结合水平集和粒子滤波的人脸轮廓跟踪

针对视频序列中的人脸轮廓跟踪问题,提出了一种将改进水平集方法引入到粒子滤波框架中的轮廓跟踪算法.此算法使用零水平集函数对人脸轮廓进行表示,通过水平集函数的演化对人脸轮廓进行逼近.为了解决人脸遮挡问题,将形状先验加入到演化过程中来约束曲线的演化.算法在粒子滤波的框架下可以同时跟踪人脸区域的仿射运动和人脸轮廓的形变.实验结果表明,所提出的'方法可以对人脸轮廓进行精确的跟踪,并对外界的光照变化,背景干扰,人脸部分遮挡有较强的鲁棒性.     

Face verification through tracking facial features.

We propose an algorithm for face verification through tracking facial features by using sequential importance sampling. Specifically, we first formulate tracking as a Bayesian inference problem and propose to use Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques for obtaining an empirical solution. A reparameterization is introduced under parametric motion assumption, which facilitates the empirical estimation and also allows verification to be addressed along with tracking. The facial features to be tracked are defined on a grid with Gabor attributes (jets). The motion of facial feature points is modeled as a global two-dimensional (2-D) affine transformation (accounting for head motion) plus a local deformation (accounting for residual motion that is due to inaccuracies in 2-D affine modeling and other factors such as facial expression). Motion of both types is processed simultaneously by the tracker: The global motion is estimated by importance sampling, and the residual motion is handled by incorporating local deformation into the measurement likelihood in computing the weight of a sample. Experiments with a real database of face image sequences are presented.     

Hierarchical active shape model with motion prediction for real-time tracking of non-rigid objects

Video tracking systems generally deal with non-rigid objects with various shapes and sizes. This often results in a poor match of an initial model with the actual input shape, and consequently causes the failure of tracking. The robustness of the active shape model (ASM) enables video tracking systems to deal with such unpredictable inputs. The iterative nature of the ASM, however, makes real-time implementation difficult. A novel ASM-based real-time tracking method with particular relevance to non-rigid objects is proposed. The proposed tracking system adopts a hierarchical approach to reduce computational loads and increase immunity to noise. In order to make the system operate in real-time, a novel prediction approach is proposed that significantly reduces the number of iterations. In the sequential images, the initial feature points have been estimated using a block-matching algorithm. Kalman filtering has also been applied for increasing accuracy of the motion estimation. The proposed hierarchical, prediction-based approach is proven to outperform the existing methods in the sense of both tracking performance and convergence speed     

A stretching transform‐based automatic nonrigid registration system for cerebrovascular digital subtraction angiography images

In the cerebrovascular digital subtraction angiography (DSA), patient motion is the primary cause of image quality degradation. In this article, we describe a nonrigid image registration system for motion artifact reduction in DSA which is fully automatic, effective, and computationally very efficient. In this system, the mask image is partitioned to generate the appropriate control points. The energy of histogram of differences method is adopted as similarity measurement, and the Powell algorithm is utilized for acceleration. A forward stretching transformation is used to complete the motion estimation, and an inverse stretching transformation is used to generate the target image by pixel mapping strategy. The method of this system is effective to maintain the topological relationships of the gray value before and after the image deformation. Preliminary experiments on the cerebrovascular DSA images illustrate the applicability of the system. After the deformation, the mask image remains clear and accurate contours, and the quality of the subtraction image after the registration is favorable. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 23, 171–187, 2013     

基于自适应特征融合的多尺度相关滤波跟踪

为了减小目标跟踪中目标变形、光照影响、运动模糊以及目标旋转对跟踪效果的影响,在相关滤波KCF基础上,提出了一种基于自适应特征融合的多尺度相关滤波跟踪算法。首先,提取VGG19网络中conv2-2、conv3-4、conv5-4层的特征以及CN特征,并在conv2-2层加入CN特征;然后,将这3个特征分别代替HOG特征进行滤波学习,得到3幅响应图;进而对3幅响应图进行加权融合预测目标位置。最后,在尺度方面引入多尺度相关滤波器进行尺度的确定。该算法比KCF跟踪算法精确度和成功率分别提高了13.6%和11.8%。与现有的其他优异跟踪算法相比,该算法在应对运动模糊、背景杂乱、目标变形、平面旋转方面更具有较好的跟踪效果。     

基于模糊逻辑的两步卡尔曼滤波器设计

在对惯性运动跟踪系统的建模分析中,常采用基于计算机的集中式卡尔曼滤波算法进行数据处理。由于该方法存在算法复杂,处理数据速度慢等问题,难以在嵌入式系统中实现高速运动跟踪,提出一种基于模糊逻辑的自适应两步卡尔曼滤波算法。该方法根据人体不同的运动状态调整卡尔曼滤波器,实验结果证明所提的方法能够更好地估计各个传感器的测量精度,减少了运算量,并在一定程度上提高了滤波器的容错性能。     

Automatic target tracking in FLIR image sequences using intensity variation function and template modeling

A novel automatic target tracking (ATT) algorithm for tracking targets in forward-looking infrared (FLIR) image sequences is proposed in this paper. The proposed algorithm efficiently utilizes the target intensity feature, surrounding background, and shape information for tracking purposes. This algorithm involves the selection of a suitable subframe and a target window based on the intensity and shape of the known reference target. The subframe size is determined from the region of interest and is constrained by target size, target motion, and camera movement. Then, an intensity variation function (IVF) is developed to model the target intensity profile. The IVF model generates the maximum peak value where the reference target intensity variation is similar to the candidate target intensity variation. In the proposed algorithm, a control module has been incorporated to evaluate IVF results and to detect a false alarm (missed target). Upon detecting a false alarm, the controller triggers another algorithm, called template model (TM), which is based on the shape knowledge of the reference target. By evaluating the outputs from the IVF and TM techniques, the tracker determines the real coordinates of one or more targets. The proposed technique also alleviates the detrimental effects of camera motion, by appropriately adjusting the subframe size. Experimental results using real-life long-wave and medium-wave infrared image sequences are shown to validate the robustness of the proposed technique.     

Curvature-based nonrigid motion analysis from three-dimensional correspondences

We describe a curvature-based approach for estimating nonrigid motion of moving surfaces. We deal with conformal motion, which can be characterized by stretching of the surface. At each point, this stretching is equal in all directions but different for different points. The stretching function can be defined as additional (with global translation and rotation) motion parameter. We present a new algorithm for local stretching recovery from Gaussian curvature, based on polynomial (linear and quadratic) approximations of the stretching function. It requires point correspondences between time frames but not the complete knowledge of nonrigid transformation. Experiments on simulated and real data are performed to illustrate performance and accuracy of derived algorithms. Noise sensitivity of the algorithm is also evaluated using Gaussian noise on simulated data.©1993 John Wiley & Sons Inc     

VLSI design for MPEG-4 shape coding using a contour-based binary motion estimation algorithm

An efficient architecture with the fast algorithm for MPEG-4 shape coding is proposed. The authors apply the fast shape coding algorithm, with contour-based binary motion estimation (CBBME), which is based on the properties of a boundary mask. By using the block-matching motion estimation and the extended approach on centre-biased motion vector distribution with shrinking of the search range, a large number of search points in BME can be skipped. Based on this algorithm, a dedicated architecture design using the proposed CBBME algorithm is developed. With certain optimisation and design considerations, the memory access and processing cycles can be reduced. The average number of clock cycles for the processing of one binary alpha block is only 1708, which is only 56% of the previous design. In addition, a prototyping chip for shape coding is implemented and verified. The die area is 2.4 x 2.4 mm² with TSMC 0.18 μm CMOS technology and the maximum clock frequency is 53 MHz.     

一种用于MPEG-4形状编码的快速运动估计算法

提出了一种新的形状快速运动估计算法,用于加快MPEG-4视频对象的形状编码过程。该算法充分利用了邻近形状块的运动向量之间的相关性、边界形状块的匹配特性。与MPEG-4验证模型中的形状运动估计算法以及现有的改进算法相比,该算法大大提高了形状运动估计的速度,而形状的编码效率并没有降低。     

基于Markov随机场的区域跟踪算法

由于视频序列的对象跟踪相当于把图像帧分割成跟踪与非跟踪两个不重叠区域,为此,引入图像分割算法中的Markov随机场模型,提出了一种多目标模糊规划求取Markov标记场的最优估计来实现区域跟踪的算法。此算法为了克服传统离散Markov随机场运算速度慢的缺点,利用双随机矢量,建立连续的Markov标记场,同时提取区域视觉和运动信息的模糊特征,从而改善了算法的鲁棒性和运算复杂度。最终实验结果表明,此方法不仅跟踪效果好,而且还有运算速度快、抗干扰能力强等特点。     

基于加权Lucas-Kanade算法的目标跟踪

针对传统的序列图像目标跟踪方法难以适应复杂背景干扰、目标形状变化以及目标位置非规则抖动的问题,提出了一种基于加权Lucas-Kanade算法的目标跟踪新方法.首先引入搜索模板,估计出目标在实时图像中的位置并将其作为加权Lucas-Kanade算法的迭代初始值,然后计算权值函数,利用当前模板和初始模板进行两次跟踪,得到目...     

冠状动脉造影图像序列中估计二维运动及变形的弹性配准算法

提出一种由单面血管造影图像序列分析心脏冠状动脉运动和变形的方法，即利用弹性配准算法，将动脉运动的估计简化为对连续两帧图像的骨架像素的匹配．采用动态规划的方法进行配准，同时引入自回归建模，二者结合起来互相作用：动态规划为自回归模型参数的估计提供样本值；自回归模型为动态规划提供适当的成本函数。采用临床得到的单面冠状动脉造影图像序列对该算法进行了验证。实验结果表明应用该方法计算血管骨架图像中各点的光滑移动向量场，能够得到精确的结果。     

修正倒谱和动态规划的基频估计算法

基音频率是语音信号处理中的一个重要参数。倍频、半频错误以及清浊音判决的可靠性等问题一直是基频估计中的难点问题。在对语音信号的倒谱进行适当修正的基础上,提出了一种高精度的基频估计算法。该算法根据倒谱、短时能量和短时过零率在清音段和浊音段的不同表现,构造了一个清浊音判决函数,大大提高了清浊音判决精度;然后利用动态规划技术进行基频跟踪。在构造代价函数时．充分考虑了基频连续性的影响,从而使该算法既能有效地避免倍频和半频错误,又能体现出基频的自然加倍和减半。通过与现有的几种效果较好的方法进行对比实验,结果表明该算法具有准确率高、基频轨迹平滑的优点,利用该算法得到的基频轨迹基本不需要进行后期平滑处理。     

基于轮廓特征的图像配准

提出了一种新的基于轮廓特征的图像配准算法,首先提取图像轮廓并计算每个轮廓点的法向角,然后对轮廓点法向角进行直方图统计,通过对两幅图像的轮廓点法向角直方图进行圆周相关计算便可快速估计出两幅图像所存在的旋转角度.由于旋转角度参数的求出通常可以大大简化配准变换模型中其他参数的估计,因而这种方式可以实现快速配准.这种利用轮廓点法向角来估计旋转角度的方式具有旋转、平移和尺度不变性,并对轮廓缺失以及存在噪声的情况均具有很高的鲁棒性,可广泛适用于存在闭合轮廓与开轮廓的各种情况.本文所提出的配准算法已成功应用于PCB缺陷检测中实现了参考图像轮廓和待检测图像轮廓的快速精确配准.     

过程噪声方差实时补偿的非定轨目标跟踪

针对非定轨目标跟踪问题中过程噪声统计特性未知的特点,提出了一种实用的对过程噪声方差进行实时补偿的目标跟踪算法。该算法根据强跟踪滤波器的思想,通过实时检测新息序列来修正卡尔曼滤波算法中的状态预测误差协方差矩阵,进而对未知的过程噪声方差矩阵进行实时地补偿。由于存在新息检测机制,该算法能够有效地规避表征建模不确定性的过程噪声统计特性未知的问题,对于建模不确定性具有一定的适应能力。通过对一旋转靶标跟踪问题的仿真试验,证明了该方法的有效性。     

Research on Contour Error Based on CNC Multi-axis Motion Control System

The contour error was analyzed based on CNC multi-axis motion control,the contour error model was obtained focused on beeline and different radius of curvature and common contour of curve,for a CNC biaxial motion control system and the mechanism of producing contour error and the relationship between tracking error and contour error were presented.The theoretical and practical significance of modeling error and controlling error in motion control systems was carried out.