脑外科机器人控制系统的设计和实现

从无框架立体定向脑外科手术的临床需求出发，设计了微创神经外科机器人黎元BH 600的控制系统．分析确定了系统的控制结构及实施方案，对脑外科机器人的硬件和软件进行了设计，建立了脑外科机器人手术规划和控制平台．通过实验和临床应用结果，验证了该手术控制系统的高精度和稳定可靠性．     

提高大型激光加工机器人精度的方法

本文介绍了大范围、高精度5轴激光加工机器人系统的研究开发情况．在提高 其绝对精度的前提下，对大范围框架式机器人的结构、高精度机器人的误差补偿方法进行了 探讨．采用有限元分析的方法对机器人本体进行了优化设计，确保了高精度大型激光加工机 器人设计的正确性．基于测量数据，建立了机器人误差模型，对机器人系统误差进行了补偿 ，取得了较好的结果，保证机器人系统的激光加工精度．     

工业机器人定位误差规律分析及基于ELM算法的精度补偿研究

针对工业机器人应用于飞机零部件自动化钻孔时绝对定位精度较差的问题,提出利用极限学习机（ELM）算法建立机器人法兰中心点理论位置与实际位置之间的误差模型,并优化补偿机器人定位精度的方法．首先基于空间网格采样方法,获得了机器人绝对定位误差沿机器人基坐标系不同方向的误差变化规律,分析了建模补偿的可行性;其次建立基于ELM算法的误差补偿模型,并针对误差模型训练中隐含层神经元个数取值问题进行了分析优化．实验结果表明,机器人绝对定位误差值沿其坐标系不同方向存在不同的变化规律,补偿前绝对定位误差分布范围为0.29 mm~0.58 mm,平均误差为0.41 mm;补偿后定位误差分布范围降低到0.04 mm~0.32 mm,平均误差为0.18 mm;采用ELM算法建模的补偿速度快,泛化性能好．     

基于组合测量的机器人运动误差特性分析及定位补偿技术

研究了机器人各轴运动角度误差的测量与控制补偿技术.讨论了各因素对运动角度误差影响的显著性,独立分析了电机运动控制误差和关节连杆变形误差模型.设计了双轴正交惯性测量方案,通过预先测量机器人各轴运动范围回转角度误差,得到机器人运动空间几何误差分布,基于多元统计学分析确立了不同因素对运动角度误差的影响系数,基于正交多项式拟合建立了各轴定位误差分布模型,在机器人运行前利用该模型计算误差补偿量,控制机器人进行定位补偿.同时,对所提出的机器人各轴运动误差分布规律和正交多项式拟合方法进行了分析,并使用激光跟踪仪测量验证了机器人末端定位精度的补偿效果.研究结果表明,通过对机器人自身性能的研究和补偿可以提高机器人控制精度.     

基于参数与非参数模型结合的双臂机器人协作定位精度提升方法

双臂协作机器人系统具有效率高、负载大、协同能力强等优点,但双臂作业性能及质量不但受单臂定位精度的影响,而且受双臂协作定位精度的影响,因此,本文提出了一种基于参数与非参数模型相结合的运动学标定方法。首先,基于MDH(modified Denavit-Hartenberg)方法建立机器人运动学模型和参数误差模型,去除模型中的耦合参数并基于迭代最小二乘法辨识几何参数误差;其次,针对传统的非几何误差补偿方法只能在标定坐标系建立关节位置与末端位置误差之间的映射关系的问题,提出一种改进的非几何误差补偿方法补偿机器人本体非几何误差;再次,基于距离误差辨识双臂基坐标系转换矩阵的参数,补偿双臂几何误差与非几何误差;最后,通过实验验证方法的正确性和有效性。结果表明所提出方法将UR10和UR5机器人的平均定位误差减小至0.170 9 mm和0.050 9 mm。双臂平均协作定位误差减小至0.167 6 mm,与基于参数模型的方法相比协作定位精度提升了27.7%,验证了该方法的优越性。     

显微外科手术机器人——“妙手”系统的研究

描述了一套显微外科手术机器人系统——“妙手(MicroHand)”．该系统采用主从遥操作方式，主从手为同构异型模式：主手是具有三维力感觉功能的PHANToM Desktop，从手是针对显微外科手术特点而设计的高精度关节型机器人．从手末端安装有六维力传感器Mini40，将检测到手术环境的力信息反馈给主手，从而使手术医生通过PHANToM感受手术环境的三维力信息．本系统成功地对兔子颈部和腿部1毫米动脉进行了血管吻合手术操作，证明了它的有效性．     

颅颌面外科手术机器人空间配准及实验

针对颅颌面区域结构复杂、手术风险大、精度要求高的特点,研发了一套颅颌面外科手术机器人系统．为实现机器人系统高效、精确的空间配准,提出并建立了一套基于光学定位的颅颌面外科手术机器人空间配准方法,实现了机器人各子系统之间的坐标系转换．通过基于四元数的最近点迭代配准算法实现了点集之间的矩阵转换．在综合医学影像、机器人与各子系统空间配准的基础上,分别开展了配准精度和定位精度的验证实验,并完成了三叉神经射频热凝术的模型和尸体穿刺定位实验．配准精度验证实验的配准误差平均值均小于0.75mm,定位精度验证实验的误差平均值为0.56mm,模型实验的穿刺成功率为100%,尸体实验的穿刺成功率为95%．综合实验结果表明该空间配准方法的配准精度较高,具有一定的可行性,可以满足颅颌面外科手术机器人系统的需要．     

应用于机器人标定的主动式靶标装置设计与精度优化

激光跟踪仪是工业机器人标定技术中常用测量设备,但其测量范围受限于被动式靶标的激光光线接收角度,进而影响了机器人的标定精度。为解决该问题,设计了一种具有三自由度的主动式靶标装置,并提出了一种精度优化方法,有效地补偿因装置的装配而引入的测量误差。该方法利用圆点分析法初步辨识主动式靶标装置的DH参数,基于距离平方误差模型法对该装置进行DH参数的精辨识,并基于坐标系转换将主动式靶标装置的位置误差补偿到激光跟踪仪输出的位置向量,从而实现误差的补偿。通过实验验证了该主动式靶标装置能够有效地扩大工业机器人关节的被测范围。所提出的精度优化方法能够将该装置的测量误差降低9331%,实际定位精度为00507 mm,能够满足机器人标定的精度要求。     

基于末端转角误差的并联机器人零点标定方法

针对一种4自由度高速并联机器人（Cross-IV机器人）的零点标定问题,提出了一种基于末端转角误差信息的快速零点标定方法．基于机器人的单支链闭环矢量方程,建立了零点误差全集与末端误差之间的映射模型．通过对误差传递矩阵的分解,在仅利用旋转编码器对末端转角误差进行测量的基础上,构建了该机器人的快速零点误差辨识模型．为进一步最大化测量效率及提高辨识矩阵的鲁棒性,提出了一种优化的测量点选择方案．通过仿真详细验证了该零点标定方法的鲁棒性与准确性．基于激光跟踪仪的验证实验表明,经标定后机器人末端位置误差降低至1.312 mm,转角误差降低至0.202°,标定结果表明该零点标定方法简单、有效．     

三维扫描测头精确跟踪的摄影测量方法

针对传统三维扫描测量机器人依赖于机器人的定位精度从而难以实现高精度测量的问题,提出了一种三维扫描测头精确跟踪定位的摄影测量方法。首先,搭建由多个工业摄像机构成的测头跟踪系统,并在机器人的扫描测头上粘贴编码标志点;然后,对摄像机进行高精度标定,求解出摄像机内外参数;其次,多摄像机同步采样,对图像中的标志点依据编码原理进行匹配,并求出投影矩阵;最终,求解出编码标志点在空间中的三维坐标,实现三维扫描测头的跟踪定位。实验结果表明,标志点定位在距离上的平均误差为0.293 mm,在角度上的平均误差为0.136°,算法精度在合理范围之内。采用该摄影测量方法可以提高扫描测头的定位精度,从而实现高精度测量。     

Kinematic calibration of modular reconfigurable robots using product-of-exponentials formula

A modular reconfigurable robot system is a collection of individual link and joint components that can be assembled into different robot geometries for specific task requirements. However, the machining tolerance and assembly errors at the module interconnections affect the positioning accuracy of the end-effector. This article describes a novel kinematic calibration algorithm for modular robots based on recursive forward dyad kinematics. The forward kinematic model derived from the Product-of-Exponentials formula is configuration independent. The error correction parameters are assumed to be in the relative initial positions of the dyads. Two calibration models, namely the six- and seven-parameter methods, are derived on the grounds of the linear superposition principle and differential transformation. An iterative least square algorithm is employed for the calibration solution. Two simulation examples of calibrating a three-module manipulator and a 4-DOF SCARA type manipulator are demonstrated. The result has shown that the average positioning accuracy of the end-effector increases two orders of magnitude after the calibration. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

排爆机器人机械臂定位精度误差自动补偿方法研究

针对于排爆机器人在进行排除爆破物质时,机械臂不能满足绝对准确的定位要求,位置检测精度与实际距离之间存在一定的误差。为了解决这一问题,提出排爆机器人机械臂定位精度误差自动补偿方法。基于D-H运动模型和微分变换法创建排爆机器人机械臂位姿误差模型,对误差模型进行重复参数分析,去除重复参数获得可辨识的线性方程;在可辨识的运动学参数误差模型线性方程中加入一个增量进行误差补偿。最后通过仿真实验结果表明,所提方法通过对机械臂位姿误差模型进行有效补偿,使排爆机器人机械臂绝对定位精度均值提升1.3mm。     

A novel kinematic parameters calibration method for industrial robot based on Levenberg-Marquardt and Differential Evolution hybrid algorithm

The poor absolute positioning accuracy of industrial robots is the main obstacle for its further application in precision grinding of complex surfaces, such as blisk, blade, etc. Based on the established kinematic error model of a typical industrial robot FANUC M710ic/50, a novel kinematic parameters calibration method is proposed in this paper to improve the absolute positioning accuracy of robot. The pre-identification of the kinematic parameter deviations of robot was achieved by using the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. Subsequently, these identified suboptimal values of parameter deviations were defined as central values of the components of initial individuals to complete accurate identification by using Differential Evolution algorithm. The above two steps, which were regarded as the core of this Levenberg-Marquardt and Differential Evolution hybrid algorithm, were used to obtain the preferable values for kinematic parameters of the robot. On this basis, the experimental investigations of kinematic parameters calibration were conducted by using a laser tracker and numerical simulation method. The results revealed that the robot positioning error decreased from 0.994 mm, initial positioning error measured by laser tracker, to 0.262 mm after calibration with this proposed hybrid algorithm. The absolute positioning accuracy has increased by 40.86% than that of the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm, increased by 40.31% than that of the Differential Evolution algorithm, and increased by 25.14% than that of the Simulated Annealing algorithm. This work shows that the proposed kinematic parameters calibration method has a significant improvement on the absolute positioning accuracy of industrial robot.     

激光线扫式形貌测量机器人的标定研究

为能够高效、高精度的获取大型自由曲面物体的形貌,研究了基于通用工业机器人和激光线扫描传感器的测量方法。论述了激光线扫式形貌测量系统的原理与结构,利用标准球及优化算法实现了机器人和激光扫描传感器位姿关系的精确解算,并针对机器人运动学误差对系统测量影响较大,通过对机器人运动学参数的修正有效减小了机器人的绝对定位误差。实验和分析结果表明,经标定和运动学参数校正后的测量系统对标准球的测量能达到较高精度,为采集高精度三维点云提供了保证。     

Kinematic model and calibration of a robot manipulator

In the next generation of industrial robot systems, the absolute positioning accuracy of a robot manipulator is necessary for the manipulation of robot programming systems based on a CAD model database and for integration with multiple robots and hand-eye systems. This paper identifies sources of absolute positioning error, and discusses methods of creating kinematic models and robot calibration including tool-reference-point measurements. High-precision absolute positioning is a key breakthrough required to implement robot systems that can reliably execute control programs generated by offline programming.     

Analysis of unified error model and simulated parameters calibration for robotic machining based on Lie theory

In robotic machining process, the kinematic errors of serial structure and compliance errors caused by external cutter-workpiece interactions can result in considerable deviation of the desired trajectory. Therefore, this paper proposes an efficient calibration methodology by establishing a unified error model about kinematic errors and compliance errors based on Lie theory, which simultaneously calibrates the kinematic parameters and joint compliances of a serial machining robot. In this methodology, the propagation law of kinematic errors is investigated by analysis of the kinematic error model, and the corresponding equivalent kinematic error model is thus obtained, in which the joint offset errors are regarded as one source of twist (joint twist and reference configuration twist) errors. On this basis, with the segmentation and modelling of the joint compliance errors caused by the link self-weight and cutting payloads, the unified error model is developed by linear superposition of configuration errors of the robotic end-cutter, calculated from the kinematic errors and compliance errors respectively. Meanwhile, to improve the accuracy of parameters calibration, the observability index is adopted to optimize the calibration configurations so as to eliminate the twist error constraints. The calibrated kinematic parameters and joint compliances are obtained eventually, and used to compensate the kinematic and compliance errors of the serial machining robot. Finally, to validate the effectiveness of the proposed unified error model, simulation analysis is performed using a 6-DOF serial machining robot, namely KUKA KR500. The comparisons among calibrated parameters show that the unified error model is more computationally efficient with optimal calibration configurations, rendering it suitable for the calibration of kinematic parameters and joint compliances in actual machining applications.     

Accurate error compensation for a MR-compatible surgical robot based on a novel kinematic calibration method

Kinematic calibration is an effective and economical way to improve the accuracy of surgical robot, and in most cases, it is a necessary procedure before the robot is put into operation. This study investigates a novel kinematic calibration method where the effect of controller error is taken into account when formulating the model based on screw theory, which is applied to the kinematic control of magnetic resonance compatible surgical robot. Based on screw theory, the kinematic error model is established for the relationship between error of controller and the deviation of the measured pose of the end-effector. Therefore, the error of controller can be figured out and parameters of controller can be adjusted accordingly. Control strategy based on the kinematic calibration framework is proposed. According to artificial neural network, the deviation of end-effector in arbitrary configuration can be effectively obtained. Comparative experiments are carried out to show the validity and effectiveness of the proposed framework with the help of commercial visual system and joint encoders.     

Kinematic calibration for collaborative robots on a mobile platform using motion capture system

For modern robotic applications that go beyond the typical industrial environment, absolute accuracy is one of the key properties that make this possible. There are several approaches in the literature to improve robot accuracy for a typical industrial robot mounted on a fixed frame. In contrast, there is no method to improve robot accuracy when the robot is mounted on a mobile base, which is typical for collaborative robots. Therefore, in this work, we proposed and analyzed two approaches to improve the absolute accuracy of the robot mounted on a mobile platform using an optical measurement system. The first approach is based on geometric operations used to calculate the rotation axes of each joint. This approach identifies all rotational axes, which allows the calculation of the Denavit–Hartenberg (DH) parameters and thus the complete kinematic model, including the position and orientation errors of the robot end-effector and the robot base. The second approach to parameter estimation is based on optimization using a set of joint positions and end-effector poses to find the optimal DH parameters. Since the robot is mounted on a mobile base that is not fixed, an optical measurement system was used to dynamically and simultaneously measure the position of the robot base and the end-effector. The performance of the two proposed methods was analyzed and validated on a 7-DoF Franka Emika Panda robot mounted on a mobile platform PAL Tiago-base. The results show a significant improvement in absolute accuracy for both proposed approaches. By using the proposed approach with the optical measurement system, we can easily automate the estimation of robot kinematic parameters with the aim of improving absolute accuracy, especially in applications that require high positioning accuracy.     

A control for spatial motions of a robot in a rectangular Cartesian coordinate system

Two mathematical models of a robot with elastic or rigid links working in a rectangular Cartesian coordinate system are proposed. The problems of dynamic and kinematic controls for such a robot are posed within the framework of the specified models. The difficulties of mathematical simulation of real robots of such a type with sliding joints are discussed in connection with the presence of elastic flexibility in the actuators. The technique for estimating the accuracy of positioning of the load carried by the robot based on joint use of the specified mathematical models is presented. As an example, solution of the problems of kinematic control of flexible and rigid robots with equivalent geometric and physical parameters functioning in a rectangular Cartesian coordinate system is considered.