Ti-2Al-2.5Zr合金N+离子注入表面XPS和XRD分析

Ti-2Al-2.5Zr合金中注入能量为75keV的N+离子, 注入剂量为3×1017/cm2和8×1017/cm2, 注入过程样品的温度低于200℃. N+离子在Ti-2Al-2.5Zr合金中的射程借助TRIM 96程序计算为1222. 注入后的样品用X射线衍射方法(XRD)以及光电子能谱方法(XPS)进行分析. XRD衍射谱表明有新相生成, 经分析为TiN和TiO2, 但这些新相的峰非常微弱, 很难区分. XPS宽程扫描谱表明注入后样品表面主要为Ti, C, N和O. XPS关于Ti2p和N1s窄程扫描谱表明N+离子注入后在合金表面确实形成了TiN和TiO2.     

强束流脉冲金属离子束表面改性技术及其应用

介绍了强束流脉冲金属离子束技术的基本原理和主要优点,并用由金属蒸汽真空弧离子源(MEWA)引出的强束流脉冲Ti、Mo、W、Ta、C离子对Cr12、H21、H13钢进行了离子注入材料改性试验。注入剂量为3×1017～5×1017cm-2,引出电压为25～48kV,平均束流为25～50μA/cm2。用卢瑟福背散射谱(RBS)测量了注入样品表面的成分,借助X射线行射仪(XRD))和X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)考察了注入样品的耐磨机理。     

Y，Er离子注入对γ—TiAl金属间化合物高温氧化性能的影响

采用金属蒸气真空电弧(MEVVA)离子源将稀土Y,Er离子分别注入γ-TiAl金属间化合物,注入能量为50～60 keV,注入剂量为1×1017 cm-2.研究了γ-TiAl在空气中800～900℃,200 h的循环氧化行为.结果表明,Y,Er离子注入γ-TiAl的氧化增重比原始试样均未见明显减小,同时出现了严重的氧化膜剥落现象.不同于稀土改善Fe,Co和Ni基高温合金抗氧化性能,Y,Er离子注入不具有增加氧化膜粘附性,改善γ-TiAl抗氧化性能的作用.     

Nb离子注入对Zr-4合金耐蚀性能的影响

为了研究Nb离子注入对Zr-4合金电化学腐蚀性能的影响,对Zr-4合金试样表面进行不同剂量的Nb离子注入并测定其在1NH2SO4水溶液中的极化曲线,然后使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对极化实验后的试样表面形貌进行了观察。结果表明,Nb离子注入能够改善Zr-4合金的耐腐蚀性能,而且改善的程度与注入离子的剂量有关。同时使用X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)对试样的表层成分和价态进行了分析,发现在注量为5×1016ion/cm2和1×1017ion/cm2的条件下,Nb和Zr在试样表层以Nb2O5和ZrO2的形式存在;而在注量为2×1017ion/cm2的条件下,则以Nb2O5,NbO和ZrO2的形式存在。     

Ti6Al4V合金表面离子注入N+C,Ti+N和Ti+C性能研究

采用等离子体基离子注入的方法在Ti6Al4V合金表面分别注入N+C、Ti+N和Ti+C元素,注入剂量均为2×1017 ions/cm2,N+C和Ti+N元素的注入负脉冲偏压为-50 kV,Ti+C元素的注入电压分别为-20 kV、-35 kV和-50 kV。通过X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）和X射线衍射仪（XRD）对注入层进行了微观结构分析,结果表明：Ti+C注入层中存在TiC和Ti-O,Ti+N注入层中存在TiN和Ti-O键。采用纳米压痕仪和球盘磨损试验机对注入层的硬度和摩擦学性能进行了研究。结果表明：在相同注入电压下,Ti+C注入层的硬度最高,其次是Ti+N注入层,N+C注入层的硬度最低;Ti+C 注入层的硬度随着注入电压的增大而增大,最大硬度为11.2GPa。50kV注入层Ti+C具有最低的比磨损率,其值为6.7×10-5mm3/N.m,比磨损率较未处理Ti6Al4V基体下降了1 个数量级以上,表现出优异的耐磨损性能。     

Ti离子注入H13钢表面改性研究

利用MEVVA源强流离子注入机将Ti离子注入到H13钢表面,注入剂量和离子能量分别为0.5×1017~5.0×1017ions/cm2和105keV。利用TR IM2003程序模拟计算饱和注入剂量;通过显微硬度仪、磨损试验机、电化学测试系统和扫描电镜测试了注入前后H13钢的表面硬度、磨损性能、摩擦系数和耐蚀性。利用SEM、AES、XPS和EDX等分析手段对注入前后的材料表面形貌、注入元素的化学价态及浓度分布等进行分析。借助XPS考察了注入表面层钛元素的化学状态。结果表明,Ti离子注入显著提高了H13钢的表面硬度、耐磨性和耐蚀性,减轻了磨粒磨损;减轻了表面层铁元素的氧化。通过所测主要性能可知,利用钛离子注入改善H13钢较为经济有效的注入参数分别为1.0×1017ions/cm2和105keV。     

铜离子注入Ti6Al7Nb合金的表面改性研究

使用MEVVA强流金属源离子注入机对Ti6Al7Nb合金表面注入能量为80keV、剂量分别为0.5×1017,1×1017,2×1017,4×1017ions/cm2的铜离子,计算得到铜离子饱和注入量为2.15×1017ions/cm2。研究了注入的铜离子对Ti6Al7Nb合金腐蚀性能、显微硬度和磨损行为的影响,采用覆膜法研究了铜离子注入后试样对金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌性能,并分析了注入剂量与抗菌性能的关系。结果表明,Ti6Al7Nb合金的硬度和耐磨性随着注入剂量的增加而提高,点蚀电位随着注入剂量的提高而下降。抗菌试验显示当注入量达到饱和注入量时,试样的抗菌率达到99%以上。     

钇和铈离子注入纯锆的腐蚀行为研究

为了研究铈,钇离子注入对纯锆耐蚀性的影响,纯锆样品用MEVVA源以40 kV注入1×1016 ions/cm2至1×1017 ions/cm2剂量的钇和铈,注入最高温度约为150℃.用X光电子谱仪(XPS)分析注入表层元素的价态;在1 mol/L硫酸溶液中3次极化测量来研究注入样品的耐蚀性.对于钇离子注入,当注入剂量大于5×1016 ions/cm2时,注入样品的耐蚀性显著提高.用掠角X射线衍射(GAXRD)研究氧化膜中由于铈离子注入发生的相转移.三次极化测量表明注铈样品与空白样品相比,耐蚀性下降许多.最后分别对注入钇和铈样品的腐蚀行为机理进行了探讨.     

N+注入提高 GCr15钢抗接触疲劳性能研究

采用离子注入技术对GCr15轴承钢进行氮离子注入,用JP-52接触疲劳试验机考察了氮离子注入后GCr15钢的抗接触疲劳性能;用SEM、TEM、AES、XPS等现代测试技术考察了改性层的相组成及改性机理.结果表明,离子注入引起注入层显微硬度提高,表面残留压应力增大,表面粗糙度降低,以及注入层形成了大量细小弥散分布的硬质析出相ε-Fe2-3N等,使材料的抗接触疲劳性能大大提高.通过正交实验发现,氮离子注入对GCr15钢抗接触疲劳性能的改善程度与注入能量、注入剂量不成正比,而是有一最佳值,在本实验条件下最佳注入参数为注入能量100keV、注入剂量4×1017ions/cm2.     

温度对离子注入Ti6A14V表面改性影响

对Ti6Al4V 合金进行温度范围从100 ℃到600 ℃,注入剂量为:4×1017ions.cm-2氮离子等离子体源离子注入(N-PSII)。用俄歇电子能谱仪(AES)对注入样品进行元素深度分布剖面分析。用显微硬度及针盘磨损试验机测试表面改性的效果。利用X 射线衍射(XRD)分析表面改性层晶相的变化。用光学显微镜观察磨痕宽度。分析发现,当温度从 100 ℃升到600 ℃时,注入层厚度明显增加。其中,高温注入时获得较高的表面硬度和较好抗磨损性。XRD分析发现,随温度升高注入层表面形成TiN和Ti2N析出相。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。