Inhibition of naloxone-precipitated withdrawal jumping by i.c.v. and i.t. administration of saline in morphine-dependent mice

In morphine-dependent mice, s.c. and i.t. administered naloxone produced withdrawal jumping (ED50 values were i.t. = s.c.) but i.c.v. administered naloxone failed to produce dose-dependent jumping. Peak times of jumping were earliest after i.t. administration of naloxone among the three administration routes. These results suggested that the spinal site was more sensitive to naloxone than the supraspinal site. Concomitant administration of naloxone i.c.v. and i.t. did not precipitate jumping. It was found that i.c.v. and i.t. injections of saline inhibited withdrawal jumping precipitated by s.c. administered naloxone and that the i.c.v. effect was more profound than the i.t. effect. I.c.v. injection of saline also delayed the peak time of withdrawal jumping precipitated by s.c. administered naloxone. These inhibitory effects of the injection procedures may explain the difficulty of i.c.v. administered naloxone and concomitant i.c.v. + i.t. administered naloxone to precipitate jumping, and may explain the difference in the ED50 values of naloxone and the time courses of jumping.     

Proceedings of the American Psychological Association, Incorporated, for the Year 1969: Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the Council of Representatives.

These minutes constitute the official record of actions of the American Psychological Association taken during the year. These minutes follow the custom of previous years in being organized in topical order: I. Minutes of meetings in 1968-69. II. Elections, awards, membership, and member services. III. Ethics. IV. Board of Directors. V. Divisions and state associations. VI. Organization of the APA. VII. Publications and communications. VIII. Convention affairs. IX. Educational affairs. X. Professional affairs. XI. Scientific affairs. XII. International Affairs. XIII. Central office. XIV. Financial affairs. XV. Public affairs. XVI. Communications from outside organizations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Modelling migration: the clock-and-compass model can explain the distribution of ringing recoveries

The present study was carried out to investigate the relative involvement of spinal opioid receptors in the development of physical dependence on intrathecal (i.t.) butorphanol in comparison with i.t. morphine. Dependence was induced by continuous i.t. infusion of butorphanol (52 nmol/h) and morphine (26 nmol/h) for 4 days in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Naloxone, CTOP, naltrindole, and nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI) were administered i.t. to precipitate behavioral signs of withdrawal. Administration of i.t. naloxone produced a significantly greater increase in the profile of withdrawal signs in i.t. morphine dependence than that in i.t. butorphanol dependence. An i.t. nor-BNI challenge elicits behavioral signs of withdrawal only in rats dependent on i.t. butorphanol, but not in rats dependent on i.t. morphine. CTOP administered i.t. precipitated withdrawal signs in i.t. morphine dependence that were greater than that in i.t. butorphanol dependence. An i.t. treatment with naltrindole produced equivalent signs of withdrawal in both i.t. butorphanol- and morphine-dependent rats. These results suggest that continuous i.t. butorphanol results in the development of less physical dependence than that of i.t. morphine. Spinal kappa- rather than delta- and mu-opioid receptors play a major role in the development of i.t. butorphanol dependence, whereas spinal mu-opioid receptors play a more important role than delta-opioid receptors in i.t. morphine dependence.     

Differentiation of staphylococci from sheep and goat milk samples

A total of 447 micrococcaceae strains isolated from 88 ewe and 359 goat milk samples from cases of chronic mastitis were differentiated by means of the ATB 32 STAPH-test. Of these strains 389 (= 87%) could be identified. Fourteen strains were sensitive in the bacitracin-resistance-test and therefore classified as Micrococcus spp. In ewe milk following Staphylococcus spp. were found: S. epidermidis, S. aureus, S. lentus, S. xylosus, S. warneri, S. equorum, S. haemolyticus, S. simulans, S. hominis and S. saprophyticus. Staphylococcus spp. identified in goat milk samples were: S. epidermidis, S. aureus, S. caprae, S. lentus, S. simulans, S. capitis, S. lugdunensis, S. xylosus, S. chromogenes, S. hominis, S. arlettae, S. warneri, S. sciuri, and S. saprophyticus. Highest cell counts in the milk of both animals species, and the highest incidence of clinical udder alterations were caused by S. aureus. Increases in milk cell counts as well as pathological udder findings were observed in coagulase-negative staphylococcal infections for novobiocin-sensitive Staphylococcus spp. (S. epidermidis, S. warneri, S. simulans, S. lugdunensis, and S. chromogenes) and several S. lentus strains.     

Role of NAD+ and ADP-ribosylation in the maintenance of the Golgi structure

We have investigated the role of the ADP- ribosylation induced by brefeldin A (BFA) in the mechanisms controlling the architecture of the Golgi complex. BFA causes the rapid disassembly of this organelle into a network of tubules, prevents the association of coatomer and other proteins to Golgi membranes, and stimulates the ADP-ribosylation of two cytosolic proteins of 38 and 50 kD (GAPDH and BARS-50; De Matteis, M.A., M. DiGirolamo, A. Colanzi, M. Pallas, G. Di Tullio, L.J. McDonald, J. Moss, G. Santini, S. Bannykh, D. Corda, and A. Luini. 1994. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91:1114-1118; Di Girolamo, M., M.G. Silletta, M.A. De Matteis, A. Braca, A. Colanzi, D. Pawlak, M.M. Rasenick, A. Luini, and D. Corda. 1995. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92:7065-7069). To study the role of ADP-ribosylation, this reaction was inhibited by depletion of NAD+ (the ADP-ribose donor) or by using selective pharmacological blockers in permeabilized cells. In NAD+-depleted cells and in the presence of dialized cytosol, BFA detached coat proteins from Golgi membranes with normal potency but failed to alter the organelle's structure. Readdition of NAD+ triggered Golgi disassembly by BFA. This effect of NAD+ was mimicked by the use of pre-ADP- ribosylated cytosol. The further addition of extracts enriched in native BARS-50 abolished the ability of ADP-ribosylated cytosol to support the effect of BFA. Pharmacological blockers of the BFA-dependent ADP-ribosylation (Weigert, R., A. Colanzi, A. Mironov, R. Buccione, C. Cericola, M.G. Sciulli, G. Santini, S. Flati, A. Fusella, J. Donaldson, M. DiGirolamo, D. Corda, M.A. De Matteis, and A. Luini. 1997. J. Biol. Chem. 272:14200-14207) prevented Golgi disassembly by BFA in permeabilized cells. These inhibitors became inactive in the presence of pre-ADP-ribosylated cytosol, and their activity was rescued by supplementing the cytosol with a native BARS-50-enriched fraction. These results indicate that ADP-ribosylation plays a role in the Golgi disassembling activity of BFA, and suggest that the ADP-ribosylated substrates are components of the machinery controlling the structure of the Golgi apparatus.     

Internal recording of the early receptor potential in turtle cones

1. Early receptor potentials (E.R.P.s) were recorded with internal electrodes in turtle cones by applying brief flashes from a xenon tube with a maximum photon density equivalent to 2-3 x 10(8) photons micronm-2 at the optimum wave-length. 2. The E.R.P. was separated from the late receptor potential (L.R.P.) by superposing in flash on a step of light which was strong enough to saturate the L.R.P. 3. In red-sensitive cones the E.R.P. consisted of a brief depolarizing phase (R1) followed by a hyperpolarizing phase (R2) of maximum amplitude 10 mV and duration 30-40 msec. R1 was small or absent in green-sensitive cones. 4. With flashes of increasing intensity the E.R.P. approached its maximum exponentially with an exponential constant Q of about 10(8) photons micronm-2 which is of the same order as the reciprocal of the photosensitivity of porphyropsin; the implication of this result, which is considered in the theoretical section, is the the E.R.P. is proportional to the number of photoisomerizations. 5. When tested with a constant xenon flash at varying times after the beginning of a bleaching light the E.R.P. declined exponentially with a similar value of Q. 6. After prolonged bleaches the E.R.P. recovered with a time constant of about 100 sec but much quicker recoveries were observed after relatively brief bleaches. 7. The form and size of the E.R.P. are consistent with the accepted view that it arises from a redistribution of charge in the cone pigment molecule. 8. The effect of a single photoisomerization in an isolated cone was estimated as about 10(-10) V or one electronic charge through about 10% of the membrane.     

Convergent validity of measures of cognitive distortions, impulsivity, and time perspective with pathological gambling.

The present study investigated the convergent validity of the Gamblers' Beliefs Questionnaire (GBQ; T. A. Steenbergh, A. W. Meyers, R. K. May, & J. P. Whelan, 2002), Gambling Passion Scale (GPS; F. Rousseau, R. J. Vallerand, C. F. Ratelle, G. Mageau, & P. J. Provencher, 2002), Eysenck Impulsivity Questionnaire (EIQ; S. B. G. Eysenck & H. J. Eysenck, 1978), and Stanford Time Perception Inventory (STPI; P. C. Zimbardo & J. N. Boyd, 1999) in reference to pathological gambling. The authors recruited 105 undergraduates representing categories of pathological gamblers, potential pathological gamblers, and nonpathological gamblers and administered the measures under neutral conditions. Both subscales of the GBQ and GPS and the Impulsivity subscale of the EIQ exhibited strong convergent validity, whereas the STPI showed weaker correspondence with symptoms of pathological gambling. Applications and limitations of these findings are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

IgA antibody-forming cell responses in the nasal-associated lymphoid tissue of mice vaccinated by intranasal, intravenous and/or subcutaneous administration

Effects of a single intranasal (i.n.), subcutaneous (s.c.) or intravenous (i.v.) vaccination and their combined vaccination of priming and boosting on a primary and a secondary IgA antibody forming cell (AFC) response were examined in the nasal associated lymphoid tissue (NALT), spleen and popliteal lymph nodes (pLNs) of BALB/c mice. Mice were primed with the vaccine prepared from A/Yamagata/120/86 (H1N1) together with a cholera toxin-adjuvant and boosted with the same vaccine 3 weeks later. Three days after boosting, IgA-AFC responses in each lymphoid tissue were measured as an index of the immunological memory that mediates a secondary IgA-AFC response. Single i.n. vaccination induced a greater primary IgA-AFC response in the NALT not only than that in the spleen or pLNs, but also than that induced by single i.v. or s.c. vaccination. The combination of i.n. priming and i.n. boosting afforded a greater anamnestic IgA-AFC response in the NALT not only than that in the spleen or pLNs, but also than that induced by any other combinations of priming and boosting (i.n.-i.v., i.n.-s.c., s.c.-i.n., s.c.-i.v., and s.c.-s.c.). These results showed that i.n. priming induced a greater primary IgA-AFC response in the NALT and simultaneously induced the immunological memory that mediated a greater secondary-type AFC response following i.n. boosting in the NALT.     

Books and Monographs Received.

Presents a log of books and monographs received for review. Some of them are, Theories of perception and the concept of structure by F.H. Allport; Family, marriage and parenthood 2nd Ed., edited by H. Becker and Reuben Hill; Language and society by J. Bram; A casebook of counseling by Callis et. al; Text materials in modern education edited by L.J. Cronbach; The nihilism of John Dewey by P.K. Crosser; Statistical methods for the behavioral sciences by A.L. Edwards; Individual development by L.K. Frank; Human dynamics and human relations education by H. Giles; Social organization by S.A. Greer; Laboratory instrumentation in psychology by W.W. Grings; A developmental study of the behavior problems of normal children between twenty-one months and fourteen years by J.W. Macfarlane, L. Allen and M.P. Honzik; Clinical vs. statistical prediction by P.E. Meehl; Language; in relation to a unified theory of the structure of human behavior by K.L. Pike; The worker speaks his mind; on company and union by T.V. Purcell; Insanity, art and culture by F. Reitman; and Social learning and clinical psychology by J.B. Rotter, etc. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The effect of tonsillectomy on the level of circulating immune complexes and urine changes in patients with glomerulonephritis

The influence of tonsillectomy on circulating immune complexes (C.I.C.) level, proteinuria and erythrocyturia was studied in 42 patients with chronic tonsillitis (Ch.T.) and urine abnormalities. The level of C.I.C. was examined by two methods: the 3.5% polyethyleneglycol (PEG) precipitation method and the 125I-C1q binding method. After tonsillectomy, bacteriological analysis of removes facial tonsilla was performed in 7 patients and morphological analysis in 11. Renal biopsy was done in 28 patients. The control group was consisted of 18 patients with Ch.T. without urine abnormalities. The presence of C.I.C. was established in 48% of patients with urine abnormalities using PEG method and in 33% with 125I-C1q binding method. Mean values of C.I.C. in patients with proteinuria or erythrocyturia were statistically higher than in the control group. After tonsillectomy, transitory increase of C.I.C. level was observed in 60% of patients, accompanied by augmentation in urine changes, especially proteinuria. During one year of observation, significant decrease in C.I.C. levels detected by PEG method, as well as in proteinuria and in erythrocyturia was found. In 10 patients urine abnormalities disappeared. No differences between both groups of patients were found in the results of bacteriological and morphological studies of removed tonsilla. However, the normalisation of urine changes was noticed in patients without hypertension and in whom renal disease did not exceed two years. Renal histology revealed mesangocapillary proliferative Gn in 14, mesangial proliferative Gn in 11, and focal/segmental glomerulosclerosis in 3 patients. In one patient with mesangial proliferative Gn complete retreat of urine changes was observed. We suggest that the presence of Ch.T. influences on the C.I.C. detectability in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis. The tonsillectomy can lead do the decrease of C.I.C. levels, as well as to the decrease of proteinuria and/or erythrocyturia. Serum C.I.C. examination seems to be helpful in qualifying patients with Ch.T. for tonsillectomy, in immunological monitoring after the operation and in later prognosis in case of chronic glomerulonephritis.     

Development of two PCR assays for the identification of mycoplasmas causing contagious agalactia

A new detection test for the mycoplasmas causing contagious agalactia, Mycoplasma agalactiae, M. capricolum subsp. capricolum and M. mycoides subsp. mycoides L. C., was developed. It was based on two polymerase chain reaction assays: the Ma-PCR for the detection of M. agalactiae and the MYC-PCR for the 'mycoides cluster' thus including M. capricolum subsp. capricolum and M. mycoides subsp. mycoides L. C. An M. agalactiae strain was identified by a 933-bp Ma-PCR product and no amplification with the MYC-PCR. In contrast, a 460-bp MYC-PCR product and a negative or a 350-bp Ma-PCR product characterized a 'mycoides cluster' strain. M. capricolum subsp. capricolum and M. mycoides subsp. mycoides L. C. were identified by their species-specific AseI pattern of the 460-bp MYC-PCR product.     

Compensatory strategies for reducing interpersonal discrimination: The effectiveness of acknowledgments, increased positivity, and individuating information.

Previous research has revealed, across a number of contexts, that stigmatized individuals are the recipients of interpersonal discrimination (e.g., M. R. Hebl, J. B. Foster, L. M. Mannix, & J. F. Dovidio, 2002). Such discrimination has been linked to a number of negative outcomes in the workplace, both for stigmatized individuals and for organizations as a whole (see, e.g., E. B. King, J. L. Shapiro, M. R. Hebl, S. L. Singletary, & S. Turner, 2006; C. O. Word, M. P. Zanna, & J. Cooper, 1974). The current research examines 3 individual-level compensatory strategies aimed at reducing interpersonal discrimination. Results reveal that compensatory strategies are successful in reducing interpersonal discrimination in job application contexts and that such strategies uniquely benefit stigmatized individuals. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Sensitivity of aerobic spore-forming species of the genus Bacillus to the pteridine compound O129

Discs containing the pteridine compound O129 at various concentrations may be useful in differentiating the following closely related species belonging to the genus Bacillus, viz. B. subtilis, B. licheniformis and B. pumilus; B. polymyxa and B. macerans; together with B. cereus and its subspecies B. cereus var. mycoides. At concentrations of 10 micrograms O129, the ATCC type strain of B. subtilis was resistant whereas B. licheniformis and B. pumilus were sensitive. However, B. subtilis was sensitive to O129 at 150 micrograms. Similar reactions differentiated the ATCC type strains of B. polymyxa and B. macerans. The ATCC type strain of B. cereus was resistant to O129 at both 150 micrograms and 10 micrograms, but its subspecies B. cereus var. mycoides (ATCC 28) was partially sensitive at 150 micrograms concentration. When clinical isolates of B. cereus var. mycoides were subsequently tested, this partial sensitivity was found to be a variable characteristic.     

A new examination of volume fraction effects during particle coarsening

All previous studies of particle coarsening have shown that only one possible steady state particle size distribution (P.S.D.) is possible at any given volume fraction of the second phase and that the mean particle size follows a cubic growth law with time. Thus all initial P.S.D.'s will gradually approach this P.S.D. and growth rate on ageing. The present paper shows theoretically that there appear to be many possible P.S.D.'s at a given volume fraction and these all show cubic growth with time, although at different rates. It has been possible to study the effect of volume fraction on growth rates of similar P.S.D.'s. It is found that the growth rate increases with volume fraction but that the rate varies with the actual P.S.D. considered. Numerical analysis of coarsening has been carried out integrating both forwards and backwards with time. This has confirmed the existence of multiple steady state P.S.D.'s at a given volume fraction. It has also been shown that any arbitrary P.S.D. will develop towards that steady state distribution which has a similar size distribution at large radius values. Coarsening can be minimized by ensuring that the particles formed initially are all of comparable radius.     

Infectious disease physicians rate microbiology services and practices

Recent years have seen increasing emphasis on cost containment and quality improvement in clinical laboratory activities. Modifying those activities to enhance clinical relevance is one strategy that should be satisfying to both laboratory scientists and administrators. This guest commentary describes one approach to quality improvement--the use of user surveys to identify areas for improvement. As an initial attempt to define such areas in clinical diagnostic microbiology, infectious disease specialists, targeted for their particular interest and expertise in microbiology laboratory results, were polled and their responses were analyzed. Some of these data have been presented previously (E. J. Baron, D. P. Francis, and K. M. Peddecord, abstr. C-170, p. 520, in Abstracts of the 94th General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, 1994; K. M. Peddecord, E. J. Baron, D. P. Francis, and A. S. Benenson, abstr. C-172, p. 520, in Abstracts of the 94th General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, 1994; K. M. Peddecord, E. J. Baron, D. P. Francis, and J. A. Drew, Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 105:58-64, 1996). The discussion includes our recommendations for the use of these survey responses, and their limitations, as stimuli to initiate reexamination of certain microbiology laboratory practices in the interest of developing more cost-effective and clinically relevant protocols.     

Morphological and morphometric study of crustacean parasites within the genus Lernaeocera

Two species of Lernaeocera are present in the southeastern North Sea. Lernaeocera lusci infects bib Trisopterus luscus, dragonet Callionymus lyra and sand goby Pomatoschistus minutas. L. minuta is a junior synonym of L. lusci. The second valid species, L. branchialis, infects whiting Merlangius merlangus. The two species can be morphologically separated by the antennary processes, which are present in L. lusci and absent in L. branchialis. Discriminant functions allow complete separation between L. lusci and L. branchialis. There is high intraspecific, host-dependent variability within L. lusci. Length of L. lusci is significantly influenced by host size, and body form is influenced by the site of attachment of L. lusci on at least one host (bib). It is suggested that L. lusci consists of 3 forms: f. lusci, f. minuta and f. lyra.     

Factor structure of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory (PPI): Findings from a large incarcerated sample.

Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory (PPI; S. O. Lilienfeld, 1990; S. O. Lilienfeld & B. P. Andrews, 1996) with a community sample has suggested that the PPI subscales may comprise 2 higher order factors (S. D. Benning, C. J. Patrick, B. M. Hicks, D. M. Blonigen, & R. F. Krueger, 2003). However, substantive and structural evidence raises concerns about the viability of this 2-factor model, particularly in offender populations. The authors attempted to replicate the S. D. Benning et al. 2-factor solution using a large (N = 1,224) incarcerated male sample. Confirmatory factor analysis of this model resulted in poor model fit. Similarly, using the same EFA procedures as did S. D. Benning et al., the authors found little evidence for a 2-factor model. When they followed the recommendations of J.-W. van Prooijen and W. A. van der Kloot (2001) for recovering EFA solutions, model fit results provided some evidence that a 3-factor EFA solution could be recovered via confirmatory factor analysis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Ritual head computed tomography may unnecessarily delay lifesaving trauma care

This study compared the tensile bond strengths of soft lining materials polymerized by using conventional water bath methods and microwave energy. The soft lining materials used in this investigation were heat temperature vulcanizing (H.T.V.) silicon material Molloplast-B, and room temperature vulcanizing (R.T.V) acrylic material Getz Soft Oryl. The H.T.V. specimens were prepared with retention, additional retention and without retention, and the R.T.V. specimens were prepared by using bonding agent and bonding agent plus retention. All were cured by both conventional water bath and microwave energy. Results showed that the mean bond strength of H.T.V. specimens ranged from 9.6 to 13.12 kg/cm2, while the mean bond strength of R.T.V. specimens ranged from 0.36 to 1.75 kg/cm2. In both conventional and microwave groups, the specimens prepared with retention, additional retention and without retention or using bonding agent and bonding agent plus retention did not show any significant difference when they were compared separately. But the difference between conventional and microwave groups was found significant in both H.T.V. and R.T.V. specimens. It showed that conventional water bath technique is better than microwave technique.     

The DHC1b (DHC2) isoform of cytoplasmic dynein is required for flagellar assembly

Dyneins are microtubule-based molecular motors involved in many different types of cell movement. Most dynein heavy chains (DHCs) clearly group into cytoplasmic or axonemal isoforms. However, DHC1b has been enigmatic. To learn more about this isoform, we isolated Chlamydomonas cDNA clones encoding a portion of DHC1b, and used these clones to identify a Chlamydomonas cell line with a deletion mutation in DHC1b. The mutant grows normally and appears to have a normal Golgi apparatus, but has very short flagella. The deletion also results in a massive redistribution of raft subunits from a peri-basal body pool (Cole, D.G., D.R. Diener, A.L. Himelblau, P.L. Beech, J.C. Fuster, and J.L. Rosenbaum. 1998. J. Cell Biol. 141:993-1008) to the flagella. Rafts are particles that normally move up and down the flagella in a process known as intraflagellar transport (IFT) (Kozminski, K.G., K.A. Johnson, P. Forscher, and J.L. Rosenbaum. 1993. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90:5519-5523), which is essential for assembly and maintenance of flagella. The redistribution of raft subunits apparently occurs due to a defect in the retrograde component of IFT, suggesting that DHC1b is the motor for retrograde IFT. Consistent with this, Western blots indicate that DHC1b is present in the flagellum, predominantly in the detergent- and ATP-soluble fractions. These results indicate that DHC1b is a cytoplasmic dynein essential for flagellar assembly, probably because it is the motor for retrograde IFT.     

"Positive psychology: An introduction": Reply.

Responds to comments by A. C. Bohart and T Greening, S. B. Shapiro, G. Bacigalupe, R. Walsh, W. C. Compton, C. L. McLafferty and J. D. Kirylo, N. Abi-Hashem, A. C. Catania, G. K. Lampropoulos, and T. M. Kelley (see records 2002-15384-010, 2002-15384-011, 2002-15384-012, 2002-15384-013, 2002-15384-014, 2002-15384-015, 2002-15384-016, 2002-15384-017, 2002-15384-018, and 2002-15384-019, respectively) on the January 2000, Vol 55(1) special issue of the American Psychologist dedicated to positive psychology. M. E. P. Seligman and M. Csikszentmihalyi expand on some of the critical themes discussed in the commentaries. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)