EG与IFR复合阻燃ABS的动态燃烧性和协同效应

将可膨胀石墨(EG)与P-N型膨胀阻燃剂(IFR)复合阻燃丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物(ABS)树脂,阻燃剂添加量为20%(质量分数,下同),通过极限氧指数(LOI)仪、垂直燃烧测试(UL-94)仪、锥形量热(CONE)仪和扫描电镜(SEM)研究了EG与IFR复合阻燃ABS的协同效应。结果表明,EG/IFR质量比为1/1为最佳配比,阻燃ABS的LOI达到29%,UL-94为V-0级;EG与IFR复合阻燃ABS,表现出一定的协同作用;通过SEM观察ABS/EG/IFR试样燃烧后样品发现,EG与IFR起到协同阻燃作用。     

微胶囊化膨胀阻燃剂及膨胀阻燃聚丙烯性能的研究

通过微胶囊化技术合成了新型磷氮体系无卤膨胀型阻燃剂(IFR),采用IFR提高聚丙烯(PP)的阻燃性能。运用扫描电子显微镜、氧指数仪和垂直燃烧仪等对IFR阻燃PP体系的表面形态和性能进行分析。结果表明,聚磷酸铵经包覆后粒度增大;当IFR的质量分数达到30%左右时,PP/IFR体系可以获得良好的阻燃效果,其氧指数达到32%,燃烧等级为FV-0级,抑烟效果较明显;力学性能下降不大;断裂面形态良好。     

IFR/可膨胀石墨及协效剂氧化锌对PP阻燃性能影响的研究

制备了聚丙烯(PP)/有机膨胀型阻燃体系(IFR)、PP/IFR/可膨胀石墨(EG)和PP/IFR/可膨胀石墨(EG)/协效剂氧化锌(ZnO)三种体系,通过力学性能、氧指数(LOI)、垂直燃烧测试及热重分析(TG),探讨了复配膨胀型阻燃体系IFR/EG与协效阻燃剂ZnO之间的协同效应。结果表明,当IFR/EG/ZnO质量比为9.25/9.25/1.5时,阻燃PP的LOI值达到最高,同时阻燃PP的力学性能比不含ZnO的PP有所提高。TG结果表明,ZnO的加入使阻燃PP的热稳定性得到提高,形成了更稳定的保护层,从而提高了PP的阻燃效果。     

ATH协同阻燃TPO/MH复合体系性能研究

以热塑性聚烯烃弹性体(TPO)为基体、氢氧化镁(MH)为主阻燃剂、氢氧化铝(ATH)为协同阻燃剂制备了TPO/MH/ATH阻燃复合材料,采用氧指数(OI)、垂直燃烧及热重分析(TGA)等手段分析了TPO/MH/ATH复合体系的阻燃性能和阻燃机理,并研究了该复合体系的拉伸行为和流变性能。结果表明:同TPO/MH复合体系相比,TPO/MH/ATH复合体系的阻燃性能明显提高,其OI值提高至32.4%,阻燃等级达到FV-0级,残炭层更加紧密;复合体系的最大分解速率温度可达478.5℃,分解速率降低,热稳定性有所提高;同时,复合体系的屈服强度明显降低,断裂伸长率显著增大(380.4%),比TPO/MH复合体系提高了2倍;另外,ATH的加入对复合体系剪切黏度的影响不大。     

Mg(OH)_2-Al(OH)_3-微胶囊红磷协同阻燃POE的研究

以氢氧化镁(MH)、氢氧化铝(ATH)为无卤阻燃剂,微胶囊红磷(MRP)为阻燃增效剂,通过共混挤出制备了一系列的阻燃聚烯烃弹性体(POE)复合材料。采用垂直燃烧、极限氧指数、热失重、傅里叶红外、微型量热分析等方法研究了其阻燃性能及阻燃机理。研究表明,同MH/POE和ATH/POE相比,MH/ATH/POE有较好的阻燃协效性,氧指数达到25.0%,残炭量达到31.7%,但垂直燃烧性能较差(测试无级别)。继续加入6份MRP后,体系的阻燃性能明显提高,其氧指数上升至27.5%,残炭量高达35.2%,垂直燃烧达到V-0级。表明MH/ATH和MRP对POE具有显著的协同阻燃作用。FTIR和TGA实验结果显示,MRP/MH/ATH/POE复合材料燃烧后生成了磷酸及其衍生物,增强了体系的成炭能力,促进了凝聚相阻燃效果,MRP阻燃机理主要表现为凝聚相阻燃。     

新型环保高效膨胀型阻燃剂阻燃聚丙烯

对2个复合体系聚丙烯/膨胀型阻燃剂(PP/IFR)及聚丙烯/聚烯烃弹性体/纳米碳酸钙/膨胀型阻燃剂(PP/POE/nano-CaCO3/IFR)的阻燃性进行研究,通过测试氧指数、水平燃烧速率、烟密度以及燃烧测试后试样的形貌观察,分析了复合体系的阻燃效果及机理。结果表明,PP/IFR复合体系可达到优异的阻燃性能,IFR用量为30份时氧指数达到34.4%,并且可明显改善PP的熔滴现象。而添加POE破坏了阻燃炭层的形成,降低了氧指数,并伴随严重的熔滴,却能明显降低释烟量。     

IFR/EG与IFR/ZnB阻燃LGFPP的阻燃机理

利用可膨胀石墨(EG)、硼酸锌(ZnB)与膨胀阻燃剂(IFR),研究2种阻燃体系对长玻纤增强聚丙烯复合材料(LGFPP)的强度和阻燃机理的影响,通过氧指数(LOI)和锥形热量仪(CONE)测试,观察了 CONE后残余物的宏观表现和燃烧后的微观形态.研究结果表明,IFR/EG体系在阻燃过程中形成膨胀的纤维结构,再迅速扩大...     

水镁石／ATH／APP复合阻燃剂对UPR的阻燃、抑烟性能的影响

将水镁石、氢氧化铝(ATH)、聚磷酸铵(APP)这3种阻燃剂复配,并应用于不饱和聚酯树脂(UPR),得到阻燃型UPR复合材料。通过氧指数、垂直燃烧(UL94)、烟密度等级(SDR)、DSc-TG对阻燃复合材料的阻燃、抑烟及热稳定性能进行了研究,结果表明,在该复配阻燃体系中,水镁石、ATH、APP三者存在明显的协效作用,在水镁石：ATH：APP为2：1：1(质量比)、复合阻燃剂含量为40%时,复合材料氧指数达33．8%,垂直燃烧达FV-0级,烟密度等级为56．74,满足国家B_1级电器类热固性塑料的使用要求。     

EG/IFR阻燃LGFPP的协同作用研究

将可膨胀石墨(EG)作为协效剂,与膨胀阻燃剂(IFR)协同阻燃长玻纤增强聚丙烯(LGFPP)复合材料。研究EG与IFR阻燃LGFPP的协同作用。采用极限氧指数(LOI)和锥形量热仪进行分析。结果表明,EG与IFR的协同作用存在最佳协同比例,在最佳协同比例下,EG/IFR阻燃LGFPP的阻燃性能和燃烧性能最佳。     

磷钨酸在膨胀阻燃聚乳酸中的协效作用研究

利用磷钨酸(PWA)与膨胀阻燃剂(IFR)复配得到复合阻燃剂,并与聚乳酸(PLA)熔融共混制备阻燃复合材料PLA/IFR/PWA。通过氧指数测试(LOI)、垂直燃烧(UL-94)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、锥形量热测试(CONE)和热失重分析(TGA)对该复合材料的阻燃性能和热稳定性能进行研究。结果表明:PLA/IFR/PWA复合材料表现出优异的阻燃效果和明显的抑烟作用。当添加总质量分数为20%(IFR为18%,PWA为2%)时,复合材料的LOI达到41.7%,UL-94等级为V-0等级,高温残炭量显著提高,燃烧过程中烟释放量明显降低。     

Synergistic effects of aluminum hydroxide,red phosphorus,and expandable graphite on the flame retardancy and thermal stability of polyethylene

The flame-retardant low-density polyethylene (LDPE) composites loading aluminum hydroxide (ATH), red phosphorus (RP), and expandable graphite (EG) were successfully prepared. The flame retardancy, the thermo-oxidative stability, and the mechanical property of the composites were investigated. The synergistic effect of ATH, RP, and EG on the flame-retardant property and thermal behavior of LDPE were observed. The limiting oxygen index value of LDPE significantly increased from 17.1% to 25.4% upon the incorporation of 15 wt.% of the mixture of three fillers with ATH:RP:EG mass ratio of 1:1:1; and this composite achieved the V-0 classification of the UL94 vertical burning test. The thermogravimetric analysis of this composite under air atmosphere revealed that its residue weight remained 27.89% at 900°C. Furthermore, the results of tension tests indicated that the surface modification of ATH by magnesium stearate and RP by poly(methylhydrosiloxane) noticeably improved the tensile strength and the elongation of the composite.     

硅烷交联无卤阻燃PP/POE复合材料的制备和性能

采用双螺杆挤出机和单螺杆挤出机两步熔融共混的方法,制备了硅烷接枝交联聚丙烯(PP)/乙烯辛烯共聚物(POE)/氢氧化镁（MH）/氢氧化铝（ATH）复合材料,并研究了不同硅烷接枝PP/POE共混物的效率和硅烷交联阻燃PP/POE复合材料的力学、热延伸、热失重和阻燃等性能。结果表明,PP/POE/MH/ATH/硅烷偶联剂A-151质量比为50∶50∶（95~47.5）∶（0~47.5）∶3.0时,复合材料的热延伸变形率≤25 %,冷却后永久变形率≤4 %;阻燃剂用量一定时,硅烷交联PP/POE/MH/ATH的极限氧指数随ATH含量增加而小幅度提高;PP/POE/MH/ATH复合材料的热稳定性低于PP/POE/MH复合材料;PP/POE/MH、PP/POE/MH/ATH、PP/POE/ATH的生烟速率依次变大。     

EG与IFR复合阻燃ABS协同效应及热失重行为研究

将可膨胀石墨(EG)、P-N型膨胀阻燃(剂IFR)与ABS树脂共混,制作复合阻燃材料。用氧指数(OI)、UL 94测试和锥形量热仪(CONE)探讨了EG与IFR复合阻燃ABS的协同效应。通过热失重分析(TG)研究了阻燃ABS体系的热失重行为。结果表明:EG与IFR协同阻燃ABS,OI达到29%,UL 94为V-0级,热释放速率大幅度降低,EG与IFR复合阻燃ABS具有一定的协同效应;在空气气氛下,EG与IFR可以相互促进成炭,且形成的炭层稳定在,850℃也不会分解。     

基于磷杂菲衍生物多组分无卤阻燃天然橡胶的制备及性能

将磷杂菲/三嗪双基协同阻燃剂（TGD）、甲基膦酸二甲酯（DMMP）、可膨胀石墨（EG）及氢氧化铝（ATH）复配添加到天然橡胶（NR）中制备阻燃NR硫化胶,考察了TGD/DMMP/EG/ATH复配阻燃剂对NR硫化胶的阻燃性能、热稳定性及物理机械性能的影响。结果表明,TGD/DMMP/EG/ATH复配阻燃剂可有效提升NR硫化胶的阻燃性能和热稳定性,并降低燃烧过程中的热释放速率。当TGD/DMMP/EG/ATH复配阻燃剂的用量为60份（质量）时,NR硫化胶的极限氧指数可达28.4%,残炭质量分数可达25.61%,热释放速率可降低95%,总热释放量可降低21%。TGD/DMMP/EG/ATH复配阻燃剂对NR硫化胶的物理机械性能影响不大。     

包覆态和共混态磷酸酯/无机体系阻燃性能研究

研究了氢氧化镁、氢氧化铝或二氧化硅包覆笼状磷酸酯微胶囊以及上述3种无机阻燃剂和笼状磷酸酯复配共混用于阻燃环氧树脂的性能。采用极限氧指数,垂直燃烧（UL94）以及热分析（TG/DTG）对比了各阻燃体系的阻燃协效性能和热行为。结果表明,3种无机物在复配共混体系中都和笼状磷酸酯有较好的协同阻燃作用,而在包覆体系中阻燃性能都较差。添加量都为20 %（17 %笼状磷酸酯和3 %无机阻燃剂）,复配共混体系阻燃环氧树脂的极限氧指数可达32 %,且都可以达到UL94 V0级;而相应包覆微胶囊体系阻燃环氧树脂的极限氧指数约为24 %,阻燃级别仅达UL94 V2级。     

复合型阻燃剂对聚氯乙烯的阻燃抑烟作用研究

采用微胶囊红磷（MRP）、硼酸锌（ZnBO3）、氢氧化铝(ATH)和氢氧化镁(MH)进行复配对软质聚氯乙烯（PVC）进行阻燃处理,通过极限氧指数、热失重、锥形量热方法研究了不同配比阻燃剂对PVC的阻燃抑烟性能的影响。结果表明,当PVC/MRP/ZnBO3/ATH/MH质量比为100:3:1:20:20时,具有良好的阻燃抑烟效果,极限氧指数可达35.9 %;阻燃体系PVC/ATH/MH、PVC/MRP/ZnBO3/ATH/MH相对于纯PVC具有良好的阻燃抑烟性,PVC/MRP/ZnBO3/ATH/MH比PVC/ATH/MH体系在热释放、烟气、一氧化碳和二氧化碳排放指标上数值更低,热稳定性增加,成炭率更高,火灾性能指数提高,火灾蔓延指数减小,火灾危险性降低。     

膨胀阻燃聚乙烯的研究

将可膨胀石墨（EG）和传统的膨胀阻燃剂（IFR）用于制备膨胀阻燃聚乙烯（PE）,采用极限氧指数对其阻燃性能进行了研究,探讨了2种阻燃剂之间的协同阻燃作用,并采用差示扫描量热仪和红外光谱对其热降解过程和炭层结构分别进行了分析。结果表明,EG和IFR对PE具有很好的协同阻燃作用,当其配比为1:1时,膨胀阻燃PE可获得较佳的阻燃性能,阻燃剂用量仅为30份就可使膨胀阻燃PE的极限氧指数达到31.5 %,远高于单一阻燃体系;在热降解过程中,复合膨胀阻燃体系仍表现出EG和IFR的特征降解过程,热降解成炭由二者的热降解产物构成,证实了二者之间的物理作用机理,物理膨胀炭层和化学膨胀炭层的结合有效增加了炭层的隔热、隔氧作用,有利于阻燃性能的改善。     

Synergistic effects of aluminum hydroxide on improving the flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties of transparent intumescent fire-retardant coatings

A series of novel aluminum phosphate ester (APEA) flame retardants were synthesized by the salification of cyclic phosphate ester acid (PEA) with different mass ratios of aluminum hydroxide (ATH) and thoroughly characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The PEA and APEAs were thoroughly mixed with melamine formaldehyde resin to produce five kinds of transparent fire-retardant coatings. The synergistic effects of ATH on the thermal stability, flame retardancy, and smoke suppression properties of the coatings were investigated by different analytical instruments. The results show that the incorporation of ATH greatly decreases the weight loss, char index, flame spread rating, heat release rate, total heat release, smoke production rate, total smoke release and specific optical density in the coatings applied to plywood boards, which is ascribed to a more compact and intumescent char formed during burning, as determined from digital photographs and scanning electron microscopy images. The synergistic effects of ATH in the coatings depend on the content of ATH, and an excessive amount of ATH diminishes the synergistic effects on the flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties based on fire protection tests and cone calorimeter test. Thermo-gravimetric analysis reveals that the thermal stability and char-forming ability of the coatings gradually improve with increasing loading of ATH. FTIR analysis demonstrates that the incorporation of ATH forms a more phosphorus-rich crosslinked char and aromatic char during burning, thus effectively reducing the mass loss, heat release, and smoke production and exhibiting excellent synergistic flame retardant and smoke suppression effects in the coatings.     

Flame resistance and foaming properties of NBR compounds with halogen‐free flame retardants

Acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) foams compounded with various halogen‐free flame retardants were prepared. The influence of nonhalogen flame retardants on the flame resistance and foaming properties of the NBR compounds were investigated. The foaming properties (expandability 980%–1050%, closed‐cell structure) of NBR compounds with expandable graphite (EG) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) flame retardants were similar to the NBR base compounds which contained primarily aluminum hydroxide (ATH). The heat release capacity (HRC) ranged from 10 to 74 J/g‐K, the average heat release rate (A‐HRR) ranged from 8 to 60 kW/m², and the total heat release (THR) ranged from 2.6 to 7.3 MJ/m² for the nonhalogenated NBR foams with closed‐cell structure and were significantly decreased upon increasing the amounts of flame retardants. This reduction is attributed to the hard char formation and production of water from the interaction with ATH. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) and time to ignition (TTI) show opposite results. The smoke density (0.050–0.037) of the NBR foams with EG flame retardant was decreased when compared to the NBR foam (0.107). The EG flame retardant was more effective than the phosphorus/nitrogen flame retardants in reducing the HRR and smoke density. The use of both ATH and EG is very effective in improving flame resistance. POLYM. COMPOS., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Percolation and catalysis effect of bamboo‐based active carbon on the thermal and flame retardancy properties of ethylene vinyl‐acetate rubber

The effect of percolation and catalysis of bamboo‐based active carbon (BAC) on the thermal degradation and flame retardancy of ethylene vinyl‐acetate rubber (EVM) composites with intumescent flame retardants (IFR) consisting of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and dipentaerythritol (DPER) has been investigated. The vulcanization characteristics were analyzed by a moving die rheometer. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and fire behavior tests such as limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning (UL 94), and cone calorimetry were used to evaluate the thermal properties and flame retardancy of EVM composites. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to study the morphology of residues of EVM composites. The addition of BAC significantly increased the maximum torque (M_H) of EVM composites and EVM matrices. The combination of IFR with BAC can improve the thermal stability of EVM composites. Moreover, BAC can enhance char residue and promote the formation of a network for IFR. The current EVM/37IFR/3BAC composite achieved an LOI of 33.6% and a UL 94 V‐0 rating. The PHRR, total heat release (THR), and total smoke release (TSR) for EVM/IFR/BAC were greatly reduced as compared to EVM/40IFR. Also, the mechanical properties of the EVMIFR/BAC composites increased with increasing BAC contents. The physical percolation effect between BAC and EVM before and after thermal degradation, and the chemical catalysis effect between BAC and IFR during thermal degradation are responsible for the improved flame retardancy of EVM composites. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42414.