退火对低温射频磁控溅射Ba铁氧体薄膜结构及磁特性的影响

用ＲＦ磁控溅射法，在纯Ａｒ气中，硅基片不加热的情况下，制备了Ｂａ铁氧化薄膜，研究了退火温度对薄膜Ｃ轴垂直取向、结构及磁特性的影响，结果表明薄膜在７００℃氧气中退火可获得良好Ｃ轴垂直膜同的择优取向，该薄膜的饱和磁化强度和矫顽力分别为Ｍｓ＝２９６ｅｍｕ／ｃｍ＾３，Ｈｃ＝３０８７６１Ａ／ｍ。退火温度过低或过高，都不利于形成Ｃ轴垂直膜面的择优取向。     

溅射Co／Cu多层膜的磁性与退火热处理

研究了溅射Ｃｏ／Ｃｕ多层 磁性及退火处理对薄膜磁性的影响。薄膜的易磁化方向平行于膜面，溅射态和退火态的多层膜在膜面内是各向同性的。     

退火对氧敏CeO2—x薄膜结构及电子组态的影响

用射频磁控溅射法制备了ＣｅＯ２－ｘ高温氧敏薄膜，用Ｃｅ３ｄ的ＸＰＳ谱计算了Ｃｅ＾３＋浓度，研究了退火条件对氧敏ＣｅＯ２－ｘ薄膜的晶体结构及电子组态的影响，ＸＲＤ和ＡＦＭ分析表明，薄膜经９７３Ｋ至１３７３退火后，形成了ＣａＦ２型结构的ＣｅＯ２－ｘ其晶粒大小明显依赖于退火条件和膜厚，退火温度在９７３Ｋ至１１７３Ｋ时（２００）晶面是择优取向的，在１３７３退化４ｈ后，可得到热力学稳定的ＣｅＯ２－ｘ在退火前     

AgCo颗粒膜的制备工艺及巨磁电阻效应

采用磁控射频溅射法制备了ＡｇＣｏ颗粒膜；研究了薄膜成份及制备工艺对薄巨膜电阻效应的关系。在低Ｃｏ含量时，薄膜磁电阻变化率随着Ｃｏ含量的增加和退火温度物升高而变大。     

永磁微波ECR等离子体CVD低温淀积SiNx薄膜

发展了永磁微波ＥＣＲ等离子体ＣＶＤ低温淀积氮化硅薄膜的技术，在低于６０℃的基片温度下，制备了低含氢量的优质纳米非晶ＳｉＮｘ膜     

交替频率PECVD方法沉积低应力氮化硅薄膜及其性质研究

用ＰＥＣＶＤ方法制备氮化硅薄膜,研究了射频频率对氮化硅薄膜的沉积和性质的影响。结果表明,在低频下（１００ＫＨｚ）制备的氮化硅薄膜密度较大,具有８ｘ１０９Ｐａ左右的压应力和较小的刻蚀速率;而高频（１３．５６ＭＨｚ）沉积的氮化硅薄膜密度较小,具体约２ｘ１０９Ｐａ的张应力,刻蚀速率较大。红外光谱表明,薄膜性质同薄膜中的氢原子成键情况有关。实验中利用高、低频交替沉积的方法,成功地制备了低应力（１０７Ｐａ）氮化硅薄膜。当加热到５００Ｃ时,应力较大的氮化硅薄膜会发生开裂（张应力）或拱起（压应力）。低应力的氮化硅薄膜能够承受７００Ｃ的温度,温度更高时,薄膜的完整性因氢溢出而破坏。     

退火对低温射频磁控溅射Ba铁氧体薄膜结构及磁特性的影响

用RF磁控溅射法，在纯Ar气中，硅基片不加热的情况下，制备了Ba铁氧体薄膜，研究了退火温度对薄膜c轴垂直取向、结构及磁特性的影响，结果表明薄膜在700℃氧气中退火可获得良好c轴垂直膜面的择优取向，该薄膜的饱和磁化强度和矫顽力分别为Ms=296emu／cm3，Hc=308761A／m。退火温度过低或过高，都不利于形成c轴垂直膜面的择优取向。     

DC-PCVD法沉积的非晶态氮化硅的结构与性能研究

对用直流等离子体化学气相沉积（ＤＣ－ＰＣＶＤ）法得到的非晶态氮化硅薄膜结构与性能进行了研究。对氮化硅薄膜的表面显微硬度和剖面显微硬度进行了测试，并对非晶态氮化硅硬度高于晶态氮化硅硬度的原因进行了探讨     

PECVD方法制备SnO2气敏薄膜的电子显微镜研究

通过ＳＥＭ、ＴＥＭ研究了ＰＥＣＶＤ方法制备的ＳｎＯ＿２薄膜的显微结构，讨论了沉积速率与颗粒大小的关系；在Ｓｉ、陶瓷和ＫＢｒ３种不同衬底上沉积的ＳｎＯ＿２薄膜的差异以及退火对ＳｎＯ＿２膜结晶状态的影响。结果表明，ＰＥＣＶＤ方法制备的ＳｎＯ＿２薄膜是非晶态，具有柱状结构。退火使非晶ＳｎＯ＿２膜向着多晶方向转化，演化过程为：非晶大颗粒→超微粒多晶→晶粒长大。     

退火温度对碳氮薄膜的纳米力学和纳米摩擦性能的影响

采用微波电子回旋共振化学气相沉积技术制备了氮含量不同的碳氮薄膜，采用真空退火技术对碳氮薄膜进行了退火处理，并且利用Laser Raman谱仪和Hysitron纳米力学测试系统对碳氮薄膜的结构、纳米力学以及纳米摩擦特性进行了研究。结果表明：随着退火温度的升高，碳氮薄膜中的sp^2含量降低，sp^2含量增加，而薄膜的纳米力学性能如纳米硬度和弹性模量则随之明显下降。在栽荷相同的条件下，不同氮含量的沉积态碳氮薄膜均表现出基本相同的摩擦系数值。但退火处理会显著改变碳氮薄膜的摩擦系数，氮含量相同时，退火温度越高，摩擦系数越大。但是，摩擦系数随退火温度增大的程度与薄膜中氮含量有关。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from