混凝土坝长期运行安全的理想点法评价模型

为了分析混凝土坝长期运行过程中可能存在的安全问题,基于混凝土坝长期运行监测数据对混凝土坝的安全度进行量化;通过分析影响混凝土坝安全的关键因素,建立混凝土坝安全评价指标体系;结合层次分析法主观赋权与独立信息波动赋权法客观赋权确定各个指标的组合权重,构建了基于理想点法的混凝土坝长期运行安全评价模型。工程实例验证结果表明,建立的模型求得的各指标权重和混凝土坝的安全度与工程实际运行情况相符。     

混凝土坝计算技术与安全评估展望

我国已是混凝土坝大国,当前应加大创新力度积极争取成为混凝土坝强国。计算技术与安全评估在混凝土坝设计、施工、科研中占有重要地位,因此在混凝土坝计算技术与安全评估领域需要推陈出新。笔者建议:在拱坝应力分析中以有限元等效应力法取代拱梁分载法;在坝体坝基稳定分析中,以有限元强度递减法取代极限平衡法,对重要工程进行非线性有限元全坝全过程仿真分析;对坝体坝基安全评估建议考虑施工过程和时间效应,并基于有限元强度递减法;对于重要工程需建立数字水电站。利用新的计算技术,使我国在混凝土坝设计、施工、科研和管理上达到更高水平。     

重力坝泄洪底孔应力变形有限元分析研究

混凝土坝在坝工建设中应用广泛,其泄洪方式是采用坝身孔口泄洪,孔口处混凝土裂缝的产生会影响整体结构的安全稳定性。文章基于有限元分析原理,对重力坝应力应变数值仿真分析选用有限元方法,结合工程实例对泄洪底孔坝段建立三维有限元模型并进行应力应变分析计算,计算结果为评价泄洪底孔的结构稳定性提供了一定的参考价值。     

高寒区混凝土坝长期运行安全监控预警方法

高寒区气候条件恶劣,混凝土坝的长期运行面临诸多安全风险.为此,结合高寒区的气象和水文特点,分析了高寒区混凝土坝运行中面临的不利因素,基于安全监测和有限元仿真,构建了高寒区混凝土坝运行期实时仿真系统,实现了大坝中短期变形的高精度预测.在此基础上,基于混凝土表面散热系数反演方法、数学统计模型和非线性有限元安全度理论,依照危...     

天花板混凝土双曲拱坝坝体应力、坝肩稳定分析

天花板碾压混凝土双曲拱坝进行了非线性有限元分析,同时进行线弹性计算分析,分析比较非线性和线弹性计算结果位移分布基本类似,位移均小于2.5 cm,满足安全要求;坝体应力基本一致,坝体大部分处于弹性阶段,无裂缝。只是在上游面的建基面附近应力差别较大,出现了比较多的拉裂缝,但比较浅。另外采用超载法进行坝肩稳定安全性分析,坝肩稳定满足规范要求。     

深厚覆盖层基础均质坝应力变形非线性有限元分析

针对某拟建的位于深厚覆盖层基础上的均质坝,建立了可考虑地基混凝土防渗墙及软弱地基对坝体应力变形影响的有限元计算模型,基于邓肯E—B材料本构模型,采用中点增量法,对该坝施工期和蓄水期的应力变形进行了二维非线性有限元分析计算,获得了不同时期坝体及坝基应力变形的分布与变化规律。     

论混凝土坝安全系数的设置

首先讨论了目前混凝土坝安全评估中两个争论较大的问题,即：可靠度理论的应用及单一安全系数与多项安全系数的比较,指出由于样本太少,在混凝土坝安全评估中应用可靠度理论的意义不大;单一安全系数与多项安全系数本质是相同的,只是表现形式不同,单一安全系数法便于进行工程类比及不同方案的比较,对于混凝土坝更为合适。文中进一步指出,改进混凝土坝安全评估方法的方向是改善坝体应力和稳定分析方法,使应力和稳定的计算结果更加符合实际,不在于是否采用可靠度理论,也不在于多项系数法。笔者最后指出,设计阶段与运行阶段的安全系数应有所区别,后者可适当降低。     

混凝土坝安全评估的有限元全程仿真与强度递减法

文献[1,2]中首先提出了混凝土坝安全评估的有限元全程仿真与强度递减法,简称SR方法。笔者将进一步系统地阐述SR方法的基本原理、合理性和良好应用前景。首先指出混凝土坝安全评估必须满足的3个基本原则,即荷载与应力状态符合实际、材料破坏准则和本构关系符合实际,以及强度参数符合实际,SR方法可以完全满足这3个原则。然后指出,SR方法可以实现混凝土坝安全评估的6个统一,即:应力分析和稳定分析方法的统一;拉、压、剪等各种破坏形式分析的统一;坝体分析和基础分析的统一;正分析与反分析的统一;施工期分析与运行期分析的统一;设计、施工、运行各阶段评估方法的统一。采用SR方法对混凝土坝进行安全评估,有可能避免许多混凝土坝事故,提高坝的安全度,具有良好的应用前景。     

混凝土坝运行期安全评估与全坝全过程有限元仿真分析

混凝土坝仪器观测提供的变位、温度、扬压力等资料,对于监控大坝工作状态是有用的,但它们不能给出大坝安全系数.混凝土坝实际应力场十分复杂,应变计测点太少,即使应变观测资料全部有效,也不能给出坝体应力场全貌和安全系数,何况由于种种原因,应变计观测资料实际可利用率并不高.在运行期,每隔一定时间需对坝体进行一次安全评估,目前主要采用设计规范中规定的计算方法求安全系数,如材料力学方法、拱梁分载法、刚体极限平衡法等,这些都是七八十年以前的老方法,施工期和运行期所积累的丰富资料在计算中难以反映,建议采用全坝全过程有限元仿真方法计算运行期坝体安全系数,可以较好地反映混凝土坝实际安全状态.     

思林水电站非溢流坝段渗流分析

思林水电站大坝是一坝高117 m的碾压混凝土重力坝,其坝身及地基渗径是筑坝中的关键技术问题.本文应用平面有限元方法对坝体及坝基稳定渗流进行了计算分析,计算中碾压混凝土坝层面渗流按各向异性考虑.针对碾压混凝土坝的筑坝方式,选用三种方案进行渗流分析计算,研究碾压混凝土坝渗透特性及其影响因素.经渗流分析计算,得出碾压混凝土坝渗透特性主要取决于层面、上游防渗面板、防渗帷幕的渗透性.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。