超声场中声压与空化对冰晶分裂的影响

为了探讨超声波强化冰晶二次成核的机理,利用自行研制的超声波冷却实验台,研究了超声波对未脱气蔗糖稀溶液和脱气蔗糖稀溶液中树枝状冰晶体的影响.实验结果表明:未脱气蔗糖稀溶液中的树枝状冰晶体受超声波辐射2s后已发生分裂,而脱气溶液中的树枝状冰晶体受功率相同的超声波辐射6s后却仍未分裂.说明超声场中冰晶发生分裂的主要原因是空化效应,而不是超声波在溶液中传播所引起的声压.     

超声波辅助马铃薯冻结的实验研究

为了研究超声波辅助沉浸冻结的机理,将马铃薯样品分别浸入脱气冷冻液与未脱气冷冻液中冷却。每次实验时,从?1℃时开始,启动超声波发生装置,使马铃薯内的水分在超声场中冻结。利用扫描电镜比较分析不同实验条件下马铃薯组织的微观结构,实验结果表明不同冷冻液中的马铃薯样品遭受超声波辐射后,其组织在冻结过程中受到的损伤均小于无超声波作用的样品,而且超声波对浸于未脱气冷冻液中样品组织的改善作用更为显著。表明超声波诱发的冷冻液的分子振动与空化均对沉浸冻结有影响。     

超声波在碳纤维水泥基材料制备中的应用研究

为提高碳纤维在水泥基复合材料中的分散性,提出了两种改进的超声波辅助制备工艺——超声波分散纤维和超声波分散纤维加少量硅灰.应用电阻测试法评价了这两种工艺对碳纤维水泥浆的匀化效果,同时研究了超声波处理时间对复合材料匀化效果的影响.研究结果表明:由于超声波空化作用和机械作用可使纤维得到预分散,两种改进的超声波辅助制备工艺都可以提高碳纤维水泥基复合材料的均匀性;而且超声波处理时间越长,匀化效果越好,但达到一定时间后,匀化效果趋于饱和.     

双频复合超声强化无水葡萄糖溶液结晶成核研究

溶液结晶技术在许多领域有着广泛的应用,其中结晶成核是溶液结晶的关键环节。以无水α-葡萄糖为研究对象,采用双频复合超声(25 k Hz+40 k Hz)强化糖液结晶成核,研究了溶液浓度、超声功率和作用时间对成核速率的影响,对单频和双频作用的晶核形态进行了对比,并采用碘化钾溶液中碘的释放量研究超声空化产额。研究结果表明:在同等条件下,双频复合超声降低了溶液成核的初始浓度,提高了成核速率,同时得到粒度均匀的晶核;双频复合超声的空化产额远高于单频25 k Hz超声和单频40 k Hz超声的空化产额,双频复合超声具有协同作用。双频复合超声强化溶液成核是一种快速、高效、节能的方法。     

超声空化效应对溶液电导率的影响

大功率超声作用于溶液时会产生空化效应,并影响溶液的物理化学性质,如电导率、液体粘度及液体表面张力等。文章对不同功率的超声作用于弱电解质溶液时其电导率的变化进行了实验研究,发现溶液电导率与超声波强度有关。当强度增大到有空化产生时,电导率开始减小;继续增大强度,溶液电导率减小到一定程度后有小幅回升现象出现。且液体内空化效应的出现将导致液体的电导率减小,空化达到一定强度时,空化效应引起的局部瞬态高温高压、冲击波和微射流导致的新导电粒子,会使电导率小幅回升。     

超声空化对溴化锂溶液气泡运动的影响

根据溴化锂溶液的物性参数方程,利用试验数据和超声作用于均相液体中空化气泡运动的动力学模型,推导出溴化锂溶液超声空化气泡运动方程。利用MATLAB对溴化锂溶液超声空化气泡的运动特性进行数值模拟,对过冷沸腾和饱和沸腾条件下溴化锂溶液沸腾气泡的运动变化特性进行研究,得到超声空化效应对气泡运动特性变化影响的模拟结果。为溴化锂溶液传热性能和吸收式制冷机组制冷效率的提高提供一定的理论依据。     

利用TiOSO4液相反应制备透明锐钛矿相二氧化钛溶胶

以TiOSO4水溶液为前驱体,NH3·H2O为沉淀剂,聚乙二醇400(PEG400)为分散剂,在60～80℃下均相沉淀与结晶,制备出透明锐钛矿相二氧化钛溶胶.利用XRD和TEM表征了粉体的晶体结构和形貌.研究了制备过程中溶液中H /Ti摩尔比、表面活性剂、晶化温度和时间对TiO2溶胶颗粒尺寸的影响.结果表明:当溶液中H /Ti摩尔比为5,晶化温度为70℃,分散剂质量分数为2.5%时,得到的二氧化钛晶粒尺寸在10～20nm之间.聚乙二醇400的加入有效抑制了晶化过程中晶粒的长大.     

超声波在萃取中的应用

本文主要阐述了超声波强化萃取的原理－－机械作用和空化作用。综述了超声在萃取植物中酶、中草药和茶叶中特定成分、溶液中金属等所产生的影响。     

通过仿生法在硅橡胶表面制备磷灰石薄膜的研究

用CaCl2的乙醇溶液和K2HPO4溶液对硅橡胶进行预处理,将处理过的硅橡胶分别浸渍于模拟体液和钙磷饱和溶液中来制备磷灰石薄膜.利用薄膜X射线衍射、红外吸收光谱和扫描电子显微镜对形成的薄膜进行了表征.结果表明,分别在模拟体液中7d和在钙磷饱和溶液中5d后,硅橡胶表面形成了一层磷灰石薄膜;在模拟体液中的薄膜表面呈网状并分布有许多球状晶粒,在钙磷饱和溶液中的薄膜为结晶良好的片状晶体.     

膜脱气技术脱除盐酸的工艺研究

针对酸液中盐酸的脱除与回收,提出以中空纤维疏水微孔膜为核心环节的膜脱气工艺,并考察了脱气组件的膜面积、原液流速、原液中盐酸浓度等因素对HCl脱除效率的影响.研究结果表明:该工艺可行,随着膜面积的增大、原液流速的升高,HCl的脱除率均有所上升;随着原液盐酸浓度的降低HCl的脱除率下降.在膜面积为1.0 m2,流速为0.12 m/min,真空度为0.090 MPa的条件下,从浓度为6mol/L的盐酸溶液中脱除HCl,其脱除率最高可达85%.     

CXF-O型超声成核装置的设计及其应用

本文应用ＣＸＦ—Ｏ型超声发生器和磁致伸缩换能器开展了蔗糖溶液成核作用的研究。试验结果说明，超声宣化促进了晶核的形成，其密度与颗粒均匀，优于其它方法的成核效果。     

气体水合物超声结晶实验

实验中将15kHz超声波引入R141b和水体系,反应过程在恒温水浴中进行,对超声探头处于不同位置、不同过冷度情况下分别研究.结果表明在超声启动后5秒内就出现大量水合物浆,成核对过冷度的依赖程度降低,但结晶完成时间随过冷度的增加而减少.在同样条件下,探头位于两相界面处,消耗的能量较低.分析结果认为这可能与超声空化产生的一系列效应有关.     

Study on Enhancement in Gibbsite Precipitation of Bayer Process under 33 kHz Ultrasound

The enhancement of gibbsite precipitation in Bayer process by 33 kHz ultrasound has been studied. From orthomethod experiment, the optimized operating parameters of treatment under 33 kHz ultrasonic cleaner have obtained.Compared with crystallization of Al(OH)3 without treatment of ultrasound, the precipitation time is reduced by 15 h when the precipitation ratio is 45%. From the results of grain size distribution and SEM photographs of gibbsite, it is found that secondary nucleation and agglomeration could be enhanced under 33 kHz ultrasound. The products are same from comparison of X-ray powder diffraction, but the Raman spectrum of sodium aluminate solution under 33 kHz ultrasound is different from that without ultrasound.     

声场强化溶液蒸发的效果及机理

声场效应对溶液蒸发过程实验表明,声场促进溶液的蒸发,不同的声场作用参数和不同的温度,影响效果不同,溶液蒸发效率提高2％-6％,平均效率提高达4％以上。对水．乙醇以及苯．乙醇二组分溶液的超声蒸发动力学过程进行了分析,表明蒸发速率随时间的关系表现出线性的关系,两组分之间的体积百分比越接近,蒸发速率随时间越容易表现出线性的变化关系。通过液气两相平衡、成核和挥发等过程的分析．认为声场强化溶液蒸发的作用机理是声场具有“空化效应”。声场降低溶液的表面张力,从而降低了成核势垒．促进了液体内部的能量交换。增加了汽化成核几率,使溶液蒸发过程得以强化。     

相界面上超声空化气泡聚并、滑移促进的传质

根据超声空化泡在相间特殊运动时周围流体流动特性,以相间传质渗透理论为依据,结合流体动力学原理,在充分研究相界面上气泡行为的基础上,根据界面上超声空化气泡生长过程的动力学行为,导出了相界面上超声空化气泡聚并和滑移促进的传质模型。在此基础上,建立了相界面上气泡滑移、聚并及脱离界面逸出这三种气泡行为共同促进的传质模型,该模型可用于描述超声空化界面等相界面上的传质行为,为超声波强化传质过程提供了理论依据。     

Synthesis of nanocrystals of gadolinium carbonate by reaction crystallization

The formation of nano-sized crystals of gadolinium carbonate via reaction crystallization was studied in a semi-batch crystallizer using gadolinium chloride and ammonium hydrogen carbonate as the reactants. The gadolinium carbonate crystals were formed by the aggregation of primary particles sized about 5 nm. Thereby, the crystallization parameters acting directly on the aggregation of the primary particles, such as the reactant concentrations, non-stoichiometry of the reactants, solution pH, acoustic energy, and agitation speed, were mechanistically investigated. As such, increasing the reactant concentrations enhanced the crystal size due to higher nucleation of the primary particles for the aggregation. Non-stoichiometric reactant concentrations resulted in a significant reduction of the crystal size, due to the adsorption of the excess species on the primary particles. Similarly, the surface charge of the primary particles depended on the solution pH. Thus, the crystal size was reduced when the pH deviated from the neutral point. The acoustic cavitation of the ultrasound was much more effective than the turbulent fluid motion of the agitation in inhibiting the primary particle aggregation. Thus, the crystal size was remarkably reduced, even at a low acoustic energy of 6 watts.     

In vivo acceleration of ultrasonic tissue heating by microbubble agent

The ultrasonic power absorbed by a microbubble in its continuous wave response is estimated through numerically solving a version of the Rayleigh-Plesset equation. At an ultrasonic frequency of 3 MHz, a resonant microbubble, approximately 1.1 microm in radius, showed an absorption cross section of about 0.005 mm2 in its low power response. This estimation predicts that the tissue ultrasonic absorption will be doubled when such microbubbles are delivered to the tissue at a concentration of about eight bubbles/mm3 in tissue. An exteriorized murine kidney was exposed to focused ultrasound at 3.2 MHz in degassed saline, and the tissue temperature change was measured. With an intravenous bolus administration of a microbubble agent, the ultrasonically induced temperature elevation was multiplied by up to five times. The enhancement in temperature elevation gradually decreased as the microbubble agent was eliminated from the body. The experimental results agreed with the prediction in the order of magnitude. This effect may have a potential use to enhance the throughput as well as the selectivity of focused ultrasound treatment.