Bolted steel slip-critical connections with fillers: I. Performance

This paper reports the results of sixteen experiments of bolted slip-critical connections with fillers. Fifteen of the connections used oversized holes and one connection used standard holes. Such connections with oversized holes are commonly fabricated for use with structures such as long-span trusses, since the use of oversized holes allows erection in-place rather than first assessing fit-up on the ground. Filler plates are used to connect members of different depths or widths. The sixteen experiments reported herein highlight the behavior of bolted steel connections with oversized holes in which fillers are included and are undeveloped, partially developed, or fully developed. Both single-ply and multi-ply fillers are investigated, as are welded developed fillers, and specimens fabricated using either turn-of-the-nut or tension control bolts to pretension the connection. The results augmented with previous literature document the slip and shear strengths of these connections, propose formulas for assessing these strengths for the different conditions investigated, and provide recommendations for design of these types of connections.     

Bolted steel slip-critical connections with fillers: II. Behavior

Research has been conducted to better understand the effect of fillers in bolted steel connections. In a companion paper, the results of sixteen experiments on bolted steel slip-critical connections with fillers are presented along with proposed design recommendations. In this paper, detailed behavior of the specimens is documented through an examination of deformation and strain response. Additionally, mechanisms are proposed that clarify key aspects of the behavior of bolted connections with fillers, including prediction of slip and shear strengths. A stochastic analysis, using order statistics, is employed to quantify the detrimental effects of multiple possible slip surfaces on expected slip strength. The use of multiple plies and the effects of developing the filler plate are investigated with respect both to the experimental results and the proposed behavioral mechanisms. The results indicate that the use of multiple plies exacerbates the detrimental effects on slip strength and, to a lesser extent, on shear strength. Furthermore, filler development reduces and in many cases eliminates the reduction in slip and shear strengths.     

钢柱脚锚栓连接受剪性能试验研究

对锚栓连接受剪性能进行试验研究,制作了5组共15个试件,考虑了锚栓的直径、柱底板厚度和底板锚栓孔径与锚栓直径之差的影响。锚栓连接受剪试验的荷载 位移曲线呈现2个转折点,可近似分为3个阶段：弹性阶段、滑移阶段和强化阶段,以锚栓基本形成塑性铰与锚栓孔壁和锚栓顶紧两个状态作为分界点。试验结果表明,柱底板厚度越大,锚栓连接受剪承载力设计值和界面抗滑移刚度越小;锚栓孔径和锚栓直径之差对滑移阶段的长度有显著的影响,对承载力影响较小。以试验荷载 位移曲线的第一转折点对应的荷载作为锚栓连接的受剪承载力设计值,提出了计算式,同时提出锚栓连接极限承载力的计算公式。     

方钢管钢骨混凝土柱与钢梁端板螺栓连接节点抗震性能试验研究

为研究方钢管钢骨混凝土柱与钢梁端板螺栓连接节点的抗震性能,进行了5个节点拟静力试验研究,分析了端板厚度、螺栓直径、混凝土强度和轴压比等因素对承载力、弯矩-转角曲线、耗能能力、承载力衰退、刚度退化、延性以及破坏模式的影响。研究结果表明：方钢管钢骨混凝土柱与钢梁端板螺栓连接节点均属于半刚性节点,初始转动刚度随着端板厚度和螺栓直径增大而提高,但节点的极限转动能力随着端板厚度的增大而减小;当承载力由端板或钢梁控制时,其具有良好的转动和耗能能力;试件承载力退化系数在0.8～1.0之间,变化幅度不大,刚度退化相比荷载退化严重;设计中应避免高强螺栓发生脆性破坏。     

带肋薄壁钢管混凝土框架梁柱端板连接节点试验研究

进行了4个带肋薄壁钢管混凝土梁柱端板连接节点的静力试验。试件的钢管由厚度为1.5 mm或3.0 mm的冷弯薄壁型钢组合而成,高强螺栓端部焊接50 mm长的螺纹钢筋。分析了端板类型、钢管壁厚度对节点破坏模式和连接的弯矩-转角关系特征等的影响,研究节点的承载力、刚度、延性和各组件关键部位的应变分布规律,提出了节点区柱壁加厚...     

Cyclic flexural analysis and behavior of beam-column connections with gusset plates

This research investigates the cyclic flexural behavior of double-angle concentrically braced frame beam-column connections using three-dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis. Prior experimental research demonstrated that such connections possess appreciable flexural stiffness, strength, and ductility. The reserve capacity provided by these connections plays a significant role in the seismic behavior of low-ductility concentrically braced frames, so knowledge about the impact of connection parameters on local limit states and global connection performance is needed for employing reserve capacity to design and assess concentrically braced frames. Finite element models were developed and validated against prior experiments with focus on the limit states of failure of the fillet weld between the gusset plate and beam, low-cycle fatigue fracture of the steel angles joining the beam and gusset plate to the column, and bolt fracture. The models were used to evaluate the flexural stiffness, strength, and ductility of braced frame connections with primary attention on the effects of beam depth, angle thickness, and a supplemental seat angle. The finite element analysis demonstrated that increasing beam depth and angle thickness and adding a supplemental seat angle all increased the stiffness and strength of the connection while maintaining deformation capacity. A procedure to estimate the flexural behavior of beam-column connections with gusset plates was developed based on the results of the numerical simulations.     

Q690D高强钢螺栓连接疲劳性能试验研究

为探究Q690D高强度钢材螺栓连接的疲劳性能,对Q690D高强钢母材、有孔板和螺栓连接三组试件进行疲劳试验,拟合了S-N设计曲线,并与现行规范进行比较,对其疲劳特性及疲劳寿命给予评价。试验结果表明：Q690D高强钢母材、有孔板、螺栓连接疲劳极限比GB50017理论计算值分别提高了170%、76.02%、47.76%,比AISC360理论计算值分别提高了200%、131.77%、70.49%,说明Q690D高强钢螺栓连接具有较高的抗疲劳能力。讨论了应力集中与螺栓预紧力对试件疲劳强度的影响,应力集中系数越大,疲劳强度越小,螺栓预紧力能缓和应力集中程度,可间接提高疲劳寿命。基于零塑性累积应变率假设得到了疲劳损伤公式,应力集中在一定程度上可以反应损伤发展,损伤曲线可以解释疲劳破坏机理。     

带齿夹板钢木连接节点受力机理

为解决胶合木网壳螺栓连接节点初始刚度低、木梁螺栓孔易发生劈裂的问题,提出一种带齿夹板钢木连接节点。通过试验研究了带齿夹板节点(JD-2)在单调荷载作用下的力学性能和破坏模式,并与同尺寸下不含钢齿的普通夹板节点(JD-1)进行对比分析。为深入研究带齿夹板节点的受力机理,对带齿夹板节点进行有限元模拟。结果表明:JD-1的破坏模式为木梁沿螺栓孔水平连线方向的横纹劈裂破坏,JD-2的破坏模式为夹板屈服破坏; 与JD-1相比,JD-2的初始刚度提高了47.18%,极限承载力提高了31.4%,延性系数提高了19.83%; 钢齿与木梁之间的机械咬合作用可以有效减少木梁螺栓孔初始间隙对节点刚度的不利影响; 在弯矩与剪力联合作用下,荷载通过钢齿及螺栓共同传递给木梁,减少了木梁螺栓孔的应力,因此延缓了木梁螺栓孔的开裂; 随着夹板翼缘厚度的增加,节点的受弯性能呈现增大的趋势; 增加夹板布齿率,木梁螺栓孔受到螺栓挤压应力减小,钢齿阻止夹板与木梁之间的相对滑动能力增强,建议夹板布齿率取0.46%～0.65%。     

Study on rotational behavior of bolted glulam beam-to-columnconnections with slotted-in steel plates

通过4组22个胶合木梁柱螺栓-钢填板足尺节点试件的单调和低周反复加载试验以及有限元数值模拟研究梁柱螺栓-钢填板节点的转动性能。试验研究表明,胶合木梁柱螺栓-钢填板节点性能主要取决于螺栓和螺孔周边木材的承压能力;节点加载初期的螺孔间隙和加载后期木材横纹裂缝张开均会导致节点刚度显著下降;同等条件下,节点初始刚度和极限弯矩随螺栓直径的减小而减小,节点初始刚度随螺栓边距的增加而减小。对试件进行有限元分析结果表明,基于有限元分析软件建立的节点三维实体模型对于节点的初始刚度和极限弯矩有较好的模拟精度（误差20％以内）。此外,模型参数分析表明,在更大取值范围内（螺栓直径12~28mm,螺栓边距30~70mm）,螺栓直径和边距对节点性能的影响与试验结果一致。     

高强度钢材螺栓连接抗剪性能试验研究

近年来高强度钢材在工程中得到了逐步推广和应用,尤其是Q460强度等级的高强度钢材。但是目前各国规范都尚未对高强度钢材螺栓连接设计方法做出具体规定,仍沿用普通强度钢材的设计方法。因此,需对端距、边距和螺栓间距等几何构造对高强度钢材螺栓抗剪连接性能的影响进行深入的试验研究。针对10,12 mm厚的Q460强度等级的高强度钢材进行螺栓抗剪连接试验,通过改变两个10.9级M27高强度螺栓的几何布置,研究不同端距、边距和螺栓间距情况下,高强度钢材的承压性能的变化情况。由试验可以观察到螺栓抗剪连接的3种不同的破坏模式:端部撕裂、孔壁拉长和板净截面拉断。同时还将试验得到的极限承载力与欧洲和美国钢结构设计规范设计值进行比较。结果发现,现有规范并不能很好地预测高强度钢材螺栓抗剪连接的破坏模式和极限强度,建议更深入地进行参数分析以完善规范设计方法。     

Comprehending the ductile behavior of slotted bolted connections

Structural steel special moment frames are designed to resist earthquakes with substantial inelastic energy dissipation. The ductile beam‐to‐column connections become more popular over these years by dissipating the earthquake input energy at beam ends. The paper provides a comprehensive study of a high‐strength slotted bolted connection (SBC). Slotted holes instead of round holes are used for the connection such that frictional sliding could be developed. Experimentally, a standard bolt–weld connection as well as three similar slotted bolted connections were designed and tested. The load‐carrying capacities, the ductile deformations, the energy dissipation capacities, and the hysteretic characteristics of the specimens were presented. The overall performance of the steel connections by replacing the circular holes with slotted holes is evaluated, and the design recommendations of the flange gusset plate with slotted holes are provided. Numerically, the nonlinear SBC behavior was simulated and calibrated against the experimental results. The SBC effectiveness as well as the parametrical influences have been presented in details. Results show that the friction slippage behaviors of the specimens with slotted holes provide better ductility, higher plastic deformation capacity, and increased load‐resisting capacities near the ultimate strength.     

Flexural performance of bolted built-up columns constructed of H-SA700 steel

The H-SA700 is a new high-strength structural steel that is more environmentally friendly and more suitable for mass production than conventional high-strength steel. A research program is underway to develop a new structural steel system that extends the benefits of H-SA700 steel to achieve sustainable and seismically resilient buildings. The envisioned system uses built-up columns that are fabricated from H-SA700 plates by high-strength bolts and uses these built-up columns in weld-free construction. This paper summarizes the first phase of the program, whose objective was to establish the flexural properties of the built-up columns. Three column specimens were fabricated and subjected to cyclic lateral loading. The tests demonstrated the very large elastic deformation capacity and stable inelastic behavior of H-SA700 columns. The flexural strength was not governed by fracture of the reduced section with bolt holes, but by inelastic buckling of the flanges. The strength was limited by the plastic strength of the reduced section. The test results were used to identify the key limit states and to develop a design methodology that addresses the unique behavior of the built-up columns. Finite element simulation suggested that bolt holes help distribute yielding over a wide area of the flanges, to supply some ductility and help avoid net section fracture of the flanges.     

Single-angle all-bolted shear connections

This paper describes an experimental test of 19 full-scale single-angle all-bolted shear connections. The primary purpose of the study was to determine the shear strength of the two bolt groups associated with the two legs of the connection angle. The tested connections were made of an equal-leg angle and a vertical row of bolts at each leg. The angle had a leg width of 102 mm and a thickness of 9.5 mm. The bolts were 19 mm diameter high-strength A325 bolts. The number of the bolts in one vertical row was from 2 to 8 inclusive. The observed failure mode of the tested connections was the shear rupture of one of the bolt groups. The test found torsional or lateral restraints to the supported beam had a significant impact on the load carrying capacity of the connections. Test results indicated that the current North American design practices could lead to underdesigned single-angle connections having the number of bolts less than or equal to three. Furthermore, a yield line method was adopted for estimating the connection moment at strength limit state.     

Parametric study of hexagonal castellated beams in post-tensioned self-centering steel connections

The effects of important parameters (beam reinforcing plates, initial post-tensioning, and material properties of steel angles) on the behavior of hexagonal castellated beams in post-tensioned self-centering (PTSC) connections undergone cyclic loading up to 4% lateral drift have been investigated by finite element (FE) analysis using ABAQUS. The PTSC connection is comprised of bolted top and bottom angles as energy dissipaters and steel strands to provide self-centering capacity. The FE analysis has also been validated against the experimental test. The new formulations derived from analytical method has been proposed to predict bending moment of PTSC connections. The web-post buckling in hexagonal castellated beams has been identified as the dominant failure mode when excessive initial post-tensioning force is applied to reach greater bending moment resistance, so it is required to limit the highest initial post-tensioning force to prevent this failure. Furthermore, properties of steel material has been simulated using bilinear elastoplastic modeling with 1.5% strain-hardening which has perfectly matched with the real material of steel angles. It is recommended to avoid using steel angles with high yielding strength since they lead to the yielding of bolt shank. The necessity of reinforcing plates to prevent beam flange from local buckling has been reaffirmed.     

咬合式高强螺栓连接延性破坏模式下受剪性能研究

为研究咬合式高强螺栓连接在剪力作用下的延性破坏模式和承载性能,完成了8个咬合式高强螺栓连接受剪试验。试验结果表明,当齿口个数较少时,咬合式高强螺栓连接的破坏模式为齿口屈服的延性破坏。在试验研究的基础上,建立了有限元模型并进行校验。通过8组有限元模型的参数分析发现,除改变螺栓预紧力的大小对咬合式高强螺栓连接的受剪承载力无明显影响外,齿口间摩擦系数、齿口个数、板件宽度、盖板厚度、螺栓直径、垫片厚度和弹性模量的增大均可以提高连接的受剪承载力。最后拟合得到双面受剪的咬合式高强螺栓连接的受剪承载力计算式,对比拟合计算式的计算结果、试验和数值计算结果表明,所提受剪承载力计算式合理,计算结果准确。     

层板胶合木梁柱钢填板-螺栓连接节点横纹受力性能试验研究

为研究层板胶合木梁柱钢填板-螺栓连接节点横纹受力性能，对6组20个足尺节点试件进行抗剪试验，获得了节点的受剪性能指标和特征曲线。结果表明：节点的破坏均表现为木材的横纹劈裂脆性破坏，且第一条贯穿裂缝基本出现在靠近加载侧的螺栓孔处；相比于加载边边距e2，非加载边边距e1对节点的力学性能影响更为显著，非加载边边距e1取30~70mm时节点的屈服荷载和弹性刚度的变化幅值分别达16.6%和60.8%。总体上，试验所得受剪承载力与理论公式计算的相差较大，但相对而言，由van der Put计算公式计算的受剪承载力与试验结果最为接近，且偏于保守。     

螺栓灌胶节点对螺栓钢板加固钢筋混凝土连梁抗震能力影响的试验

为了提高小跨高比既有连梁的抗震性能,提出了一种新型的螺栓钢板加固法和一种新型的钢板屈曲控制装置。按照1∶2比例制作3个钢筋混凝土连梁试件,通过低周往复荷载试验研究了螺栓灌胶节点对钢板加固钢筋混凝土连梁的影响。结果表明:未采用螺栓钢板法加固的连梁呈现出脆性剪切破坏;采用螺栓钢板法进行普通高强螺栓加固的连梁,其强度和延性并没有提高;采用螺栓钢板法进行螺栓灌胶节点加固的连梁,其强度、延性和耗能能力得到大幅度提高。     

Design moment of shear connections at the ultimate limit state

Shear connections develop moment under the rotational demand imposed on them by the supported beam. This paper proposes a semi-analytical approach for computing the moment of single-angle, double-angle and end-plate shear connections corresponding to the strength limit state of their supported beam. The connection moment equations are derived based on the observed yieldline mechanisms from various experimental tests on the shear connections. The approach takes into account major parameters such as connection plate thickness, angle length, bolt gauge and steel yield strength. The obtained equations can also be used to estimate the compression zone depth and tension zone force. Good agreement between the theoretical analysis results and the various test data is demonstrated. Finally, suggestions are given for applying the approach to design shear connections.     

中空夹层圆钢管混凝土构件内外法兰连接 受弯性能分析

为研究中空夹层圆钢管混凝土内外法兰连接的受弯性能,用ABAQUS软件建立了该节点的力学模型,分析了中空夹层圆钢管混凝土内外法兰节点受弯时节点中和轴和旋转轴的位置,并分析了内外法兰错开间距、螺栓预紧力、空心率、法兰板厚度、混凝土强度、螺栓内外边距比值等参数对节点极限承载力、最大螺栓拉力的影响。结果表明:节点的中和轴和旋转轴随弯矩变化,在外法兰板底端最大螺栓屈服前,旋转轴位置大约为0.6R(R为外钢管半径),并且节点的中和轴和旋转轴不在同一截面; 外圈最大螺栓拉力随法兰板厚度、内外法兰错开间距、螺栓内外边距比值增大而减小,随空心率、螺栓预紧力增大而增大; 混凝土强度对最大螺栓拉力影响不大,可以不作为主要参数进行分析。     

Evolutionary structural optimization of steel gusset plates

Evolutionary structural optimization is applied to determine the optimum shape of steel gusset plates subjected to axial forces. A number of different gusset plates used in various types of connections is considered for this purpose. The evolutionary structural optimization approach is employed to find the optimum shapes of a gusset plate used in these connections. The first example considers a gusset plate having two holes which are utilized in the connection of double angle carrying a tensile force. Within this example the effect of certain parameters in the evolutionary structural optimization process such as material removal ratio, mesh size and modeling of holes on the final shape is investigated. The gusset plates having three, four and five holes are also designed for optimal shape. Furthermore design examples include two rows of multiple holes as well as staggered holes and connections with multiple members. The final shapes obtained in the single member bolted connections are generally similar to those used in practice. However, they are lighter. Those shapes obtained for the multiple member connections and welded double angle connections are unpredictable. Although the shapes obtained in all the examples are lighter than the ones used in practice, they might be more expensive to produce. It is shown that the evolutionary structural optimization method has a potential in determining the optimum shape of gusset plates.