, oil weight fraction and sonication time have been studied. The optimal variables include the ratio of hydrocarbon to silicone surfactant of 80:20, surfactant concentration of 8%, ratio of silicone oil to pine oil of 80:20, oil weight fraction of 20% and 15 min of sonication time at 40% of the applied power. Nanoemulsions were found to be very stable with emulsion droplet size around 41 nm. In order to compare different emulsification techniques, emulsions were also prepared using the conventional method. Emulsions analyzed using SEM showed spherical droplets ranging from 40 to 120 nm. Atomic force microscopy was used to evaluate the bounciness, fluffiness and softness of fabric. From this study, it was found that stable nanoemulsion with a lowest possible droplet size of silicone and pine oil could be prepared by ultrasonic emulsification technique in order to deliver multiple properties when applied to fabric.     

Experimental Study of Nanofluids Applied in EOR Processes

Nanoemulsions are small droplet-sized systems that have low surface tension and a small percentage of active material in their composition. In this study, low oil content nanoemulsion systems were developed for the use in enhanced oil recovery (EOR). The experiments were performed on a device capable of simulating petroleum reservoir conditions using sandstone rock cores. Nanoemulsions were obtained from a pre-selected microemulsion system composed of: RNX95 as surfactant, isopropyl alcohol as cosurfactant, kerosene as oil phase, and distilled water as aqueous phase. Different percentages of polyacrylamide were added to the systems obtained to evaluate the influence of viscosity in EOR results. The nanoemulsion droplet sizes ranged from 9.22 to 14.8 nm. Surface tension values were in the range of 33.6–39.7  dyn/cm. A nanoemulsion system with 2.5 wt% surfactant was used in EOR assays. The oil recovery was directly proportional to polymer percentage in the nanoemulsion, ranging from 39.6 to 76.8%. The total oil in the place recovery ranged from 74.5 to 90%.     

稠油乳化催化降粘体系的研究

针对新嘏稠油粘度高难以开采的问题,文章俐：究r表面活性剂和催化荆复合用于稠油蒸汽开采的复合降粘体系。以新疆稠油为研究对象,首先对其含水牢进行了测定,在油水比为7：3的情况下,控温,探究加碱量与粘度的关系,确定了稠油的最适加碱量。利用HLB值法确定出了新疆稠油乳化的最佳HLB值为12．98,通过与多种未知HLB值的表面活性剂之间按不同比例的复配实验,分别确定出了表面活性剂OP-10、TX-10、FJC的HLB值分别为15．15、13．94、12．05。根据其形成乳状液的最佳HLB值,得到了该稠油的乳化降粘体系的两种配方,再进行耐高温实验,最终确定了乳化配方体系为30％OP-10＋70％FJC,降粘体系在水相中的最佳加量为0．8％。降粘率达到95．56％。     

一种阴／非离子表面活性剂的稠油降黏性能评价

合成了一种阴／非离子表面活性剂,考察了油水比、含水率、温度、表面活性剂浓度、矿化度等对降黏效果的影响,确定了最佳条件为：油水比为7：3,温度为50℃,表面活性剂浓度为2500mg／L,抗盐能力可达12000mg／L。在此条件下,对稠油的降黏率达90％以上。     

水/FC-72纳米乳液振荡热管传热特性研究

通过超声方法将水和FC-72乳化制备得到了不同体积浓度的水/FC-72纳米乳液,对以水/FC-72纳米乳液为工质的振荡热管开展了传热特性的实验研究。结果表明,使用纳米乳液后振荡热管冷热段温差明显下降,传热性能得到增强,且存在与充液率有关的最佳水相体积浓度,30%、50%和70%充液率下的浓度最佳值分别为11%、9%和9%。与使用纯FC-72时相比,充注最佳水相体积浓度纳米乳液的振荡热管在充液率为30%、50%和70%时冷热段温差最大可分别下降约3.3℃(或18.7%)、3.1℃(或13.7%)和4.3℃(或23.5%)。分析发现,纳米乳液的有效热导率和比热容均随着纳米水滴体积浓度的增加而明显增大,这可能是引起振荡热管传热能力增强的主要原因。     

有机激活剂对原油乳化性能的影响

有机激活剂对原油具有一定的乳化作用。通过研究观察不同浓度的有机激活剂对原油的乳化情况,结果表明：地层水的矿化度对有机激活剂的乳化有一定的影响。五类物质具有不同的乳化能力,其中脂肽类表面活性剂和糖脂类表面活性剂的乳化效果最为明显,随着其浓度的升高,乳化能力逐渐增强。石油磺酸盐和吐温80也具有一定得乳化效果,但乳化效果都不与浓度成正比关系,而酵母粉没有乳化能力。     

Study of Formulation and Stability of Co-surfactant Free Water-in-Olive Oil Nano- and Submicron Emulsions with Food Grade Non-ionic Surfactants

Nanoemulsions are of great interest in food industry finding various food applications. However, oil-in-water (o/w) nanoemulsions have been intensively investigated, but there are few studies on w/o nanoemulsions. In the present work the preparation of nanoemulsions with olive oil using non-ionic surfactants (Tween 20, 40, 60, 80, Span 20, 80) without the addition of a co-surfactant was studied and their emulsion properties and stability were examined. The stable nanoemulsions were presented in ternary phase diagrams (oil–water-surfactant) for each surfactant and the emulsifying ability of the efficient surfactants was determined. The nanoemulsions properties were evaluated in relationship to compositional components. From the results of this study it can be concluded that stable olive oil nanoemulsions without use of a co-surfactant were obtained and moreover the most efficient type of emulsifier and its ratio of addition in the system were determined.