An integrated PHY-MAC analytical model for IEEE 802.15.7 VLC network with MPR capability

Considering that the collision caused by hidden terminal is particularly serious due to the narrow beams of optical de- vices, the multi-packet reception （MPR） is introduced to mitigate the collisions for IEEE 802.15.7 visible light com- munication （VLC） system. To explore the impact of MPR on system performance and investigate the interaction be- tween physical （PHY） layer and media access control （MAC） layer, a three dimensional （3D） integrated PHY-MAC analytical model of carrier sense muttiple access/collision avoidance （CSMA/CA） is established based on Markov chain theory for VLC system, in which MPR is implemented through the use of orthogonal code sequence. Throughput is derived to evaluate the performance of VLC system with MPR capability under imperfect optical channel. The re- sults can be used for the performance optimization of a VLC system with MPR capability.     

A successive transmission medium access scheme with dynamic contention window for VLC system with saturated traffic

The visible light communication (VLC) network is usually relatively small scale and can provide high-data-rate information transmission, where multiple users get access to the network according to the carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) mechanism specified by IEEE 802.15.7 standard. In this paper, we propose a novel dynamic contention window with successive transmission (DCW-ST) scheme to improve the performance of this channel access mechanism and to achieve better network throughput without delay performance degradation. Specifically, we propose to adjust the contention window dynamically to adapt to the time-changing network size. Further, we derive the contention window size to achieve trade-off of throughput and delay, and the minimum contention window size required for the throughput enhancement. In addition, in order to further improve the delay performance, we present a successive transmission scheme that allows the nodes which have completed one transmission successfully to get the chance of transmitting information successively according to the network condition. Simulations are performed for the VLC system in saturated traffic and compared with the theoretical performances, which demonstrate that our proposed scheme outperforms the legacy CSMA/CA of IEEE 802.15.7.     

Half‐duplex visible light communication using an LED as both a transmitter and a receiver

In typical visible light communication (VLC) systems, light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) are used as optical transmitters and photodiodes are used as optical receivers. Currently, many communication devices such as smart phones have a built‐in LED lamp whereas they usually do not have a built‐in photodiode. If we find a way to receive VLC signals without the need to add an additional photodiode on the communication devices, it will contribute to the spread of VLC. Therefore, we propose and demonstrate a VLC scheme without the need for a photodiode. As the first step, we investigate the characteristics of an LED as a VLC receiver and find out that an LED can also be used as a VLC receiver in certain conditions. Then, we demonstrate a half‐duplex VLC system using an LED as both an optical transmitter and an optical receiver, without the need for a photodiode. This technique could be used in various applications such as the VLC between smart phones with a built‐in LED lamp and the VLC between LED traffic lights. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cognitive medium access control protocols for secondary users sharing a common channel with time division multiple access primary users

The unused time slots in a primary time division multiple access (TDMA) network are regarded as the potential channel access opportunities for secondary users (SUs) in cognitive radio (CR). In this paper, we investigate the medium access control protocols that enable SUs to access a common TDMA channel with primary users (PUs). The primary traffic is assumed to follow a Bernoulli random process. A two‐state Markov chain is used to model the secondary traffic, and two different scenarios are considered. The first scenario assumes that the secondary packet arrivals are independent and follow a Bernoulli random process and a cognitive carrier sensing multiple access (Cog‐CSMA) protocol is proposed. A Rayleigh fading channel is considered in evaluating Cog‐CSMA, and its throughput expression is derived in this paper. The second scenario assumes that the packet arrivals follow a correlated packet arrival process and a cognitive packet reservation multiple access (Cog‐PRMA) protocol is proposed. A Markov chain is used to model the different system states in Cog‐PRMA and derive the throughput. Numerical results show that the Cog‐CSMA and Cog‐PRMA protocols achieve the objective of supporting secondary transmissions in a TDMA network without interfering the PUs' transmissions and improve the network bandwidth utilization. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Packet Switching in Radio Channels: Part II--The Hidden Terminal Problem in Carrier Sense Multiple-Access and the Busy-Tone Solution

We consider a population of terminals communicating with a central station over a packet-switched multiple-access radio channel. The performance of carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) [1] used as a method for multiplexing these terminals is highly dependent on the ability of each terminal to sense the carrier of any other transmission on the channel. Many situations exist in which some terminals are "hidden" from each other (either because they are out-of-sight or out-of-range). In this paper we show that the existence of hidden terminals significantly degrades the performance of CSMA. Furthermore, we introduce and analyze the busy-tone multiple-access (BTMA) mode as a natural extension of CSMA to eliminate the hidden-terminal problem. Numerical results giving the bandwidth utilization and packet delays are shown, illustrating that BTMA with hidden terminals performs almost as well as CSMA without hidden terminals.     

Analytical modeling of MAC protocol in ad hoc networks

In ad hoc networks, CSMA/CA is a widely used MAC layer protocol. There has been considerable work on the performance evaluation of this protocol. But most work is confined to saturation performance of single‐hop ad hoc networks. In this paper, we employ a linear feedback model to evaluate the performance for CSMA/CA according to the Poisson distributed traffic in both single‐hop and multi‐hop ad hoc networks. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to analytically evaluate the performance for CSMA/CA protocol under a general assumption about the traffic. This paper also gives analytical results, showing the impact of RTS/CTS. Although RTS/CTS do add the overhead to the system, they become essential when either the hidden terminal problem is dominant, or the traffic is heavy, or the packet length is very large. This paper also shows that the performance degrades dramatically in multi‐hop ad hoc networks when the number of competing nodes increases, which implies that the scalability is still a major problem in ad hoc networks. To validate our analytical results, we have done extensive simulations, and it is observed that the simulation results match the analytical results very well. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Power consumption modeling and optimization for NB-IoT eDRX

To extend the battery life of massive machine type devices (MTD),narrow-band Internet of things (NB-IoT) system extended discontinuous reception (eDRX) mechanism of LTE to the maximum as well as introduced a lower power state named as power saving mode (PSM).Three Markov models were established for three typical NB-IoT traffic scenarios,which called mobile autonomous reporting periodic report (MAR-P),mobile autonomous reporting exception report (MAR-E),software update/reconfiguration (SUR).The states of each Markov model were the working status of MTDs,including connected,idle and PSM state,in which the connected state was divided into random access state and data translating/receiving state to further evaluate the additional power consumption caused by collisions from massive MTDs concurrent access.Thereby,the power consumption and delay models with respect to each traffic scenarios were derived.Since the frequency of MAR-P traffic was far greater than the other two,the battery life of this traffic case with its optimal design choice was comprehensively analyzed.Numerical results show that,the battery life is mostly influenced by transmission period,maximum number of random access attempts,maximum number of data transmissions and traffic load,which can be maximized by appropriate parameters setting up.These works provide good references for NB-IoT device behavior modeling and optimization design.     

Saturation performance analysis of directional CSMA/CA in mmWave WPANs

The millimeter‐wave (mmWave) band offers the potential for multi‐gigabit indoor wireless personal area networks (WPANs). However, there are problems such as the short wavelength and high propagation losses. In order to compensate for these, it is highly recommended to use directional antennas at the physical layer. In this paper, directional carrier sense multiple access/collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) is analyzed in IEEE 802.15.3c, a standard for mmWave WPANs, under a saturated environment. A Markov chain model is presented and analyzed for the no‐acknowledgment (No‐ACK) mode. For the analysis, the device interaction is considered using directional antennas over a shared channel. A Markov chain model is presented in which the features of IEEE 802.15.3c such as backoff counter freezing and the effects of using directional antennas are incorporated. The maximal number of frames that can be transmitted concurrently and successfully is derived by an algorithm, and the system throughput and the average transmission delay are obtained in the closed forms. Numerical results show that the effects of using directional antennas in CSMA/CA and the overall analysis are verified by the simulation. The obtained results illustrate the physical layer impact on the CSMA/CA medium access control protocol, and these insights can be helpful in developing a medium access control protocol for enhancing the performance of mmWave WPANs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Priority-based IEEE 802.15.4 CSMA/CA mechanism for WSNs

The IEEE 802.15.4 standard is widely used in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In this paper, we propose a priority-based IEEE 802.15.4 carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) mechanism for WSNs. Considering traffic load and traffic type of sensor nodes, we classify sensor nodes into three types. In our mechanism, different contention parameters are set for nodes with different priority levels, in order that nodes with high priority achieve high probability to access the channel. By modeling the proposed mechanism using a Markov chain, we analyze and compute the successful transmission probability, throughput and energy consumption for nodes with different priority levels. Finally, our numerical results demonstrate that our mechanism performs well for WSNs.     

认知无线网络中基于隐马尔可夫预测的P-CSMA协议

针对非对称信息环境下的无线资源竞争问题,提出一种基于隐马尔可夫预测的P-CSMA协议,该协议中采用随着竞争信道的非授权用户数变化而改变的动态接入概率。非授权用户通过隐马尔可夫预测模型来判断博弈的对手是否参与信道竞争,提升了博弈的信息准确度,使得非授权用户能在非对称信息环境下选择最佳的接入概率以最大化自身效用。仿真表明,相比其他协议,基于隐马尔可夫预测的P-CSMA协议能够较好地提升系统的信道利用率。     

Analysis of effective capacity for visible light communication systems with mobility support

Visible light communications (VLCs) are competitive and attractive candidates for next generation indoor communication networks which are required to support mobility and guarantee delay QoS (Quality of Service) for users. User movement in VLC systems changes the propagation path, including the distance, the angle of incidence and irradiance, all of which have a significant impact on channel gain and link capacity. In this paper, we present a user mobility model for indoor VLC systems with the help of discrete time Markov chain theory. Considering a service process with temporal correlation caused by user mobility, we derive the effective capacity (EC) for VLC systems which characterizes the capacity performance subject to the user’s statistical delay QoS. Moreover, the effect of the user’s mobility on effective capacity is revealed.     

Power consumption analysis of priority-based service differentiation scheme for LR-WPANs

In this paper, we investigate the effect of service differentiation on the power consumption in contention period of IEEE 802.15.4 sensor networks. Power consumption is analysed for two different service differentiation schemes under non-saturation condition. The two service differentiation schemes are the differentiation by the backoff exponent (BED) and differentiation by the contention window (CWD), which provide multilevel differentiated services in beacon-enabled mode with slotted carrier sense multiple access/collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) algorithm. The analysis is based on the stationary probabilities of a discrete-time Markov chain, which is a model of CSMA/CA describing the state of a head packet of a device. Numerical results show that CWD uses the power more efficiently and performs better in terms of throughput, while BED more differentiates the service.     

Performance analysis of MAC layer protocols in the IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN

In recent years, WLANs (Wireless Local Area Networks) based on the IEEE 802.11 standard have been taken a growing interest and developed widely all over the world. CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance) protocols are the most popular MAC (Medium Access Control) protocols for WLANs. The performance of CSMA/CA protocols over wireless channels has been investigated over the past years. In this paper, we obtain the probability distribution function of the MAC layer packet service time, and we present the comprehensive performance analysis of IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol by investigating the queue dynamics of a wireless station based on the MAC layer packet service time. We adopt an MMPP(Markov Modulated Poisson Process) as the input traffic model that describes well the bursty nature of Internet traffic. The analysis on the throughput and the delay performance has been carried out by using the MMPP/G/1/K queueing model. We have some numerical results that represent the system throughput and the queue dynamics including the mean packet waiting time and packet blocking probability.     

A real-time VLC to UART protocol conversion system

A real-time visible light communication(VLC) to universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter(UART) conversion system is made up of a transmitter with a light emitting diode(LED) and a receiver with a photodiode(PD), by which a VLC system is connected to traditional communication modes, and the data are transferred by wireless visible light. UART packets are converted to light packets by the modulation of a 10 k Hz on-off-keying(OOK) light signal, and the data losses in the transportation are avoided by the protection of a data buffer mechanism. The experimental results reveal that the real-time VLC to UART conversion system can provide a real-time VLC transmission way for two UART devices in not less than 10 m at a baud rate not less than 19 200 Bd with stable ambient lighting at the same time.     

使用并行接收的多跳自组织无线网络协议

本文提出了多跳、移动的网络环境下使用并行接收的自组织网络通信协议、分层分布式控制和丰组织网络由若干包括群首、网关和普通节点的群组成,在不完全包含的最大全连通子群内使用ＣＳＭＡ可以避免隐藏终端问题,对于跳频（ＦＨ）,采用软件无线电技术很容易实现并行接收多路信号,因此解决了多路结构引起的碰撞,模拟结果表明了这种方案可以有铲传输数据业务。     

Delay analysis for multidimensional queueing processes in CSMA/CD local area networks

A CSMA/CD local area network consists of a single server (the channel) and multiple interacting queues of message packets. The message queueing process in a buffered,p-persistent CSMA/CD system is modeled as a multidimensional semi-Markov chain. An effective approximation method to compute the mean packet delay in equilibrium is developed, based on an exact joint probability generating function of the queue length vector at embedded Markov epochs. We also develop a simulation model to validate approximation results. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first in the literature that enables optimization of the control parameterp for the CSMA/CD system with more than two users.     

支持终端晃动的多光源可见光通信系统有效容量研究

作为下一代网络的重点候选技术,可见光通信(VLC)以其超高的传输速率有望提供严格的时延服务质量(QoS)保障。现有VLC研究大多假设终端在接收信号过程中始终保持垂直向上。然而,在实际VLC系统中,终端晃动将对接收端入射角产生较大的影响,从而对VLC的信道增益与传输速率产生影响。该文针对统计时延QoS约束下多光源VLC系统晃动终端的可达传输速率展开研究。首先,基于3维离散时间马尔可夫链,提出VLC终端3自由度晃动模型,从时间相关性的角度刻画了VLC终端的随机晃动过程;其次,将终端晃动下多光源VLC系统的矢量传输过程映射为马尔可夫式服务过程,基于有效容量理论,研究支持终端晃动的VLC系统在统计时延QoS约束下的可达传输速率;最后,通过仿真实验说明了终端晃动对VLC系统容量的影响并验证了所推导有效容量的准确性。     

An Assistive VLC Technology for Smart Home Devices Using EOG

In recent years, assistive technology has been an emerging area of research to improve the quality of life, especially for the disabled and elderly people. In this paper, a novel electro-oculogram (EOG) signal based assistive visible light communication (VLC) in a smart home environment is presented. The eye movement is captured using silver chloride (AgCl) surface electrodes placed around eyes. The captured signal is further processed and transmitted using a VLC link to control smart home devices. To validate the proposed EOG-VLC based smart device control scheme, experiments were conducted. For the ease of the experiments, instead of an actual smart home device, we employed a digital door lock to verify its accurate control operation. Experiment results demonstrate that the proposed smart device control scheme operates accurately and reliably. Therefore, since the proposed scheme is based on a less hazardous VLC link, it is envisioned that the scheme can pave the way for greener and safer smart homes, particularly benefiting disabled and elderly people.     

Collision analysis of CSMA/CA based MAC protocol for duty cycled WBANs

Collision problem is critical for the performance of coexisting Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). This paper presents a collision analysis of CSMA/CA based MAC protocol in the view of collision probability under duty cycled superframe structure. Firstly, we discuss two types of chief collisions at a micro level (i.e., staggered collisions and direct collisions) in the presence of hidden and exposed terminals, respectively. Then we discuss various direct collisions between RTS/CTS frames in slotted CSMA/CA. Furthermore, we highlight a special type of direct collisions which can neither be detected by interfering nodes nor discovered before the collisions of DATAs (i.e., indiscoverable collisions). A hypothesis, several propositions and conclusions are presented to explain which is the domination of the collisions and how the direct collisions are released. Numerical results verify our conclusions and confirm that the indiscoverable collisions turn out to be another key issue in coexisting WBANs. The simulation in mobile environment with time-varying traffic is carried out to show the impact of collisions on network performance. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the most comprehensive collision analysis at the micro level for the evolution of CSMA/CA based MAC protocol and the first estimation of indiscoverable collisions in duty cycled WBANs.     

Optimization for link quality and power consumption of visible light communication system

Due to the complexity as well as trade-offs between objectives of the system, it is difficult to design a visible light communication (VLC) system with optimal link quality and power consumption. In this paper, the VLC system design problem is solved by using a multi-objective optimization method. Based on the results of the optimization process, we can determine the parameters to get a VLC system with optimal performance in respect of maximum link quality and minimum power consumption while illumination and other constraints are all satisfied.