造型粉制备工艺对TATB基PBX力学性能的影响

采用水悬浮法、捏合法及乳液包覆法制备了TATB基高聚物粘结炸药(PBX),探讨了三种PBX造型粉制备工艺对其力学性能的影响。实验结果表明:较传统水悬浮法制备工艺,捏合法造型粉制备工艺可以显著改善TATB基PBX中粘结剂的分布均匀性,从而改善TATB基PBX的力学性能;乳液包覆法对TATB基PBX中粘结剂的分布均匀性有所改善,但对其力学性能的改善并不明显。     

一种含LLM-105的HMX基低感高能PBX炸药

研究了不同颗粒形态的LLM-105对HMX的降感作用以及HMX/LLM-105基炸药配方用的黏结体系和钝感体系.设计出一种HMX/LLM-105配方,采用机械感度和冲击波感度以及板痕试验和圆筒试验对其安全性能和爆轰性能进行了测试.结果表明,LLM-105可作为含能钝感剂用于HMX基PBX炸药,该种含LLM-105的HMX基PBX爆速约8700 m/s、爆压34 GPa以上、比动能为1.560 kJ/g,冲击波感度比JOB-9003炸药低10%,是一种新型的低感高能炸药.     

高品质压装HMX基PBX炸药的冲击波感度

为改善HMX基PBX的安全性能,通过隔板试验研究了高品质HMX的粒度对压装PBX炸药冲击波起爆性能的影响.结果表明·对于相对密度较高(98.5％TMD)的压装HMX基PBX,与普通品质(平均粒径30μm)相比,使用高品质HMX(20 μm)后PBX的冲击波感度下降了7％,当高品质HMX的粒度增至150μm后,其冲击波起...     

HMX/NTO基塑料粘结炸药的制备工艺

用溶液-水悬浮法和超临界CO2包覆法研究了HMX／NTO为基的塑料粘结炸药(PBX)的制备工艺,用组分分析和IR分析了制得的产品。结果表明,溶液-水悬浮法工艺不适合在水溶液中制备含NTO的PBX,而超临界流体包覆技术是制备NTO类水溶性炸药的无污染的有效途径。     

球形HMX/F_(2602)复合炸药的制备与表征

以F_(2602)(氟橡胶)为胶粘剂、HMX(奥克托今)为含能材料,采用喷雾干燥法制备了PBX(聚合物粘接炸药)。利用SEM(扫描电镜)、XRD(X-射线衍射)法和DSC(差示扫描量热)法对PBX的结构和性能进行了表征。研究结果表明:HMX/F_(2602)复合炸药的颗粒呈球形状结构,并且其粒径达到纳米级别;与HMX原料相比,HMX/F_(2602)的热稳定性更好,撞击感度明显降低[H_(50)(特性落高)值由18.20 cm升至35.37 cm]。     

HMX基PBX的温度环境适应性

对HMX基PBX进行了-40～+75℃温度循环试验和温度冲击试验,采用超声波参量检测方法对炸药的内部损伤进行了分析和表征。并对环境试验前后炸药的力学性能和破坏方式进行了实验研究。结果表明,温度循环试验和温度冲击试验将导致HMX基PBX产生热损伤,使HMX基PBX压缩强度轻微下降,而对拉伸强度影响不大。     

水悬浮法制备NTO/HMX基PBX

为了获得安全性能较好的压装高聚物粘结炸药(PBX),以3-硝基-1,2,4-三唑-5-酮(NTO)和奥克托今(HMX)为主体炸药,采用水悬浮法制备了NTO/HMX基压装PBX,测定了NTO在水中的溶解度,考察了水药比、搅拌速度对包覆效果的影响和主炸药粒度对撞击感度的影响,测定了产品的爆速。结果表明:NTO在水中的溶解度较大,在常温下制备,用NTO饱和水溶液代替水作分散介质;最佳工艺条件为:水药比(体积质量比)为1.6∶1,搅拌速度为500 r/min;主炸药粒度细化后产品的撞击感度下降了43%,只有15.3%;产品的爆速为8 200 m/s,达到了理论爆速的95%以上。     

HMX颗粒特性对压装PBX苏珊感度的影响

采用苏珊试验测试了HMX基压装PBX炸药在低速撞击下的感度,研究了HMX的晶体品质、颗粒尺寸等对PBX撞击感度的影响。结果表明,HMX晶体品质的提高有利于提升PBX的反应阈值速度;在晶体品质相当的情况下,当HMX颗粒由20μm增大到105μm时,PBX的苏珊撞击响应的阈值速度由47m/s升至59m/s,而撞击响应的程度有一定下降。苏珊试验中存在一个临界撞靶速度(约100m/s),低于该速度,含高品质HMX的PBX反应程度小于含普通品质HMX的PBX;高于该速度,含高品质HMX的PBX反应程度则大于含普通品质HMX的PBX。     

HTPB基PBX的模量与撞击感度的关系

为改善HTPB基PBX炸药的易损性,研究了炸药的模量与撞击感度之间的关系。通过改变端羟基聚丁二烯（HTPB）基PBX的固化参数与黏结剂的含量,制备了一系列具有不同模量的PBX,利用50％特性落高法对其撞击感度进行测试。结果表明,PBX的撞击感度随抗张模量和压缩模量的下降而降低。从理论上分析了影响撞击感度的模量因素和机理,认为通过调整PBX的力学性能可改善PBX炸药的机械撞击感度。     

Pickering乳液聚合法制备TATB/HMX基复合微球

为了提升HMX的安全及应用性能,采用Pickering乳液聚合法,以固体粒子氧化石墨烯(GO)为稳定剂,分别以聚醋酸乙烯酯(PVAc)和聚苯乙烯(PSt)为黏结剂制备了两种TATB/HMX基复合粒子;通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)对样品进行了表征,并测试了其撞击感度和摩擦感度。结果表明,制备的TATB/HMX基复合粒子均为表面均匀密实的球形颗粒,所含HMX和TATB的炸药晶型均未改变;与HMX原料相比,复合粒子的表观活化能(E_a)提高,其中TATB/HMX/PVAc/GO复合粒子的E_a提高了44.18kJ/mol, TATB/HMX/PSt/GO的E_a提高了40.5kJ/mol;撞击感度和摩擦感度明显降低,以PVAc为黏结剂更适合复合粒子的制备,其临界撞击能量由5.5J提升至60J,临界摩擦压力由128N提升至324N,说明制备的复合微球的热安全性和机械安全性大大提高。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。