Influence of polyols and bulking agents on flavour release from low-viscosity solutions

The release of four volatile flavour compounds (cis-3-hexen-1-ol, benzaldehyde, ethyl butanoate and butyl isovalerate) from pure water and various low-viscosity aqueous solutions (sucrose, maltitol, erythritol, polydextrose and oligofructose, each at 20% (w/w)) was investigated. Dynamic headspace concentrations of the flavour compounds at thermodynamic equilibrium were monitored by proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS). The rheological properties of the solutions were characterised by their viscosity. Flavour release from pure water increased with increasing hydrophobicity and volatility of the flavour compounds. The highly volatile compounds were retained more extensively in the presence of sucrose, polyols and bulking agents, compared to in pure water, whereas an increase in the release of the less volatile cis-3-hexen-1-ol was observed. All aqueous solutions had similar viscosities, although bulking agent solutions tended to have higher viscosities than polyol solutions of the same concentration. A correlation between viscosity and flavour release in the low-viscosity solutions was not evident.     

Effects of polyols and nondigestible oligosaccharides on the quality of sugar-free sponge cakes

Interest in nutrition is driving consumer demands for less fat, sugar, and calories. In most foods, however, the removal or reduction of ingredients causes readily detectable losses in appearance, texture and mouthfeel. In this work seven bulking agents (maltitol, mannitol, xylitol, sorbitol, isomaltose, oligofructose and polydextrose) were used to totally replace sucrose in sponge cakes. The effect of this substitution on cake quality was determined by measuring texture, colour and volume after baking under controlled conditions. These parameters were established instrumentally and by sensory evaluation. Best results were obtained with xylitol and maltitol, leading to sponge cakes more similar to the control one – manufactured with sucrose – and with the highest acceptance level in sensory evaluations. Lower quality sponge cakes were those elaborated with mannitol.     

Aspartame and Polydextrose in a Calorie-Reduced Frozen Dairy Dessert

A calorie-reduced frozen dairy dessert was formulated using aspartame as the sweetener and polydextrose as the bulking agent. Two levels each of polydextrose/corn syrup solids combinations and microcrystalline cellulose were evaluated in a dessert consisting of 4% milkfat and 30.5% total solids. Taste panel data showed that the products were acceptable and that microcrystalline cellulose played an important role in the formula. Four levels of polydextrose/sorbitol combinations and two levels of aspartame were also evaluated in a 2% fat, 29.8% total solids frozen dessert. The taste panel data showed that usage levels between 0.05-0.1% aspartame and a maximum of 12% polydextrose produced an acceptable product.     

Mixture design approach as a tool to study in vitro flavor release and viscosity interactions in sugar-free polyol and bulking agent solutions

Flavor release from mixtures of maltitol, erythritol, polydextrose and oligofructose dissolved in water at concentrations of 43% (w/w) was investigated to analyze possible interactions between the viscous matrix and the volatiles using an experimental mixture design in combination with data analysis and response modeling tools. The dynamic release of four flavor compounds (cis-3-hexenol, benzaldehyde, ethyl butanoate and butyl isovalerate) from the matrices at 37 °C was determined by headspace analyses using proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS). The aim of the present study was to understand the complex release mechanisms from high-viscosity polyol and bulking agent solutions for the intention of conducting further studies on flavor release from sugar-free confectionary products. Each of the non-volatiles had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on flavor release with regression coefficients (R²) between 0.72 and 0.93 for the release parameters I_max, t_½, and ??c/??t, and 0.99 for viscosity. However, the magnitude of influence varied between the bulking agents and polyols due to their different molecular weights. A clear correlation between viscosity of the solutions and flavor release was found, revealing complex matrix-volatile interactions in the high-viscosity solutions. The release of all investigated flavor compounds decreased when the viscosity of the solutions increased. Therefore, it is assumed that the flavor release is significantly influenced by the non-volatiles when a critical concentration (c*) is exceeded. Interactions between the sugar substitutes were found to affect the viscosity of the matrices, whereas flavor release was not affected by interactions between the polyols and bulking agents investigated.     

Effect of bulking agents on the quality of artificially sweetened misti dahi (caramel colored sweetened yoghurt) prepared from reduced fat buffalo milk

Misti dahi, the sweetened variety of dahi, is a popular fermented dairy product of eastern India. It is analogous with sweetened yoghurt, but has pleasant caramel colour and flavour. High sugar content in misti dahi may pose a hurdle for its successful marketing in other parts of the country in the present health foods regime. It is imperative to use a bulking agent when sugar is replaced with artificial sweetener. Hence, the effect of different bulking agents viz. maltodextrin, sorbitol and polydextrose, on the physico-chemical, sensory and textural properties of artificially sweetened misti dahi (ASMD) was studied. Standard method with slight modification was followed for making control misti dahi. ASMD prepared with different bulking agents was examined for sensory quality, physico-chemical properties and texture profile analysis. Maltodextrin increased acidity, water activity and viscosity of ASMD while decreased syneresis compared to other bulking agents. Instrumental surface colour (CIELAB) values of ASMD were similar to control sample. Maltodextrin increased hardness, adhesiveness and gumminess values of ASMD compared to sorbitol and polydextrose. Maltodextrin was found to be the most suitable bulking agent in the preparation of ASMD using aspartame and acesulfame-K.     

Freezing Points of Bulking Agents Used in Manufacture of Low-Calorie Frozen Desserts

Freezing points of solutions of polydextrose, polydextrose partially neutralized with potassium hydroxide, sorbitol, and microcrystalline cellulose at concentrations commonly used in frozen desserts were compared with those of similar concentrations of sucrose. Solutions of polydextrose and polydextrose partially neutralized with potassium hydroxide exhibited higher freezing points. Freezing points of sorbitol solutions were lower and microcrystalline cellulose had no measurable effect on freezing point. Most bulking agents affect freezing points; thus, addition to frozen dessert mixes must be regulated carefully.     

填充剂对减糖冰淇淋质构特性的影响

随着人们减糖意识的提高,减糖冰淇淋的开发也得到了极大关注。然而,由于蔗糖在冰淇淋体系中除了提供甜味,对冰淇淋的质构特性也起了非常重要的作用,这也是目前研发减糖冰淇淋面临的巨大挑战。为了研究不同填充剂对减糖冰淇淋质构特性的影响,分别采用质量分数为10%的蔗糖、糖醇（山梨糖醇、赤藓糖醇、麦芽糖醇、木糖醇）、可溶性膳食纤维（抗性糊精、聚葡萄糖）、可溶性糊精（麦芽糊精）作为填充剂制备冰淇淋样品,并对各冰淇淋样品的质构特性及关键理化特性进行了系统比较。结果表明,聚葡萄糖、麦芽糖醇和抗性糊精填充样品与蔗糖填充样品感官质构轮廓最为相近。赤藓糖醇和麦芽糊精填充样品硬度过高、可塑性低、铺展性差;而山梨糖醇和木糖醇填充样品硬度较低、泡沫感强。糖醇类填充样品在浆料黏度、粒径分布、摩擦学性质上比较接近蔗糖填充样品;麦芽糖醇填充样品的热力学特性与蔗糖填充样品相似;膳食纤维和糊精填充样品具有较低的摩擦系数,润滑性能更好。可见,在无糖或减糖冰淇淋的开发中,采用麦芽糖醇配合聚葡萄糖或抗性糊精作为填充剂,可达到和蔗糖填充剂所制产品相似的质构品质。     

Inulin and oligofructose as dietary fiber: a review of the evidence

This critical review article examines the composition and source of inulin and oligofructose, the physiological effects of their consumption, and how these materials relate to the concept of dietary fiber. Inulin and oligofructose are fructans extracted on a commercial basis from the chicory root. Inulin has been defined as a polydisperse carbohydrate material consisting mainly, if not exclusively, of beta (2-1) fructosyl-fructose links ranging from 2 to 60 units long. Native chicory inulin has an average degree of polymerization (DP) of 10 to 20, whereas oligofructose contains chains of DP 2 to 10, with an average DP of 4. While a universally accepted definition for dietary fiber does not exist, it is generally agreed that this term includes saccharides (+ lignin) that are not hydrolyzed or absorbed in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract. These materials reach the colon, where they may be totally fermented, partially fermented, or remain unfermented. In addition, fibers contribute to fecal bulking. Inulin and oligofructose are not digested in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract or are they absorbed and metabolized in the glycolytic pathway, or directly stored as glycogen like 'sugars' or starches. None of the molecules of fructose and glucose that form inulin and oligofructose appear in the portal blood. These materials are quantitatively fermented by the microflora of the colon; further, it has been demonstrated that this fermentation leads to the selective stimulation of the growth of the bifidobacteria population. After reviewing their chemistry, origin, and physiological effects, it is the opinion of the authors that inulin and oligofructose are dietary fiber. They share the basic common characteristics of dietary fibers, that is, saccharides of plant origin, resistance to digestion and absorption in the small intestine, and fermentation in the colon to produce short-chain fatty acids that are absorbed and metabolized in various parts of the body. Moreover, this fermentation induces a bulking effect.     

聚葡萄糖在冰淇淋中的代脂作用

主要探讨了聚葡萄糖在冰淇淋生产中的代脂应用，得出聚葡萄糖作为一种水溶性膳食纤维及优质填充剂，可取代部分蔗糖和脂肪，用于低热量，低糖和低脂食品中。     

Rheological behavior of syrups containing sugar substitutes

The rheological properties of syrups prepared using bulk sweeteners such as sorbitol and bulking agents like maltodextrin and polydextrose along with aspartame were studied. The apparent viscosity, consistency index, yield stress, and flow behavior index were determined from the shear stress versus shear rate data. The Herschel–Bulkley model was found to adequately describe the flow behavior of the syrups. The activation energy for all the syrups at different concentrations was determined from the Arrhenius equation. The yield stress, flow behavior index, and consistency index were dependent on the temperature and concentration of the syrups. The apparent viscosity increased from 8.8 to 129 mPa·s for sugar and sorbitol syrups, respectively, over the concentration range from 35 to 65%. In general, the rheological characteristic of sorbitol syrup was similar to that of sugar syrup, while syrups made with polydextrose and its mixture with maltodextrin were significantly different from those of sugar syrup.     

Development of formulations for reduced‐sugar and sugar‐free agar‐based fruit jellies

Because of the increasing consumer awareness of health‐related issues, there is a rising demand for noncariogenic, reduced‐energy confectionery products. This study was carried out to develop formulations for reduced‐sugar and sugar‐free, agar‐based jelly products. This was obtained by substituting sucrose and glucose syrup through a combination of sugar replacers, fibre, gelling agents and sweeteners. The application of a combination of polydextrose, oligofructose, sucralose and erythritol resulted in a sensory sweetness profile that was comparable to that of a sugar‐containing standard product. Concerning texture and sensory properties, reduced‐sugar and sugar‐free jellies processed using the respective formulations were comparable to the sugar‐containing standard products. Consumer evaluation using the Just‐about‐right technique exhibited satisfactory acceptance of the sugar‐free jellies.     

Yoghurt added with Lactobacillus casei and sweetened with natural sweeteners and/or prebiotics: Implications on quality parameters and probiotic survival

The effect of addition of natural sugar substitutes (stevia, erythritol or xylitol) and prebiotics (oligofructose or polydextrose) on physicochemical characteristics, probiotic survival (Lactobacillus casei) and sensory acceptance of yoghurts during storage (7 °C, 28 days) was evaluated. Yoghurts with sucrose or sucralose were also prepared. Xylitol and sucralose added yoghurts had physicochemical characteristics and sensory acceptance similar to those of the product with sucrose. Xylitol was more efficient in maintenance of textural characteristics and probiotic survival in simulated gastrointestinal conditions (SGIC) than sucralose. Addition of erythritol and stevia changed the textural parameters, reduced acceptance and decreased probiotic survival in SGIC. Addition of oligofructose or polydextrose improved texture and increased probiotic survival but decreased flavour acceptance. All formulations could be considered probiotic products during shelf life (7 °C, 28 days) with counts higher than 10⁷ cfu mL⁻¹ in the product and 10⁴ cfu mL⁻¹ after SGIC.     

Determination of polydextrose in food using ion exchange chromatography and pulsed amperometric detection]

A method to determine the synthetic carbohydrate polydextrose, which is used as a bulking agent for the preparation of calorie-reduced foodstuffs, is described. The sample clean-up involves the extraction of polydextrose with water and enzymatic degradation of interfering polysaccharides, such as starch and inulin. The chromatographic system consists of a high-performance anion-exchange column that separates carbohydrates up to molecular weights of 15,000 and pulsed amperometric detection. For unbaked goods recoveries ranged from 94 to 106%, for baked goods recovery rates of 100 to 115% were measured.     

EFFECTS OF INULIN AND BULKING AGENTS ON SOME PHYSICOCHEMICAL, TEXTURAL AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF MILK CHOCOLATE

Chocolates are favorite foodstuffs with high sugar contents. Therefore, in the present study, the production of a low-sugar milk chocolate with prebiotic properties is evaluated. Various ratios of inulin (IN), polydextrose (PD) and maltodextrin (MD) along with sucralose (0.04% w/w) were used instead of sugar. Fifteen formulations were examined to determine some physicochemical, mechanical and sensory properties in order to find their optimum ratios. In general, formulations with high ratios of PD and MD were moister and softer than control. The lowest moisture content and highest hardness were observed for the moderate ratios. In addition, MD induced the least desirable sensorial effects, whereas PD and IN pronouncedly improved the overall acceptability. The optimum applicable range for IN, PD and MD were 14–32% and 71–84%, 7–26% and 67–77%, and 0–20% of sugar substitutes, respectively. Our findings on simultaneous fat and sugar reductions also indicated the possibility of fat cut up to 5% in comparison to previous fat content.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

In this paper, we have reported the influences of inulin (IN) as a prebiotic as well as polydextrose (PD) and maltodextrin (MD) as bulking agents on physicochemical, energy content, texture and sensory properties of milk chocolate using simplex lattice mixture design. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in this field with very interesting results and practical applicability. Moreover, our findings showed that the use of aforementioned ingredients instead of sugar could lead to production of low-calorie milk chocolate without having the undesirable textural and physiological effects on the product and consumers. Moreover, the simplex lattice mixture design was found a very useful technique for finding optimum ratios of sugar replacers in formulation.     

Dietary fiber,inulin, and oligofructose: A review comparing their physiological effects

Dietary fiber is a general terra. It covers a wide variety of substances that belong to the family of carbohydrates that resist hydrolysis by human alimentary enzymes but are fermented by colonie microflora.

The main physiological effects of dietary fiber are primarily on gastric emptying and small intestinal transit time, resulting in an improved glucose tolerance and a decreased digestion of starch; second, on colonie transit time and large bowel functions due to fermentation by ceco‐colonic microbial flora or bulking action.

The so‐called soluble dietary fibers are fermented to a large extent by a wide variety of anaerobic bacteria that result in an increase in bacterial biomass, an increase in fecal mass, a change in intracolonic pH, and production of short chain fatty acids and various gases as metabolic end products. The insoluble fibers are only marginally fermented; they serve almost exclusively as bulking agents that result in shorter transit time and increased fecal mass.

The short chain fatty acids resulting from the colonie fermentation of dietary fiber are largely absorbed via the portal blood and reach both the liver and the peripheral tissues. They induce changes in glucose and fat metabolism leading to post‐prandial hypoglycemia and long‐term hypolipidemia.

Inulin and oligofructose are fructans with a degree of polymerization of 2 to 60 and 2 to 20. respectively. Due to the structural conformation of their osidic bridge ((3 2–1), they both resist the hydrolysis by human alimentary enzymes. Moreover, when reaching the colon, both inulin and oligofructose are almost quantitatively fermented almost exclusively by colonie bifidobacteria and bacteroides. Such an extensive fermentation causes an increase in fecal bacterial biomass, a decrease in ceco‐colonic pH. and produces a large amount of fermentation products among which the short chain fatty acids that exert systemic effects on lipid metabolism.

Thus, both inulin and oligofructose have most of the characteristics of a dietary fiber and the proposal is made to classify them as such. Moreover, they are bifidogenic factors, because, due to still unknown reasons, they are primarily fermented by bifidobacteria.

It is concluded from this review that “nondigestible fructooligosaccharides.” even though they arc not included in the carbohydrate fraction that is quantified as dietary fiber by classic analytical methods, have most of the physiological effects of a dietary fiber. Because it has become necessary for the consumer to be informed clearly and specifically on the nature and the beneficial effects of all fermentable carbohydrates that will “feed” their colon, it is suggested that food labeling should be extended to include such products in the dietary liber fraction.     

一月龄婴儿粪便菌群对五种非消化糖的体外发酵作用

通过体外发酵培养研究一月龄婴儿粪便菌群对低聚果糖、低聚半乳糖、低聚木糖、菊粉、聚葡萄糖五种非消化糖的发酵作用。采用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析培养完成的发酵液主要细菌组成特点,利用高效液相色谱法分析培养完成的发酵液中乳酸及短链脂肪酸含量。qPCR扩增结果表明:低聚果糖能显著促进婴儿粪便中双歧杆菌属、乳杆菌属的生长,抑制梭菌属的增殖(P<0.05),与空白组的菌属含量比值分别为1.12、1.07、0.92;低聚半乳糖可显著抑制肠杆菌的增殖(P<0.05),与空白组的比值为0.98;低聚木糖可显著降低肠球菌属的含量(P<0.05),与空白组的比值为0.97。色谱检测结果显示:婴儿粪便发酵低聚果糖生成的乳酸、乙酸、丁酸均为最高,含量分别为23.00、11.10、1.47 mmol/L,且生成的乳酸及短链脂肪酸总含量也为最高,含量为40.03 mmol/L。低聚木糖组发酵液中丙酸含量最高,含量为5.35 mmol/L。结果表明,综合对比五种非消化糖对一月龄婴儿粪便中益生菌群促进作用及生成有益代谢产物的能力,低聚果糖是最适于促进一月龄婴儿肠道健康的非消化糖。此外,在试图通过非消化糖调节婴儿肠道菌群时,应注意食物因子的选择不同于成人。     

菊粉和低聚果糖在早餐谷物中的应用

<正> 早餐对人体是非常重要的,然而,并非每个人都有进食早餐的习惯,尤其是生活于繁忙之中的都市人。美国著名的谷物类早餐生产商Kellogg's公司指出,欧洲有700万小孩是不吃早餐的。 事实上,早餐除了是碳水化合物、纤维素和维生素的重要来源外,它与人体健康也密切相关,尤其是“高纤维素”谷物、维生素和矿物质强化早餐。 早餐谷物、酸奶和乳饮料,是理想的功能性食品组合。在早餐谷物中添加低聚果糖或菊粉,则能更进一步强化     

Glycemic responses to sweetened dried and raw cranberries in humans with type 2 diabetes

This study assessed the metabolic response to sweetened dried cranberries (SDC), raw cranberries (RC), and white bread (WB) in humans with type 2 diabetes. Development of palatable cranberry preparations associated with lower glycemic responses may be useful for improving fruit consumption and glycemic control among those with diabetes. In this trial, type 2 diabetics (n= 13) received WB (57 g, 160 cal, 1 g fiber), RC (55 g, 21 cal, 1 g fiber), SDC (40 g, 138 cal, 2.1 g fiber), and SDC containing less sugar (SDC-LS, 40 g, 113 cal, 1.8 g fiber + 10 g polydextrose). Plasma glucose (mmol/L) peaked significantly at 60 min for WB, and at 30 min for RC, SDC, and SDC-LS at 9.6 ± 0.4, 7.0 ± 0.4, 9.6 ± 0.5, and 8.7 ± 0.5, respectively, WB remained significantly elevated from the other treatments at 120 min. Plasma insulin (pmol/mL) peaked at 60 min for WB and SDC and at 30 min for RC and SDC-LS at 157 ± 15, 142 ± 27, 61 ± 8, and 97 ± 11, respectively. Plasma insulin for SDC-LS was significantly lower at 60 min than either WB or SDC. Insulin area under the curve (AUC) values for RC and SDC-LS were both significantly lower than WB or SDC. Phenolic content of SDC and SDC-LS was determined following extraction with 80% acetone prior to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electronspray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and found to be rich in 5-caffeoylquinic cid, quercetin-3-galactoside, and quercetin-3-galactoside, and the proanthocyanidin dimer epicatechin. In conclusion, SDC-LS was associated with a favorable glycemic and insulinemic response in type 2 diabetics. Practical Application: This study compares phenolic content and glycemic responses among different cranberry products. The study seeks to expand the palatable and portable healthy food choices for persons with type 2 diabetes. The novel use of polydextrose as a bulking agent making possible a reduction in caloric content and potential glycemic response is also characterized in this study.     

水溶性膳食纤维聚葡萄糖含量检测方法的进展

新型水溶性膳食纤维聚葡萄糖不能被测定总膳食纤维(TDF)的AOAC方法985.29定量测定,从而影响了其推广应用。本文简要介绍了聚葡萄糖的结构特点,详细讨论了聚葡萄糖含量检测方法的沿革,并详细介绍了FCC方法和最新的能够把聚葡萄糖作为纤维测定的AOAC方法2000.11。