基于扰动状态概念硬化参量的结构性黏土边界面模型

在临界状态理论和边界面模型的框架内,引入结构性扰动对弹性变形、结构性屈服面大小、胶结吸力和屈服面各向异性的影响,建立一个基于扰动状态概念硬化参量的结构性黏土边界面模型。首先,通过定义3个结构扰动度R_c,R_b和R_a来定量反映塑性变形对结构性黏土的结构性屈服面、胶结吸力和屈服面各向异性的扰动程度,并对弹性特性进行各向异性和结构性影响的修正。然后,通过对天然沉积上海黏土和Vallericca硬黏土的三轴不排水剪切试验和一维固结压缩试验的模拟验证模型的预测能力。最后,通过模型与有限差分法相结合,以简单的平面应变试验模拟为例,展示模型能够描述结构扰动度的变化及其在土体中分布的模拟能力。     

土体动力粘塑性记忆型嵌套面本构模型及其验证

软土在循环荷载作用下,很小剪应变幅值发生时就会使土体产生塑性变形,因此采用粘塑性模型模拟软土在循环荷载作用下的动力特性更合理。本文针对软土在动荷载下的变形特点,采用等向硬化和随动硬化相结合的硬化模量场理论,基于土体的广义塑性理论,建立了一个总应力增量形式的土体粘塑性动力本构模型。该模型通过记忆任一时刻的加载反向面、破坏面和与加载反向面内切的初始加载面来确定屈服面变化规则,模型参数容易确定。在ABAQUS软件平台上实现了该模型的算法,通过土样动三轴试验的结果与模型预测结果的对比分析,验证了该模型的可行性。同时,对南京某含有较厚软土层的典型软弱地基的地震反应进行了分析,分析结果符合软弱地基非线性地震反应的一般规律。因此,该模型为软土非线性地震反应和土-结构非线性动力相互作用分析提供了一个较为实用的土体本构模型。     

A Three-Dimensional Elastoplastic Model for Unsaturated Compacted Soils with Hydraulic Hysteresis

This paper presents a three-dimensional elastoplastic model for predicting the hydraulic and stress-strain-strength behaviour of unsaturated soils. The model is generalized using the transformed stress method to three-dimensional stress states by assuming that the shapes of the failure surface and the yield surface in the deviatoric plane of the average skeleton stress space are given by the SMP criterion. Hydraulic hysteresis in the water-retention behaviour is modeled as an elastoplastic process with the elastic region of the saturation degree decreasing with increasing suction in the S_r-log s plane. The effect of void ratio on the water-retention behaviour is studied using test data obtained from controlled-suction triaxial tests on unsaturated compacted clay. The effect of change in degree of saturation on the stress-strain-strength behaviour and the effect of change in void ratio on the water-retention behaviour are taken into consideration in the model, in addition to the effect of suction on the hydraulic and mechanical behaviour. Model predictions of the stress-strain and water-retention behaviour are compared with those obtained from triaxial tests on unsaturated soil along isotropic compression, triaxial compression and triaxial extension stress paths with or without variation in suction. The comparisons indicate that the model has well predicting capabilities to reproduce the hydraulic and mechanical behaviour of unsaturated soils under three-dimensional stress states.     

Dynamic visco-plastic memorial nested yield surface model of soil

Under cyclic loadings, the plastic strain of soft soil will take place under very small shear strain. So the visco-plastic model is appropriate to be used to model the dynamic characteristics of soft soil. Based on the principles of geotechnical plastic mechanics, the incremental visco-plastic memorial nested yield surface model is developed by using the field theory of nonlinear isotropic materials and the theory of kinematical hardening modulus. At the end of anyone time increment, the inverted loading surface, the damaged surface and the initial loading surface which is tangent with the inside of inverted loading surface are memorized respectively. The kinematical behavior of yield surface is defined by using these three surfaces. The developed model in this paper is successfully implemented in ABAQUS using FORTRAN subroutine. The predicted stress-strain relationships of soft soil are compared with the test results given by dynamic triaxial tests. It is proved that the cyclic undrained stress-strain relation of soils can be fairly simulated by the model. At last, the nonlinear earthquake response of a representative soft site in Nanjing city is calculated with the dynamic behavior of soils modeled by the new developed model. The results are accordant to the earthquake response of soft site given by other scholars.     

Dynamic visco-plastic memorial nested yield surface model of soil

Under cyclic loadings, the plastic strain of soft soil will take place under very small shear strain. So the visco-plastic model is appropriate to be used to model the dynamic characteristics of soft soil. Based on the principles of geotechnical plastic mechanics, the incremental visco-plastic memorial nested yield surface model is developed by using the field theory of nonlinear isotropic materials and the theory of kinematical hardening modulus. At the end of anyone time increment, the inverted loading surface, the damaged surface and the initial loading surface which is tangent with the inside of inverted loading surface are memorized respectively. The kinematical behavior of yield surface is defined by using these three surfaces. The developed model in this paper is successfully implemented in ABAQUS using FORTRAN subroutine. The predicted stress-strain relationships of soft soil are compared with the test results given by dynamic triaxial tests. It is proved that the cyclic undrained stress-strain relation of soils can be fairly simulated by the model. At last, the nonlinear earthquake response of a representative soft site in Nanjing city is calculated with the dynamic behavior of soils modeled by the new developed model. The results are accordant to the earthquake response of soft site given by other scholars. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2006, 28(10): 1267–1272 [译自: 岩土工程学报]     

A Simple and Unified One-Dimensional Model to Describe Various Characteristics of Soils

A simple and unified constitutive model for soils, considering various effects such as the influences of density, bonding, time dependent behavior and others, is presented in this paper. The elastoplastic behavior of over consolidated non-structured soils under a one-dimensional stress condition is firstly presented by introducing a state variable that represents the influence of density (stage I). To describe the one-dimensional stress-strain behavior of structured soils, attention is focused on density and bonding as the main factors that affect the response of this type of soil, because it can be considered that soil a skeleton structure which is in a looser state than that of a normally consolidated soil is formed by bonding effects (stage II). Furthermore, a simple method is presented which allows for other soil characteristics to be considered, such as time and temperature dependency, and the effect of suction in unsaturated soils. Experimental observations show that the normally consolidated line (NCL) in the void ratio—stress relation (e.g., e-ln σ curve) shifts depending on the change of strain rate, temperature, suction and others (stage III). The validation of the model at stages I and II is demonstrated by simulating one-dimensional consolidation tests for normally consolidated, over consolidated and natural clays. The applicability of the model at stage III is verified not only by the simulations of time-dependent behavior of clays in one-dimensional element tests but also by the soil-water coupled finite element analysis of oedometer tests as a boundary value problem. The extension from one-dimensional models to three-dimensional models is easily achieved by defining the yield function using stress invariants instead of one-dimensional stress ‘σ’ and by assuming an appropriate flow rule in stress space. The details of the modeling in general three-dimensional stress conditions will be described in another paper (Nakai et al., 2011).     

Compression and extension yield of an anisotropically consolidated soil

A series of undrained and drained triaxial tests were conducted to investigate the yielding behavior of anisotropically consolidated reconstituted Shanghai clay under triaxial compression and extension loading conditions. The soil was consolidated with K of 0.5, where K is the ratio of cell pressure to axial pressure. The tests included drained constant η (=q/p′) loading tests and undrained and drained triaxial compression and extension shear tests on anisotropically consolidated specimens. It was found that the anisotropically consolidated Shanghai clay obeys Rendulic’s principle under compression loading, but not under extension loading, and that the yield surface inclined inside the state boundary surface under extension loading. Moreover, the pre-yield behavior and the post-yield behavior were found to be very different under these two loading conditions (compression and extension loading). The test results confirm the validity of the sloping elastic wall theory, and the influence of anisotropic parameter β on the shape of the yield curve in the p′?v plane was also studied in the paper. Constitutive modeling methods for anisotropic consolidated soils were also discussed based on the test results.     

Stiffness and strength parameters for hardening soil model of soft and stiff Bangkok clays

A comprehensive set of experimental data on Bangkok subsoils from oedometer and triaxial tests are analysed in this paper in order to determine the stiffness and strength parameters for Hardening Soil Model. The parameters determined are the Mohr–Coulomb effective stress strength parameters together with the stiffness parameters; tangent stiffness for primary oedometer loading, secant stiffness in undrained and drained triaxial tests, unloading/reloading stiffness and the power for stress level dependency of stiffness. The oedometer data are obtained from three different Bangkok soil layers: soft clay at 6–8 m depths; medium clay at 12–14 m depths; and stiff clay at 15.5–18 m depths. The triaxial tests data are carried out for soft and stiff clays at depths of 5.5–6 m and of 16–18 m under both undrained and drained conditions, respectively. Finally, two sets of parameters for soft and stiff Bangkok clays are numerically calibrated against undrained and drained triaxial results using PLAXIS finite element software.     

基于优质块状土样的孔压静探测试结果解释

实践证明，即使与75mm的薄壁活塞土样相比，直径为250mm的块状士样的质量也是非常好的。因此，优质块状土样的三轴和固结室内试验结果为孔压原位静探测试结果的相关性分析提供了最佳的对比参数。以软粘土为研究对象，提出了孔压静探参数与块状土样不排水抗剪强度、先期固结压力及超固结比之间的新一代相关关系。     

Yielding and Flow Liquefaction of Loose Sand

The relationship between the shapes of the yield surface and the undrained effective stress path (UESP) of loose sand is investigated for triaxial loading conditions. It is shown that the UESP can be used in the construction of capped yield surfaces for sands. The stress ratio M_p, measured at a point where the UESP of loose sand reaches a peak, has been incorporated as a material parameter in the analytical relationship by which the yield surface is defined. The variations of M_p with void ratio, state parameter, and consolidation stresses are examined and compared with previous studies, in cases where such studies exist. It is shown that M_p is strongly influenced by soil dilatancy and anisotropy and its variation is remarkably consistent with the variation of soil strength and yielding stresses. Quantitative relationships for the variations of M_p are then introduced; these have been used elsewhere in constructing yield surfaces and modeling the constitutive behavior of sands. In addition to their use in modeling sand behavior, the yield surfaces and quantitative variations of M_p obtained here can be used in quantitative assessments of the susceptibility of loose sandy soils to flow liquefaction.     

上海结构性软黏土本构模型与试验验证

天然上海软黏土具有很强的结构性,传统的剑桥模型无法合理地对其进行描述,改进后的运动硬化结构模型不仅引入了描述土体结构性的状态变量,可以反映土体塑性应变发展过程中所产生的结构损伤对其力学行为的影响,还对原始运动硬化结构模型中的形状参数、塑性模量公式等进行了改进,能更好地描述上海软黏土的力学行为。基于改进之后的运动硬化结构模型,通过天然上海软黏土等压固结三轴不排水剪切试验对该模型进行参数标定,进而对偏压固结三轴不排水剪切试验与加-卸载等向压缩试验进行预测。结果表明:改进后的运动硬化结构模型可以更好地模拟上海软黏土在三轴试验中的结构损伤、应力路径以及应力应变关系,同时对加-卸载过程中土体的滞回特性也有较好的模拟效果。     

An elastoplastic model for soft sedimentary rock considering inherent anisotropy and confining-stress dependency

The inherent anisotropy of soft sedimentary rock is a very important factor that influences the mechanical behavior of the rock. The confining-stress dependency of the shear stress ratio at the critical state, briefly referred to as the confining-stress dependency, is another important factor that should be taken into consideration when discussing the mechanical behavior of the rock. In this paper, based on an elasto-viscoplastic constitutive model for soft sedimentary rock (Zhang et al., 2005), a new model capable of describing both the inherent anisotropy and the confining-stress dependency of soft sedimentary rock is proposed in the framework of generalized stress space, called the t_ij concept (Nakai and Mihara, 1984), and the subloading yield surface (Hashiguchi and Ueno, 1977, Hashiguchi, 1989). In order to describe the confining-stress dependency, an evolution equation for the shear stress ratio at the critical state M^⁎ is introduced. A transformed stress, proposed by Boehler and Sawczuk (1977) and first introduced into a constitutive model by Oka et al. (2002), is also adopted into the model. In order to examine the performance of the newly proposed model, triaxial compression tests for soft sedimentary rock under different loading conditions were simulated and the results have been compared with the corresponding test results obtained from the authors and other researches available in the literature. It is found that the model can describe both the inherent anisotropy and the confining-stress dependency of soft sedimentary rock using a set of parameters with a fixed value for a given material.     

Application of Micromechanics Model to Study Anisotropy of Soils at Small Strains

A micromechanics model is used to analyse the stiffness anisotropy of soils at small strains. Five material constants for a cross-anisotropic elastic material are related to micromechanics variables such as fabric anisotropy, contact stiffness, particle radius, and the number of contacts in a given volume of particulate assembly. The analytical results from the model are compared with the published experimental data on small-strain stiffness anisotropy in order to estimate typical soil fabric conditions of sands and clays. The relationship between the small-strain shear modulus obtained from triaxial tests and shear tests is examined using the micromechanics model. The analysis shows that, when a soil is stiffer in the horizontal direction, the shear modulus evaluated from the conventional triaxial drained tests underestimates G_vh and G_hh. The opposite is true when a soil is stiffer in the vertical direction. When a soil is sheared in undrained condition, the measured shear modulus is closer to G_vh than G_hh, especially when the soil is stiffer in the horizontal direction. The effect of soil anisotropy on the stiffness measured from different stress paths in triaxial condition is investigated.     

非饱和砂土及黏土的水-力耦合双屈服面模型

使用精细的本构模型来同时分析非饱和砂土和黏土水力耦合特性依旧是一个挑战。提出了一种包含加载湿陷及剪切滑移双重塑性机制的水-力耦合模型。力学模型中选取Bishop应力作为应力变量,采用孔隙比和有效饱和度作为状态变量。模型中给出了孔隙比-平均土骨架应力的半对数坐标系内依赖于有效饱和度的临界状态线的表达式,其与剪切滑动屈服面的非关联流动准则的结合保证了模型可以更合理地预测非饱和土（包括砂土和黏土）的剪胀和剪缩性质。通过模拟粉砂和高岭土的三轴试验,对该模型预测非饱和土主要特征的能力进行了分析。     

滨海软土蠕变特性及蠕变模型

如何合理地描述滨海软土的蠕变规律对软土地基工程是十分重要。三轴蠕变试验研究表明，滨海相沉积的软土具有非线性蠕变的特性，双曲线型更适合其应力-应变关系。修改了Singh-Mitchell模型的应力-应变关系，建议了滨海软土的应力-应变-时间关系。所提出的蠕变模型具有参数少、适用性较强的特点。     

上海软土小应变三轴试验及本构模拟

软土地区新建地下工程为了减少对周边的影响,周边土体的变形通常要求控制在小应变范围内(0.001%~0.1%)。近年来随着环境要求的不断提高,软土在小应变范围内的力学特性日益受到关注。目前国内在三轴试验中测量软土小应变力学特性的研究相对较少,也缺乏相应的试验数据。利用安装有LVDT局部位移传感器的三轴仪,对上海(2)~(6)层软土进行了K0固结不排水剪切试验,成功获得了上海软土从0.001%小应变到20%大应变范围内的剪切模量变化规律。通过分别用初始剪切模量和有效平均主应力来对剪切模量进行归一化处理,揭示了上海软土的非线性特征、土体剪切模量的衰减规律等。考虑土体应力状态、孔隙比和超固结比的经验公式能够合理地描述上海软土层初始剪切模量;经典的骨干曲线模型能较好地拟合各土层的剪切模量衰减规律。     

Innovative thermal technique for enhancing the performance of prefabricated vertical drain during the preloading process

This paper examines the effect of raising the temperature of soft Bangkok clay, up to 90 °C, on the performance of the prefabricated vertical drain (PVD) during the preloading process. The effect of temperature on the engineering behavior of soft Bangkok clay was first investigated using a modified triaxial test apparatus and flexible wall permeameter which can handle temperatures up to 100 °C. The results of the triaxial tests on clay specimens demonstrate that raising the soil temperature increases its shear strength, under drained heating condition, as well as its hydraulic conductivity. In addition, large oedometer tests were performed to investigate the performance of PVD at elevated temperatures. The response of the soil sample with PVD for the thermal consolidation path which involved increasing the soil temperature at constant vertical effective stress condition and the thermo-mechanical path which involved increasing simultaneously both the soil temperature and the vertical effective stress were investigated. The consequent results indicated that the thermo-mechanical path shows promising results regarding the consolidation rate. For both reconstituted and undisturbed specimens, higher consolidation rate was observed for the soil specimen with PVD loaded under elevated temperature. This behavior can be attributed to the increase in the soil hydraulic conductivity as the soil temperature increases. Therefore, raising the soil temperature during the preloading period can enhance the performance of the PVD, particularly, by reducing the drainage retardation effects due to the smear zone around PVD.     

饱和盐渍土的一维蠕变试验与模型研究

饱和盐渍土中土颗粒和孔隙盐溶液间相互的物理化学作用对土体的力学行为有较强的影响,使得盐渍土表现出不同的变形特性。为了能够准确地描述饱和盐渍土的这种相互作用,首先采用常规固结试验和恒载蠕变试验对通过蒸馏水、硫酸钠溶液和氯化钠溶液饱和后的重塑土样进行了试验研究。试验结果显示：盐渍土和非盐渍土的固结蠕变存在明显差异,此类现象会随着含盐量的增加而更加明显;而同含盐量的硫酸盐渍土和氯盐渍土的固结蠕变效应也不尽相同。其次,基于Yin-Graham一维蠕变方程,利用Pitzer离子相互作用模型和Van't Hoff渗透吸力方程,通过引入有效渗透应力,建立了饱和盐渍土的一维蠕变理论模型。最后,将改进的理论模型与试验数据进行了对比分析。结果表明,所提出的理论模型不仅能够描述饱和盐渍土中化学力学耦合,而且可以有效地预测一维蠕变行为。     

An Elastoplastic Model for Unsaturated Rockfills and its Simulations of Laboratory Tests

This paper describes an elastoplastic model for rockfills and simulations of laboratory test by using the model. Rockfills express remarkable shear strength reductions and compressive deformations due to saturation. The authors have already developed elastoplastic models to represent the mechanical properties of unsaturated soils. Two suction effects were taken into account in the models. However for rockfills, one suction effect: an increase in suction enhances yield stresses and affects resistance to plastic deformations, remarkably appears. The effect may be evaluated by formulating state surfaces. In this paper, a model proposed by authors is modified for rockfills. To verify the elastoplastic model for rockfills, simulations of oedometer and triaxial compression tests were carried out. The simulation results could well express the volume change and shear behavior of the rockfill, especially the influence of water contents.