LTE中PDCCH有效控制信道元素的软判决检测算法

在LTE系统的PDCCH盲检中,检测信道中的有效控制信道元素（CCE）是一种常用的盲检加速方法。对于有效CCE的检测,基于硬判决的能量检测与融合判决相结合的方法是一种常用手段,但随着信道环境的下降这种方法的可靠性也会大幅降低。为了确保低较差信道条件下的可靠性和提高算法性能,本文提出了一种基于软判决的有效CCE检测算法。利用奈曼-皮尔逊准则推导出满足系统可靠性需求的最佳软判决检测阈值,降低错检概率,提高了原有检测方法的性能。本文推导了判决的软信息形式,给出检测的软判决门限。仿真结果证明了理论推导的正确性。与硬判决相比,如系统在SNR = -2dB,漏警率均为0.15时,软判决虚警率降低了82%,表明所提算法可以有效保证检测的低漏警率并降低虚警的发生概率。      

BER analysis of GMSK with differential detection in a land mobilechannel

The BER performance of a land mobile radio communication system with GMSK modulation is analyzed using one-bit differential detection. In particular, the effect of the IF filter bandwidth on the BFR is analyzed. The optimum bandwidth for the IF filter is found to be a function of signal-to-noise power ratio, signal-to-co-channel-signal power ratio, and signal-to-delayed-signal power ratio. Several graphs are presented to illustrate the effect of the IF bandwidth in the presence of Doppler spread and frequency-selective fading     

Matched Filters in Nerve Conduction Velocity Estimation

The evoked response signal-to-noise ratio in peripheral sensory nerves is of the order of one or less. To reduce noise induced errors in the nerve conduction velocity measurement, signal averaging is employed. The number of responses required depends upon the signal-to-noise ratio and the acceptable error. It is proposed to use maximum likelihood estimators to improve the signal-to-noise ratio and hence, reduce the number of responses required. The matched filter and generalized cross correlator are studied and noise performance equations obtained. It is shown that the matched filter offers a 6.8 dB improvement over the conventional 5 kHz band-limiting filter. It is further shown that the matched filter as a prefilter in the generalized cross correlator gives the optimum correlator configuration for the low signal-to-noise ratio case. These results are verified with experiments.     

Penalties of Sample-and-Sum and Weighted Partial Decision Detectors in Gaussian Noise

The deterioration in performance, measured in the probability of error sense, of sample-and-sum and weighted partial decision detectors are analyzed for arbitrary signal-to-noise ratios. These suboptimal detectors have more modest computational requirements than the optimal digital matched filter making them amenable to simple digital implementations. The effects on the penalties of the signaling waveform employed, the number of samples processed, and the signal-to-noise ratio are considered in detail. Included are the penalties for the optimum weighted partial decision detector. The optimum weighted partial decision detector is the optimum detector, in the minimum probability of error sense, for hard-limited samples. The penalty of the optimum weighted partial decision detector relative to the digital matched filter detector represents the fundamental loss in signal detectability due to hard-limiting in a sampled system.     

基于叠加式传感器的多普勒雷达多目标联合检测与估计

多目标检测与估计是多普勒雷达的基本任务。当信噪比较低时,为确保检测到目标需降低门限而产生了大量虚警,基于数据的多假设跟踪（Multi-Hypothesis Tracking, MHT）和联合概率数据关联（Joint Probabilistic Data Association, JPDA）方法因计算复杂度过高而失效,基于原始信号的随机有限集（Random Finite Set,RFS）滤波器可有效解决该问题。多普勒雷达回波信号以叠加的方式受到多个目标影响,其多目标检测与估计问题属于叠加式传感器的典型应用。本文在叠加式多伯努利（Multi-Bernoulli, MBR）滤波器基础上利用具有准确势估计的独立同分布群（Independent and Identically Distributed Cluster, IIDC）RFS对新生目标建模,并采用辅助粒子滤波器（Auxiliary Particle Filter, APF）实现了多目标联合检测与状态估计。仿真结果表明,混合MBR和集势概率假设密度（Cardinalized Probability Hypothesis Density,CPHD）滤波器对多普勒雷达多目标的检测估计性能优于MBR滤波器,且减小了计算复杂度。      

Noncoherent Pseudonoise Code Tracking Performance of Spread Spectrum Receivers

The optimum design and performance of two noncoherent PN tracking loop configurations, namely, the delay-locked loop and tau-dither loop, are described. In particular, the bandlimiting effects of the bandpass arm filters are considered by demonstrating that for a fixed data rate and data signal-to-noise ratio, there exists an optimum filter bandwidth in the sense of minimizing the loop's tracking jitter. Both the linear and nonlinear loop analyses are presented and the region of validity of the former relative to the latter is indicated. In addition, numerical results are given for several filter types. For example, assuming ideal bandpass arm filters, it is shown that the tau-dither loop requires approximately 1 dB more signal-to-noise ratio than the delay-locked loop for equal rms tracking jitters.     

基于自适应新生密度的多目标联合检测与解模糊

脉冲多普勒(Pulse Doppler,PD)雷达会产生距离模糊和多普勒模糊问题,传统方法通过发射多个脉冲重复频率(Pulse Repetition Frequency,PRF)并相互关联来解模糊.但当信噪比较低时,为确保检测到目标需采用低门限而产生了大量虚警,传统方法由于数据关联导致计算复杂度过高而失效,基于随机有限...     

A real-time microprocessor QRS detector system with a 1-ms timingaccuracy for the measurement of ambulatory HRV

The design, test methods, and results of an ambulatory QRS detector are presented. The device is intended for the accurate measurement of heart rate variability (HRV) and reliable QRS detection in both ambulatory and clinical use. The aim of the design work was to achieve high QRS detection performance in terms of timing accuracy and reliability, without compromising the size and power consumption of the device. The complete monitor system consists of a host computer and the detector unit. The detector device is constructed of a commonly available digital signal processing (DSP) microprocessor and other components. The QRS detection algorithm uses optimized prefiltering in conjunction with a matched filter and dual edge threshold detection. The purpose of the prefiltering is to attenuate various noise components in order to achieve improved detection reliability. The matched filter further improves signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and symmetries the QRS complex for the threshold detection, which is essential in order to achieve the desired performance. The decision for detection is made in real-time and no search-back method is employed. The host computer is used to configure the detector unit, which includes the setting of the matched filter impulse response, and in the retrieval and postprocessing of the measurement results. The QRS detection timing accuracy and detection reliability of the detector system was tested with an artificially generated electrocardiogram (EGG) signal corrupted with various noise types and a timing standard deviation of less than 1 ms was achieved with most noise types and levels similar to those encountered in real measurements. A QRS detection error rate (ER) of 0.1 and 2.2% was achieved with records 103 and 105 from the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia database, respectively     

Improved energy detector for random signals in gaussian noise

New and improved energy detector for random signals in Gaussian noise is proposed by replacing the squaring operation of the signal amplitude in the conventional energy detector with an arbitrary positive power operation. Numerical results show that the best power operation depends on the probability of false alarm, the probability of detection, the average signal-to-noise ratio or the sample size. By choosing the optimum power operation according to different system settings, new energy detectors with better detection performances can be derived. These results give useful guidance on how to improve the performances of current wireless systems using the energy detector. It also confirms that the conventional energy detector based on the generalized likelihood ratio test using the generalized likelihood function is not optimum in terms of the detection performance.     

Optimum weighting functions for the detection of sampled signals in noise

The problem of designing a linear predetection filter for the detection of a sampled random signal in additive noise is considered. The design of the filter is based on an optimality criterion which maximizes the signal-to-noise ratio enhancement. The optimum weighting function obtained in this manner has the advantage that it is independent of signal characteristics and depends only on the covariance function of the noise. The optimum filter, for general covariance functions, is obtained forN = 2, 3and4samples. The asymptotic solution for largeNis also presented by employing results from the theory of Teeplitz forms. In addition, the complete solution for allNis given for several particular covariance matrices. An application of the results is made to the problem of designing a linear predetection filter in a moving target indication (MTI) radar system. The optimum weighting function forN = 2is a single-cancellation unit, while that forN = 3is similar but not quite the same as a double-cancellation unit. It is shown that the signal-to-noise ratio enhancement provided by the double-cancellation scheme is1.76db worse than that of the optimum filter when the noise has a Gaussian covariance function.     

DETECTION PERFORMANCE OF DIGITAL POLARITY SAMPLED PHASE REVERSAL CODED PULSE COMPRESSORS

The nonparametic constant false alarm rate(CFAR)property of digital polarity sampled phasereversal coded pulse compressors is described.The detection performance in Gaussian and non-Gaussiannoise is determined.It is shown that the loss in signal-to-noise ratio of the processor relative to the incoherentmatched filter decreases as the code length increases.The asymptotic loss in Gaussian noise is 1.96 dB,and theloss in Weibull noise decreases with the shape parameter of the Weibull distribution and can even become again.     

基于改进概率数据关联滤波的红外小运动目标跟踪

在跟踪弱小运动目标过程中,低信噪比和高虚警率使得即使是在波门内也存在较多的虚假目标,加大目标识别的不确定性,降低跟踪的可靠性和精度。该文分析了红外成像系统中目标信号特点,根据概率数据关联滤波的思想,提出了一种基于目标幅度连续性和运动一致性的弱小目标跟踪识别方法,重点比较了极大似然-概率数据关联滤波和改进算法的目标识别与跟踪性能。理论分析和实验结果表明,该方法较大程度上减少了弱小目标跟踪过程中测量点与航迹关联的不确定性,提高了目标识别与跟踪性能。     

极性采样倒相编码数字脉冲压缩处理器的检测性能

本文阐述了极性采样倒相编码数字脉冲压缩处理器的非参量恒虚警率特性。确定了高斯和非高斯噪声中的检测性能。说明了这种处理器相对于非相干匹配滤波器的信噪比损失随码长增加而减小;在高斯噪声中的渐近损失为1.96dB;在韦伯噪声中的损失随韦伯分布形状参数减小而减小,甚至可转为得益。     

基于非线性抗噪声估计的视觉显著性弱小目标检测

针对红外图像处理技术中弱小目标检测的重要性及关键性,提出一种基于非线性抗噪声估计的检测算法来解决高可靠性、高鲁棒性的弱小目标检测问题。提出的方法基于传统视觉显著度算法及空间距离处理方法,对目标及背景区域采用非线性加权方法进行估计,在不显著降低目标信号信噪比的基础上,削弱孤立微小噪声点对检测算法性能的影响,可提高抗噪性能。首先,采用模块化及非线性映射方式预测背景;然后,融入距离相关因子滤除噪声干扰;最后,在处理结束的图像上进行二值化阈值分割,自动检测并向下一级处理软件输出目标位置信息。实验结果表明:提出的算法与近年来先进的弱小目标检测算法相比,在受试者测试曲线上,在相同的虚警率下,可获得更高的检测率,对背景噪声的抑制很明显;在局部信噪比及背景抑制因子的测试比对数据上,提出的算法可获得更高的检测指标。缺点是算法采用了非线性处理技术,运算效率较低,需进一步优化算法以提高计算速度,实现算法的实时目标检测。     

Tumor detection in nonstationary backgrounds

The authors introduce two detectors which they use to locate simulated tumors of fixed size in clinical gamma-ray images. The first method was conceived when it was observed that small tumors possess an identifiable signature in curvature feature space, where "curvature" is the local curvature of the image data when viewed as a relief map. Computed curvature values are mapped to a normalized significance space using a windowed statistic. The resulting test statistic is thresholded at a chosen level of significance to give a positive detection. Nonuniform anatomic background activity is effectively suppressed. The second detector is an adaptive prewhitening matched filter, which uses a form of preprocessing known as statistical scaling to adaptively prewhiten the background. Tests are performed using simulated Gaussian-shaped tumors superimposed on twelve clinical gamma ray images. When the tumors to be detected are small-less than 3 pixels in diameter-the curvature detector out-performs the matched filter in true positive/false positive tests. A mean true positive rate of 95% at one false positive per image is achieved when the local signal-to-noise ratio of the tumor-background is >/=2. At larger tumor sizes the best performance is displayed by a different form of matched filter, namely the statistical correlation function proposed by Pratt (1991).     

Simulation Results for the Decision-Directed MAP Receiver for M-ary Signals in Mulitiplicative and Additive Gaussian Noise

Simulation results are presented for the error-rate performance of the recursive digital maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) detector for knownM-ary signals in multiplicative and additive Gaussian noise. The structure of the digital simulation of the optimum detector is generally described, with specific results obtained for a quaternary signal and 2500 digit per second transmission rate. The simulation is focused on the aeronautical multipath communication problem. Plots of detection error rate versus additive signal-to-noise ratio are given, with the power ratio of multiplicative process to desired signal as a parameter. Results are presented for the cases where the detector has perfect knowledge of the first- and second-order statistics of the multiplicative and additive processes and also where these statistics are estimated in near real time. For comparison, the error rates of conventional coherent and noncoherent digital MAP detectors are also obtained. It is shown that with nonzero multiplicative noise, the error rates of the conventional detectors saturate at a level that is irreducible for increasing additive signal-to-noise ratio. The error rate of the optimum detector having perfect statistical knowledge continues to decrease rapidly with increasing additive signal-to-noise ratio. In the absence of multiplicative noise, the conventional coherent detector and the optimum detector are shown to exhibit identical performance. Suboptimum detectors, having less than perfect statistical knowledge, yield error rates bounded below by the optimum detector rates and bounded above by the conventional detector rates.     

星载激光测高仪系统接收滤波器的带宽优化设计

星载激光测高仪(SLA)接收滤波器带宽(RFB)直接决定系统的使用性能。根据星载激光测高仪的工作原理,建立了激光测高仪回波信号及输出信噪比(SNR)的简化模型,并推导了测距误差、探测概率和虚警概率的数学表达式。在探测概率和虚警概率满足阈值要求的前提下,提出了一种以测距误差最小化为依据的滤波器带宽优化设计方法。以MOLA-2星载激光测高仪系统为例,仿真计算出不同目标倾角对应的滤波器带宽值及其测距误差的分布规律。结果表明,在0°～40°目标倾角范围,滤波器带宽优化设计值比传统方法设计的结果要大,其差异达到0.7～58.7MHz,而对应的测距误差要小于传统方法解算的数值,其差异为0.2～16.2m。受测量对象多样性和复杂性的限制,无法使每个探测目标对应一个滤波器,则采用多个通道的滤波器分段式地对优化的测距误差分布曲线进行拟合,以获取到每个通道的滤波器带宽及对应的探测目标倾角范围。滤波器带宽优化设计方法为其实际制造提供了一种更为优越和可行的方案。     

红外成像系统对点目标动态探测概率分析

检测概率、虚警概率和信噪比是红外点目标检测系统的3个核心指标,本文在恒虚警检测准则下,分析了红外点目标单帧检测（单一门限检测）的检测概率、虚警概率和信噪比三者之间的关系。重点分析计算了采用多帧累积检测的双门限检测方法时,第二门限的选取策略,实现了在不提高对系统信噪比要求的前提下,提高检测概率、降低虚警概率的目的,解决了威胁度大、误报和漏报代价高的高价值目标的检测问题。     

Wavelet-based event detection in implantable cardiac rhythm management devices

This paper presents a novel event detector for implantable devices. The algorithm is based on a signal model which describes an event as a linear combination of basis functions. The linear combination involves two fundamental electrogram waveforms represented at different time scales. An efficient, low-complexity detector is developed using the dyadic wavelet transform with integer filter coefficients, and a generalized likelihood ratio test. The results show that reliable detection is obtained at an intermediate signal-to-noise ratio (SNR = 25 dB) for various common noise sources. In terms of probabilities of missed events and false alarms, an over-all performance of 0.7% and 0.1%, respectively, was achieved on electrograms corrupted by the different noise types at an intermediate SNR.     

多特征辅助的SAR-GMTI雷达扩展动目标检测方法

在远程监视模式下,高分辨率SAR-GMTI雷达系统面临目标扩散、信噪比低等挑战,传统基于点目标检测方法性能恶化明显.本文提出一种目标形状与阴影辅助的高分辨率SAR-GMTI雷达扩展动目标检测方法.该方法首先对杂波抑制后的残差图聚类并生成目标形状信息;然后依据目标阴影形成的几何模型计算与目标形状相匹配的阴影模板,并利用目标径向速度估计值生成阴影位置匹配条件;最后综合利用阴影形状、位置及幅度信息,剔除不符合匹配条件的虚假目标,降低虚警.仿真验证了所提方法对低信噪比扩展目标检测性能的改善.