高强度结构钢的韧性启裂和稳态扩展

研究了具有一定韧度的高强度结构钢裂纹早期扩展阻力与材料的微观组织结构、应力状态、变形历史和应变特性之间的关系。结果表明:裂纹扩展阻力(指J_R阻力曲线中的J_i和dJ/da)主要决定于裂纹尖端的塑性约束程度和应力应变场中消耗的弹性能和塑性功。这与三轴应力状态函数σ_mσ~(1/2)有关。材料的流变曲线描述了形变过程中的变形历史和应变特性,有明显的阶段性,其中第Ⅱ阶段的变形历史和应变特性制约着裂纹的启裂过程,第Ⅲ阶段的变形历史和应变特性制约着裂纹的扩展过程。应变硬化率dσ/dε可以敏感地反映出材料内部的应力分布和微观断裂机制。     

预应变对工业纯钛TA2疲劳裂纹尖端应变场的影响

钛制承压设备在制造和服役过程中会产生塑性变形,影响其抗疲劳性能。为了研究预应变对工业纯钛TA2疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响,本文对原始材料、预应变量为10%、20%和30%的材料进行疲劳裂纹扩展试验,结合数字图像相关(Digital image correlation, DIC)技术获取裂纹尖端应变场,研究预应变对裂纹尖端应变场的影响。结果表明：随着预应变量的增加,稳态疲劳裂纹扩展阶段的扩展速率减小,裂纹张开位移减小,裂纹张开载荷增大,裂纹尖端塑性区、塑性变形量以及循环塑性应变累积量均减小。因此预应变抑制了裂纹尖端的塑性变形及循环塑性累积,致使裂纹闭合效应愈加明显,从而抑制了裂纹的扩展。研究结果对钛制承压设备的安全评定具有参考意义。     

Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of HT250 Gray Cast Iron for Engine Cylinder Blocks

The strain-controlled low cycle fatigue properties were evaluated on specimens of HT250 gray cast iron (GCI) at room temperature. The material exhibited cyclic stabilization at a low strain amplitude of 0.1% and cyclic softening characteristic at higher strain amplitudes (0.15-0.30%). At a representative total strain amplitude (0.30%), the hysteresis loops of HT250 GCI were asymmetric with a large amount of plastic deformation in the compressive phases. Furthermore, the hysteresis loop became larger in both width and height with increasing total strain amplitude (from 0.10 to 0.30%), and tended to exhibit a clockwise rotation. The fatigue crack propagation mechanisms were different at various total strain amplitudes, where high stress concentration due to dislocation pile-up favored fatigue crack initiation in the examined HT250. Finally, the roughness-induced crack closure was a key to determine the crack growth rate as well as fatigue life.     

Fracture behaviour and numerical study of resistance spot welded joints in high-strength steel sheet

Cross tension tests of resistance spot welded joints with varying nugget diameter were carried out using 980 MPa high strength steel sheet of 1.6 mm thickness. In proportion, as nugget diameter increased from 3√t to 5√t (where t is thickness), cross tension strength (CTS) increased while fracture morphology simultaneously transferred from interface fracture to full plug fracture. In cases of interface fracture, circumferential crack initiation due to separation of the corona bond arose at an early stage of loading. The crack opening process without propagation was recognized until just before fracture and then the crack propagated to the nugget immediately in a brittle manner around CTS. In full plug fracture, main ductile crack initiation from the notch-like part at the end of sheet separation occurred with the sub-crack initiated at an early stage. The ductile crack propagated toward the HAZ and base material to form full plug fracture. The mode I stress intensity factor was considered as a suitable fracture parameter because the circumferential crack behaved pre-crack for brittle fracture in the nugget region at the final stage. Based on the FE analysis, the mode I stress intensity factor was calculated as 116 MPa √m at CTS as fracture toughness for the nugget. With respect to full plug fracture, ductile crack initiation behaviour from the notch-like part was expressed by concentration of equivalent plastic strain. On the assumption that the ductile crack arose in critical value of equivalent plastic strain, the value was calculated as 0.34 by FE analysis. Reasonable interpretation for interface fracture and full plug fracture in the resistance spot welded joint was proposed due to first crack initiation by stress concentration, brittle fracture by using mode I stress intensity factor, and ductile crack initiation by using equivalent plastic strain.     

Deformation near parallel cracks close to interface in bonded dissimilar plate

Tensile tests are carried out by using rectangular plate specimens extracted from the explosion clad plate. Artificial parallel cracks are made perpendicularly to the explosive interface in each specimen. When a tensile load is applied perpendicularly to the crack plane, strain, plastic deformation near cracks and crack opening displacement are examined by experiments as well as elasto-plastic finite element analysis. The effects of the material inhomogeneity, the change of material characteristics, the residual stress and the interaction between parallel cracks on the deformation behavior are revealed. The plastic zone around parallel cracks, at relatively low applied stress level, grows mainly ahead of and between two cracks. The interaction between parallel cracks on the crack opening displacement can be explained from the square of stress intensity factor at the low applied stress level and from the plastic deformation at the high applied stress level.     

Zum Einfluß der mechanischen Belastung auf die interkristalline Spannungsrißkorrosion von unlegiertem Stahl in Carbonat/Bicarbonat-Lösung

Effect of mechanical stress on intergranular stress corrosion cracking of unalloyed steel in carbonate/bicarbonate solution Intergranular stress corrosion cracking of a carbon steel in 0.5 M NaHCO₃ + 0.5 M Na₂CO₃ solution at 70°C was examined by normal, interrupted and cyclic CERT testing. Within the critical potential range, the lengths of intergranular cracks increase with increasing strain rate, and decrease when the material is cold worked. The fracture time indicates that the crack velocity increases with increasing strain rate. This is also observed with tensile specimens subjected to interrupted and cyclic strain rates. Detailed information on crack propagation and threshold stress levels can be obtained by interrupted and cyclic CERT tests. Intergranular cracks arise if surface region of the material undergoes plastic deformation in excess of a definite amount. In the case of a 60°-notch specimen the plastic zone must be greater than 0.3 mm. For cyclically strained specimens the crack velocity can markedly decrease with time or can become even zero as a consequence of strain hardening. From this one can conclude that stress corrosion cracking can only occur if stress levels are very high.     

核电压力容器600合金小裂纹应力腐蚀开裂扩展速率定量预测

小裂纹应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)在核电关键构件(NPPs)的全寿命衰减过程有重要影响。通过将薄膜滑移-溶解/氧化模型与弹塑性有限元(EPFEM)相结合,定量预测核电反应堆压力容器(RPV)中小裂纹SCC扩展速率。根据裂纹尖端力学场的分析,确定以裂纹尖端应变率来表征小裂纹的萌生和扩展,并通过距离扩展小裂纹尖端特定的r₀处的塑性应变(de_p/da)来近似表征裂纹尖端应变率。提出了基于弹塑性断裂力学的动态裂纹扩展和准静态裂纹扩展两种方法计算塑性应变(de_p/da),并进行两种计算方法比对塑性应变随裂纹长度变化的敏感性,得到两种计算方法之间差异的同时,也确定小裂纹扩展的塑性应变变化比长裂纹更为敏感。小裂纹的SCC扩展速率大于长裂纹的SCC扩展速率,距裂尖的特征距离r₀是重要的影响因子,鉴于特定距离r₀难以确定,建议通过将相同环境和相同材料下的SCC实验数据结合单边拉伸试样的有限元数值计算结果来确定。研究结果能够实现核电关键结构材料的SCC扩展速率定量预测及服役压力容器的安全评价。     

金属材料在循环载荷下塑性变形传播对疲劳性能的影响

对疲劳裂纹萌生寿命和扩展速率的研究表明，４０Ｃｒ钢调质和正火态存在加载频率效应，而１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９Ｔｉ钢固溶处理态未发现加载频率效应。引起加载频率效应的实质是，随加载频率不断提高，金属材料塑性变形传播速度不断减小，从而改变塑性区特性。     

Corporate Effects of Temperature and Strain Range on the Low Cycle Fatigue Life of a Single-Crystal Superalloy DD10

Low cycle fatigue behavior of a nickel-based single-crystal superalloy DD10 was investigated at 760 and980 °C under different strain ranges. Results show that the fatigue life(Nf) of DD10 alloy exhibits different temperature dependence under various strain ranges. Under low strain range, the alloy exhibits a longer Nfat 760 °C than that at980 °C. However, under high strain range, a reverse result is obtained. This difference can be attributed to the change of dominant damage modes under various test conditions, which is manifested in different modes of crack initiation(crack nucleation and its early propagation). At 760 °C, the crack initiates at pores in subsurface due to local stress concentration.This process is mainly controlled by plastic amplitude and plastic property, but not affected by oxygen-induced damage before the crack propagates to the surface. At 980 °C, the crack initiates at surface instead of pores due to the more homogeneous plastic deformation and the disharmony between the external oxidation layer and the bulk material when the strain amplitude is high. At that temperature, the process is mainly controlled by oxidation damage and strain amplitude simultaneously. Therefore, under high strain range, the crack initiation is much easier at 760 °C due to plastic deformation and the poor plasticity, while under low strain range obvious oxidation damage at 980 °C may accelerate the crack initiation.     

Mechanisms governing deformation and damage during elevated-temperature fatigue of an aluminum-magnesium-silicon alloy

The cyclic deformation and fracture characteristics of aluminum alloy 6061 are presented and discussed. The specimens were cyclically deformed using fully reversed tension-compression loading under total strain-amplitude control, over a range of temperatures. The alloy showed evidence of softening to failure at all test temperatures. The degree of softening during fully reversed deformation increased with test temperature. The presence of shearable matrix precipitates results in a microstructure that offers a local decrease in resistance to dislocation movement, causing a progressive loss of strengthening contributions to the matrix. At elevated temperatures, localized oxidation and embrittlement at the grain boundaries are exacerbated by the applied cyclic stress and play an important role in accelerating crack initiation and subsequent crack propagation. The fracture behavior of the alloy is discussed in light of competing influences of intrinsic microstructural effects, deformation characteristics arising from a combination of mechanical and microstructural contributions, cyclic plastic strain amplitude and concomitant response stress, and the test temperature.     

慢加载条件下氢对裂纹萌生与扩展的作用

在扫描电镜原位拉伸条件下，研究了氢原子对正火态的Ｃｒ－１Ｍｏ钢裂纹萌生与扩展的作用结果发现：氢原子使缺口根部韧性裂纹萌生时的临界塑变降低，并使裂纹的扩展方式从沿最大切应力方向的连续扩展改变成沿最大主应力面的跳跃扩展．试验未发现明显的氢致塑变特征．文中对氢原子的影响机理进行了分析．     

安全端焊接接头镍基合金600SCC裂纹扩展行为研究

镍基合金作为压水堆一回路安全端焊接接头焊缝的常用材料,由于严苛的服役环境以及焊缝处材料力学性能的不均匀使得镍基合金极易发生应力腐蚀开裂现象,对核电安全运行造成很大影响。为了解材料宏观结构参量变化(包括材料塑性性能以及应力强度因子K)对SCC裂纹扩展速率的变化,本文通过建立镍基合金600不同宏观结构参量下的SCC裂纹扩展有限元模型,分析了镍基合金600不同塑性以及载荷参数变化对裂尖塑性区和拉伸塑性应变的影响,结果表明塑性区尺寸及裂尖拉伸应变受到裂尖应力强度因子、屈服强度及硬化指数的影响,其中裂尖应力强度因子的影响较大,同时与屈服强度成反比,应力强度因子和硬化指数成正比;通过比较不同应力强度因子下计算所得SCC扩展速率结果和高温水环境下SCC扩展速率实验,获得了符合镍基合金600的特征距离r₀的取值范围;研究结果能为核电镍基合金600的高温水环境下SCC速率预测提供一定的科学依据。     

等通道转角挤压Al-Cu合金的应力和应变疲劳行为比较

通过恒应力和恒塑性应变控制疲劳实验,比较了等通道转角挤压四道次的Al—0．7％Cu(质量分数)合金的疲劳寿命、表面变形形貌、疲劳开裂和疲劳断口．结果表明：样品发生明显的循环软化,致使应变和应力疲劳寿命在高、低应力范围存在差别．在应变控制疲劳样品中,塑性变形既可由剪切带来承担,也可以由剪切带和形变带共同承担,进而疲劳裂纹分别沿剪切带或形变带萌生．而应力控制疲劳的塑性变形只集中在剪切带中,并导致剪切疲劳开裂．疲劳断口上存在典型的疲劳裂纹萌生区、缓慢扩展区、快速扩展区和最后瞬断区．     

Deformation behaviour of closed-cell aluminium foams in tension

The mechanical behaviour of commercially available ALPORAS aluminium foam with two different densities was studied under tension loading. In addition to the common stress–strain measurements, local deformation, notch-opening displacement and damage evolution were determined. The deformation characteristics deviated from those observed in aluminium foams under compression. No deformation bands or plastic instabilities could be observed in tension, which are very frequent in compression of metallic foams. Four regimes were evident in the stress–strain curves and deformation maps: the linear elastic regime, the plastic regime with no significant crack initiation and propagation, the regime of formation of a fracture process zone and, finally, the regime of fracture, where a main crack propagates through the specimen and leads to failure. The fracture strain was only a few per cent, with the higher-density foam showing a larger fracture strain, and the plastic Poisson's ratio was about 0.35. The notched specimens showed increasing fracture strengths in terms of the net section stress with increasing notch depth. It is suggested that a change in stress state, caused by a non-vanishing Poisson's ratio, in front of the notch tip creates an increase of the fracture strength similar to the behaviour in ductile bulk metals.     

Cu-Cr-Zr合金的低周疲劳行为

通过室温低周疲劳(LCF)试验研究了Cu-Cr-Zr合金的低周疲劳性能和循环变形行为,利用电子背散射衍射、透射电镜和扫描电镜分别分析了合金循环变形前后的微观结构和疲劳断口。结果表明:Cu-Cr-Zr合金的弹性应变幅、塑性应变幅与断裂时的循环周次之间的关系可分别用Basquin和Coffin-Manson公式表示。Cu-Cr-Zr合金在高外加总应变幅(Δε_t/2=0.6%)的疲劳变形后期会出现循环硬化现象,循环变形组织为位错墙、位错团簇、亚结构胞状组织的混合结构,并且观察到了孪晶的形成。此外,所选材料在外加总应变幅为0.4%时的疲劳断口呈现多疲劳源特征,疲劳裂纹扩展区中观察到了大量的撕裂棱、韧窝、以及犁沟。     

Effects of Stress Intensity Factor on Electrochemical Corrosion Potential at Crack Tip of Nickel-Based Alloys in High Temperature Water Environments

在高温水环境中,应力会提高镍基合金裂纹尖端的阳极溶解速率并加速裂纹扩展。采用弹塑性有限元方法,对高温水环境中镍基合金裂纹尖端应力和电化学腐蚀的关系进行研究。分析了应力强度因子对模拟高温水环境中600合金1T-CT试样裂纹尖端表面电化学腐蚀电位的影响,并讨论了弹性变形和塑性变形对裂纹尖端电化学腐蚀电位变化的影响。     

镍基合金环境致裂稳态小裂纹裂尖力学场特殊性的研究

裂纹长度是影响裂纹尖端力学特性及裂纹扩展速率的重要因素,但现有环境致裂研究中的裂纹类型主要为长裂纹而忽略了小裂纹。本文采用有限元数值计算的方法,研究高温水环境下具有单边裂纹的镍基合金试样环境致裂过程中小裂纹裂尖力学特征。结果表明小裂纹裂尖具有比长裂纹更高的应力和应变,并使小裂纹具有更高的裂纹扩展趋势。文中给出了计算小裂纹裂尖塑性区尺寸的修正方法,J 积分计算的Irwin修正方法适用于长裂纹,但计算小裂纹条件下的J积分时会产生误差。提出在缺乏成熟理论指导下应采用弹塑性有限元数值计算的方法获取准确的小裂纹裂尖J积分。基于小裂纹与长裂纹裂尖力学特征的明显不同,建议在分析核电结构材料环境致裂时,将裂纹扩展分为小裂纹扩展及长裂纹扩展阶段分别研究。     

铝合金管材无芯模冲切过程的有限元模拟

对铝合金管的冲切过程进行了有限元模拟,刀具采用刚体模型,工件采用弹塑性模型,材料断裂破坏采用Normalized Cockcroft＆Latham破坏准则。分析了冲切过程中冲切力、等效应力的变化,得出了弹性变形、塑性变形、塑性变形至裂纹扩展、断裂始终贯穿于整个冲切过程之中。通过模拟切口与实际切口的对比、模拟切屑形状与实际切屑形状的对比,说明了模拟过程的有效性。     

Fracture in strain gradient elasticity

Recent experiments have shown that the microscale material behavior is very different from that of bulk materials, and displays strong size effects when the characteristic length associated with the deformation is on the order of microns. Conventional continuum theories, however, can not predict this size dependence because they do not have an intrinsic length in their constitutive models. A new continuum theory, namely the strain gradient theory, has been proposed to investigate the deformation of solids at the microscale. For materials undergoing plastic deformation, the basis of strain gradient theory is the dislocation theory in materials science, and strain gradient plasticity has agreed remarkably well with experiments. For elastic materials with microstructures, it has also been established that the material behavior can be represented by an elastic strain gradient theory. A general approach to investigate fracture of materials with strain gradient effects is established. Both the near-tip asymptotic fields and the elastic full-field solutions are obtained in closed form. Due to stain gradient effects, stresses ahead of a crack tip are significantly higher than those in the classical K field. The plastic zone size surronunding a crack tip is estimated by elastic near-tip fields, as well as by the Dugdale model. It is established that the plastic zone is, in general, much more round and larger than that estimated from the classical K field.     

EH36钢埋弧焊接头焊缝金属不均匀性对断裂行为的影响

为研究EH36钢埋弧焊焊缝金属组织不均匀性对裂纹起裂行为的影响，采用微小力学试验系统，对EH36钢埋弧焊焊缝中两种不同取向试样进行微拉伸试验，并对两组试样裂纹萌生机理进行显微观察. 结果表明,两组试样塑性变形均集中在先共析铁素体上，且先共析铁素体上应变分布不均匀；横向加载试样为微孔聚集型断裂，由于“弱”应力奇异性的存在，裂纹在应变集中作用下起源于三叉晶界；纵向加载试样变形集中在先共析铁素体与针状铁素体界面处并导致界面剥离生成裂纹，断口具有局部脆性的特征.