椭圆弧柔性铰链刚度简化计算及优化设计

本文主要研究了椭圆弧柔性铰链刚度的优化设计方法。首无,针对椭圆弧柔性铰链刚度计算公式过于复杂的问题,采用幂函数非线性曲线拟合的方法,推导了椭圆弧柔性铰链刚度的近似理论计算公式。然后,基于近似理论计算公式,分析了柔性铰链的精度特性及工作时的最大应力;采用GlobalSearch全域优化指令和Fmincon局域优化指令对椭圆弧柔性铰链工作方向的最大刚度进行了优化设计。最后,采用有限元仿真和实验验证的方法证实近似理论计算公式的适用性和优化结果的可靠性。验证显示:实验结果与近似理论计算结果的相对误差小于5%,表明提出的方法不仅省去了繁杂的有限元模型建立以及计算和修改的过程,大大提高了设计效率;而且通过优化计算可以得到椭圆弧柔性铰链的最大刚度。     

Nonlinear modeling of compliant mechanisms incorporating circular flexure hinges with finite beam elements

Modeling of compliant mechanisms incorporating flexure hinges is mainly focused on linear methods. However, geometrically nonlinear effects cannot be ignored generally. This work shows that nonlinear behavior plays an important role in the deformation and stress analysis, which consequently impacts the design of compliant mechanisms. In this study a nonlinear higher order finite beam element based modeling approach is presented strongly reducing the computation time of nonlinear models. Planar deformation and mechanical stress of a single circular flexure hinge under a wide range of loads is modeled and computed with the proposed approach. A comparison with a 3D-nonlinear finite element model shows very good agreement and validates the beam model. It is shown that the linear and nonlinear deformation behavior of a single flexure hinge deviate marginally so that linear modeling approaches are sufficient. Furthermore a planar displacement amplification mechanism incorporating circular flexure hinges is studied by means of the same method highlighting the distinct deviation of the behavior of the geometrically nonlinear model from its linear prediction. In conclusion the nonlinear behavior at the system level can not longer be neglected. Finally, a study shows that different designs of the displacement amplification mechanism are achieved when linear or nonlinear modeling approaches are applied.     

三种形状柔性铰链转动刚度的计算与分析

本文针对3种形状的柔性铰链进行力学分析，推导出它们各自绕z轴的转动刚度计算公式；通过计算、比较和分析得出柔性铰链中外形、几何尺寸等设计参数对转动刚度的影响程度。根据分析结果确定3种形状柔性铰链各自的微制造工艺及适用场合，为MEMS中柔性铰链的设计与应用提供一定的依据。     

圆弧柔性铰链的优化设计

柔性铰链是高精度柔性机构的关键部件,其运动精度与运动范围影响着柔性机构的性能,本文对圆弧柔性铰链进行了柔度矩阵推导,并依据柔度方程进行优化设计。采用结构矩阵法建立了圆弧柔性铰链的柔度方程,对矩形截面的翘曲抗扭刚度进行推导,得到了约束扭转状态下的扭转柔度近似方程。为相对长度较小铰链的扭转刚度精确求解提供了依据。对比理论计算结果与有限元分析结果,结果显示扭转柔度的最大相对误差在10%左右,其余方向柔度相对误差低于6%,验证了柔度方程的准确性。采用正交试验直观分析法得到柔性铰链各设计参数对转动刚度的灵敏度,并利用多目标遗传算法对柔性铰链的转动柔度以及轴向刚度两个目标进行了参数优化。通过优化结果与设计经验选取参数的对比,发现优化后圆弧柔性铰链的弯曲柔度提升了5.12%,同时铰链的轴向刚度提升了4.72%,证明针对圆弧柔性铰链的优化设计具有明显效果。     

基于Ashby图的挠性加速度计材料选择

柔性铰链是挠性加速度计的关键部件,其性能和结构参数直接影响到加速度计的性能。给出柔性铰链的最大应力、转角及沿敏感轴转动刚度的计算公式,结合失效条件给出柔性铰链失效前最大转角的计算公式。当几何参数不变时,柔性铰链在失效前的最大转角与材料的强度和弹性模量之比有关。以构件失效抗力指标为材料选择原则,分析正常工作载荷和过载载荷下柔性铰链的失效,基于Ashby图方法绘制常用工程材料的强度-弹性模量图。结合设计实例,根据柔性铰链的应力、刚度条件及设计目标得到满足设计要求的材料特征,在Ashby图中绘制材料特征对应的曲线,根据曲线的位置选择合适材料加工柔性铰链。     

柔性铰链转动刚度计算公式的推导

柔性铰链作为无摩擦的支点有着成千上万的应用，以力学的基本公式和微积分为基础，给出了一般柔性铰链转动刚度计算公式的推导过程。在此基础上，得出了常用的直圆柔性铰链的设计计算公式，计算公式是精确的推导结果，且在表达上较迄今沿用的Paros给出的柔性铰链精确设计计算公式来得简洁，有利于柔性铰链及其机构的计算和分析。当直圆柔性铰链的切割半径与最小厚度相当时，Paros给出的简化公式存在一定的误差，这里的计算公式尤其适用于该类直圆柔性铰链。     

采用概率法进行柔性铰链的设计和分析

采用概率法对柔性铰链进行了设计 ,从柔性铰链转角刚度、转动中心偏移、最大应力 3个方面 ,分析了设计中值得注意的问题 ,着重讨论了蒙特卡诺模拟法在柔性铰链设计中的应用 ,建立了参数化模型 ,利用有限元仿真对柔性铰链的主要参数进行设计 ,通过与常规确定性设计结果比较 ,表明采用概率法设计柔性铰链更符合实际情况。     

Design and analyze of flexure hinges based on triply periodic minimal surface lattice

The triply periodic minimal surface lattice structure is innovatively introduced into the design of flexure hinges in this paper. Four types of triply periodic minimal surface lattices are generated by approximate mathematical expressions. The compliance characteristics of these four lattices are simulated by finite element analysis (FEA), and it is found that the primitive lattice (P-lattice) is the most suitable lattice for flexure hinges. Simplified model of single P-lattice and one-dimensional parallel structure composed of several P-lattices are proposed. Finally, the P-lattice is integrated into the beam portion of flexure hinges by Boolean operation, and this new type of flexure hinge is additively manufactured. The FEA and experimental results show that the compliance and compliance ratio of this new type of leaf flexure hinges are greatly improved.     

Design and analysis of a multi-notched flexure hinge for compliant mechanisms

This article presents a new multi-notched flexure hinge, which consists of two right circular and two parabolic notches, for positioning stages based on compliant mechanisms. First, the configuration of the presented multi-notched hinge is obtained using topology optimization, and the final shape is proposed based on post-processing. Second, the dimensionless empirical equations for the stiffness, rotational precision and stress levels of the flexure hinges are developed using finite element analysis (FEA). Third, based on the established equations, the influences of the geometric parameters on the performance of the flexure hinge are investigated. Finally, to further understand the characteristics of this type of flexure hinge, comparisons with flexure hinges of various shapes are performed in terms of stiffness, rotational precision and stress levels.     

基于柔度比优化设计杠杆式柔性铰链放大机构

分析与研究了柔性铰链的柔度特性,用于柔性放大机构的优化设计。提出了一个通用的柔度比参数λ,探讨了具有不同柔度比λ的柔性铰链主要输出位移形式的灵敏度,分析了它对常用柔性铰链的柔度特性的影响规律。然后,以柔性铰链的柔度比λ为基本参数,在考虑柔性铰链转动中心偏移量的基础上,推导了二级杠杆式柔性铰链放大机构放大率的理论计算方法,并依据柔性铰链的柔度比特性提出了柔性放大机构的优化设计方法。开展了有限元仿真和实验研究。结果显示,优化后的柔性放大机构的放大率比优化前的放大率分别提高了0.234和0.23。实验表明,依据柔性铰链的柔度比λ对柔性放大机构进行优化设计能够有效地提高柔性放大机构的位移放大率与工作行程,进而提高放大机构的末端运动及定位精度。     

单边导角形柔性铰链的计算与性能分析

提出了一种单边导角形柔性铰链,以力学卡氏第二定理和微积分为理论基础,推导了单边导角形柔性铰链柔度和转动精度的闭环解析公式,利用有限元和实验的方法对柔性铰链的柔度公式进行校验。结果表明:有限元和实验方法与闭环解析式的结果基本一致。对单边导角形柔性铰链的性能进行分析,得出了结构参数对其柔度性能的影响关系,并通过与双边导角形柔性铰链比较,分析了单边导角形柔性铰链的转动能力、转动精度和对轴向载荷的影响,为柔性铰链在结构紧凑、大位移场合的工程应用提供了有价值的参考。     

基于类V型柔性铰链的微位移放大机构

采用新型高精度类V型柔性铰链设计了柔性微位移放大机构,以减小该类机构的寄生运动并提高其动力学性能。对类V型柔性铰链与最常见的高精度直圆型柔性铰链的性能进行了比较;在考虑柔性铰链转动中心偏移量的基础上,基于弹性力学和材料力学理论推导了基于类V型柔性铰链和基于直圆型柔性铰链的两类二级杠杆式微位移放大机构的放大比。采用ANSYS软件,建立了放大机构的有限元模型,验证了位移放大比的理论推导,并对上述两类放大机构的位移放大比、寄生运动和固有频率进行了仿真和比较。有限元分析结果显示：基于类V型柔性铰链的放大机构有着更小的寄生运动和更高的固有频率,且前2阶固有频率分别是基于直圆型柔性铰链放大机构的1.68倍和1.41倍。最后,采用微视觉测量系统测量了两类放大机构的位移放大比和寄生运动。结果表明：基于类V型和直圆型柔性铰链放大机构的放大比和相对寄生运动比分别为4.387、4.529和0.314 7、0.334 2,显示类V型柔性铰链用于微位移放大机构可有效减小寄生运动并提高动力学性能。     

空间曲线切口式柔性铰的设计

为了满足精密仪器连接部件的柔度和强度需求,以切口曲线为二次曲面和圆柱面的相贯线的柔性铰为例,研究了一类空间曲线切口式柔性铰的设计方法。推导了此类柔性铰转动柔度的一般设计计算公式,分析了设计参数对柔度特性的影响,在此基础上提出了此类柔性铰的设计方法。依据提出的方法设计了空间曲线切口式柔性铰,并利用有限元分析方法对设计实例进行了柔度和强度校核,同时建立了模态实验系统识别其柔度。结果表明,两种柔度校核结果与设计计算公式结果吻合较好,最大误差不超过5%,验证了设计方法的有效性,为此类柔性铰应用于精密仪器的工程设计提供了参考。此外,文中给出的有限元建模分析方法以及试验测试方法也可用于相同类型的精密构件的力学特性研究与分析。     

S形折叠式柔性铰链结构设计

为了减小柔性铰链的转动刚度,依据串并联关系,设计了S形折叠式柔性铰链。使用伪刚体法和能量法,建立了S形柔性铰链的刚度模型。利用ANSYS建立了该柔性铰链的有限元模型,对铰链进行了刚度和应力分析,并将其与理论值进行了比较,得到刚度误差约为3%,验证了刚度模型的准确性。当转角达到最大值±35°时,安全系数为4,符合设计要求。     

另一类椭圆柔性铰链

本文提出了一类椭圆柔性铰链——深切口椭圆柔性铰链,其切口的宽度为椭圆的短轴,而切口的深度为椭圆的长半轴。基于材料力学中的变截面梁的弯曲理论,通过引入离心角作为积分变量,推导了计算这类柔性铰链柔度、转动精度和最大应力的计算公式,这些公式具有简洁、规范等特点,非常有利于工程设计中的计算和分析。最后,用有限元分析软件ANSYS分析了多个不同尺寸的椭圆柔性铰链。有限元方法分析结果与此解析计算公式的计算结果与吻合得很好,说明了这些解析计算公式的正确性。研究表明,这类铰链非常适合于要求高精度传动的应用场合。     

深切口椭圆柔性铰链优化设计

考虑深切口椭圆形柔性铰链比其他常用的柔性铰链更适用于具有大行程要求的柔性机构,本文对其进行了优化设计。建立了深切口椭圆形柔性铰链的刚度模型,探讨了结构参数对其转动刚度的影响。分析了深切口椭圆柔性铰链的柔度矩阵,利用Newton-cotes求积公式简化了柔度系数的计算,在此基础上构建了多目标加权优化模型,利用模糊优化设计方法对各结构参数进行了优化设计。优化结果表明:绕Z轴旋转的角位移提高了16.72%;绕Y轴旋转角位移下降了16.01%;沿X轴、Y轴和Z轴产生的线位移分别下降了10%、29.33%和51.84%。数据显示:经过优化的柔性铰链在所期望的Z轴方向上的转动能力得到了提高,同时抑制了其他方向上的运动能力,从而提高了柔性铰链的整体运动精度和结构柔度,可用于高精密、大行程光波导封装定位平台。     

Topology optimization of flexure hinges with a prescribed compliance matrix based on the adaptive spring model and stress constraint

This paper focuses on the configuration design of flexure hinges with a prescribed compliance matrix and preset rotational center position. A new method for the topology optimization of flexure hinges is proposed based on the adaptive spring model and stress constraint. The hinge optimization model is formulated by maximizing the bending displacement with a spring while optimizing the compliance matrix to a prescribed value. To avoid numerical instability, an artificial spring is used as an auxiliary calculation, and a new strategy is developed for adaptively adjusting the spring stiffness according to the prescribed compliance matrix. The maximum stress of flexure hinge is limited by using a normalized P-norm of the effective von Mises stress, and a position constraint of rotational center is proposed to predetermine the position of the rotational center. In addition, to reduce the error of the stress measurement, a simple but effective filtering method is presented to obtain a complete black-and-white design. Numerical examples are used to verify the proposed method. Topology results show that the obtained flexure hinges have the prescribed compliance matrix and preset rotational center position while also meeting the stress requirements.     

Spatial force-based non-prismatic beam element for static and dynamic analyses of circular flexure hinges in compliant mechanisms

This paper presents a spatial force-based non-prismatic beam element modeling approach for circular flexure hinges, which is capable of accurate and efficient modeling of both static and dynamic characteristics of flexure-based compliant mechanisms. The spatial force-based non-prismatic beam element is an improvement and extension of the existing beam elements by considering shear and torsional effects of circular flexure hinge. The new consistent mass matrix formulation was derived using the Unit Load method. A parallel-guided compliant mechanism was taken as an example to validate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed approach through static and modal analyses with fewer non-prismatic beam elements, and the results are well agreed with ANSYS simulation results with massive 3D solid or 2D shell elements. The developed approach is also available to model arbitrarily shaped flexure hinges in compliant mechanisms.     

椭圆柔性铰链的柔度计算

基于材料力学中的变断面梁的弯曲理论,通过引入椭圆离心角作为积分变量,直观地得到椭圆柔性铰链的系列柔度计算公式。通过定义中间参数,推导出较为简洁的解析计算公式,从而避免费时的数值积分,便于柔性铰链柔度的计算和分析。当椭圆切口的长轴和短轴长度相等时,椭圆柔性铰链变成直圆柔性铰链,这些计算公式即退化为直圆柔性铰链的柔度计算公式。运用有限元软件ANSYS分析多个不同形状的椭圆柔性铰链,有限元法分析结果与这些柔度计算公式的计算结果吻合得很好,证明了公式的正确性。     

柔性铰链转动刚度分析与验证

针对直圆形柔性铰链进行分析,在分析比较通过理论公式和有限元软件计算柔性铰链转动刚度方法的基础上,设计柔性铰链转动刚度测试实验,对计算结果进行实验验证。提出了柔性铰链转动刚度设计的一般思路、方法和应注意问题。