双循环旋风分离器阻力性能的实验研究

双循环旋风分离器通过将主进气口设于简体中部,将顶部进气口设为回流口,消除了传统旋风分离器顶部进气口存在的二次流和短路流,进而使大于3μm颗粒的分离效率接近100%.基于工程设计理论的需求,研究了该新设备的阻力性能.利用直径为0.250 m的实验设备,测定了其压降与进口气速的关系,考察了不同结构和操作条件对其阻力性能的影...     

A model analysis on the reasons for unstable operation of jet-pulsed filters

Various physically based models are available to describe an uneven distribution of the filter cake on the filter area of jet-pulsed bag filters. Such an uneven distribution is intrinsically present, when only segments of the filter are cleaned at a time but not the entire filter. Moreover, also patchy cleaning causes an uneven filter cake loading, since only a fraction of a filter cake is removed by a jet pulse while the other fraction remains basically intact on the filter cloth. Unstable filter operation can be defined by a continuous or periodic reduction of the filtration time per cleaning pulse. The operation of a jet-pulsed filter was mathematically simulated and, by systematically altering model parameters, unstable operation was obtained. Three situations were investigated: a continuous increase of the filter cake resistance parameter, a continuous increase of the filter cloth resistance parameter, and a particular cake detachment function where, after a filter cake survived some filter cycles, it can hardly be removed. The transient pressure difference simulation results reveal characteristic patterns: Taking normal stable operation as a reference, an increase of the filter cake resistance leads to shorter filtration and somewhat longer cleaning intervals (i.e., more cleaning pulses). An increase of the filter cloth resistance causes longer filtration and also considerably more cleaning pulses. Deficient filter cleaning gives shorter filtration periods and extremely long cleaning intervals. A comparison between model simulations and pilot plant results shows that there, the experimentally observed unstable operation can most likely be attributed to problems with cake detachment. Hence appropriate measures for avoiding unstable operation were successfully introduced.     

Development of a semi-analytical model to predict the pressure drop of clean pleated high-efficiency particulate air filters

The present article outlines the development of a semi-analytical model devoted to predict the pressure drop induced by clean pleated high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters. Both experimental measurements and numerical simulations are used to characterize the velocity field in the pleat channel. On this basis, a semi-analytical model is derived to determine the gas flow within the pleat channel. This analytical formulation is used to predict the air pressure evolution according to filtration velocity in the pleat. This model is then validated on the basis of comparisons with measurements found in the scientific literature for different kinds of HEPA filters with different pleat geometries. This model is easy to use, fast to run compared to standard computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approaches, and is in good agreement with the experimental results.     

过滤器运行期间压差增长规律的探讨

从理论上对过滤器运行期间压差的增长规律及影响压差的因素进行了讨论。     

挤出机机头中压力降的研究

将挤出机机头流道中各个平行于横截面的几何形状，转化成理想状态的窄缝或圆形，通过分析计算得出一个纠正函数。由此应用简单的分析方程计算挤出机机头中实际的压力降。     

Modeling instantaneous pressure drop of pleated thin filter media during dust loading

In this paper, we present a modeling methodology for studying the effects of dust loading on the pressure drop across pleated filters. Our simulations demonstrate that there exists an optimum pleat count for clean filters at which pressure drop reaches a minimum regardless of the in-plane or through-plane orientation of the fibers. With the particle deposition included in the analysis, our results indicated that the rate of increase in pressure drop decreases with increase in the pleat count. We demonstrated that a higher pleat count results in a higher flow velocity inside the pleat channels causing more non-uniformity in the dust deposition across the pleat. Especially when particles are sufficiently large, the dust cake tends to form deeper inside the pleated channel when the pleat count is high. This effect is observed to be less pronounced when the pleats have a triangular shape. We also showed that if the dust cake permeability is higher than that of the filters fibrous media, the rate of increase in pressure drop does not always decrease with increase in the pleat count. Finally, by comparing filters having 15 pleats per inch, we observed that rectangular pleats are preferred over the triangular pleats when the particles are highly inertial, i.e., filtering high-speed large particles. When particle's inertia is small, our results indicate that triangular pleats cause less pressure drop, and so are recommended.     

微通道反应器内气液二相流压降的研究

以氮气和去离子水为研究体系,采用混合均质模型,在内径分别为900μm和500μm的圆形微通道中针对微通道反应器内气液二相流的压降进行研究。分析了黏度、气液表观速度等因素对微通道反应器中气液二相摩擦压降的影响。结果表明:均相流模型与分相流模型在微通道反应器内适用性均有限;采用Mc Adams黏度公式对微通道内的压降进行理论计算,其结果与实际测量所得压降值吻合良好;微通道反应器中的气液二相摩擦压降随气液二相表观速度的增大而增大;将实验结果与分相流模型的预测值进行比较,分相流模型中Lockhart-Martinelli关系式不能很好地预测微通道中气液二相流的摩擦压降。     

The investigation of pressure drop in moving-beds

The pressure drop of a cross-flow moving-bed was investigated in a two-dimensional rectangular apparatus. The effects of the particle velocity, the superficial gas velocity, the formation and development of cavity/raceway and voidage of particles on the pressure drop were investigated experimentally under the operational conditions of 0.09–1.35 m/s of the superficial gas velocity and 0.95–9.68 cm/min of the particle velocity. The experimental results show that the particle velocity has little influence on the pressure drop, while the phenomena of cavity and pinning occur when the cross-flow velocity is high enough. The development of a cavity or a raceway can result in three types of variations of pressure drop with time: stabilization, slight fluctuation and severe fluctuation. A cavity appears in a process cycle of ‘formation-growing up-collapsing-fluidization’ at a high gas velocity. On the basis of experimental results, a model for calculating the pressure drop after a cavity occurs and a dimensionless relationship of cavity size is developed, which gives a good qualitative account of the experimental data. Translated from The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering, 2006, 6(5): 697–702 [译自: 过程工程学报]     

Study of the pressure drop of dense phase gas-solid flow through nozzle

Pressure drops are measured on different nozzles of various pipe sizes in dense phase pulverized coal pneumatic conveying. From the experimental results, we conclude that the effect of the gas phase nozzle pressure drop is negligible when comparing with the solid phase pressure drop in the experimental range. The main influence factors contributing to the nozzle pressure drop are gas and solid mass flow rate, solids loading ratio, and the diameters of the nozzle inlet and outlet. A new model was developed to predict the nozzle pressure drop in dense phase pneumatic conveying of pulverized coal based on the Barth's pneumatic conveying theory. The pressure drop predictions from the model are in good agreement with the experimental values. The model quantified the important influence factors of the nozzle pressure drop.     

Modeling the pressure drop of wet gas in horizontal pipe

A model for gas-liquid annular and stratified flow through a horizontal pipe is investigated,using the two-phase hydrokinetics theory.Taking into consideration the flow factors including the void fraction,the friction between the two phases and the entrainment in the gas core,the one-dimensional momentum equation for gas has been solved.The differential pressure of the wet gas between the two tapings in the straight pipe has been modeled in the pressure range of 0.1-0.8 MPa.In addition a more objective iteration approach to determine the local void fraction is proposed.Compared with the experimental data,more than 83％ deviation of the test data distributed evenly within the band of ± 10％.Since the model is less dependent on the specific empirical apparatus and data,it forms the foundation for further establishing a flow measurement model of wet gas which will produce fewer biases in results when it is extrapolated.     

输气站场过滤分离器压降与除尘效率变化特性

为通过压降来评价不同工况下过滤分离器的除尘效率和工作状况,指导现场过滤分离器滤芯的操作和更换,本文以输气站场典型卧式过滤分离器为研究对象,采用粉尘在线检测和计算流体力学（CFD）数值模拟的方法,分析不同运行时间、运行压力下过滤分离器压降和除尘效率的静态与动态特性,并通过现场实际验证。结果表明：在相同标况流量下,操作压力越低,过滤分离器初始压降越高;随着过滤分离器的运行时间增长,其压降检测值将偏离拟合的最优二次曲线,其除尘效率也将呈下降趋势,特别是在运行压力较低时下降更快,其根源在于低压下气流速度快,可携带更多已聚结的颗粒流出,致使下游粉尘浓度上升;CFD方法预测与在线检测的除尘效率误差均低于20%,现场实际除尘量证实两种方法均有较高的准确性与可靠性,且适合过滤分离器压降与除尘效率变化的预测。     

Influence of die angles on pressure drop during extrusion of rubber compound

The factors affecting pressure losses during extrusion of polymer melts are discussed in the present article. The rheological properties of an unvulcanized rubber compound were examined by using a Monsanto processability tester (MPT) under experimental conditions of temperatures varied 90 to 120°C and shear rates from 10² to 10³ s^?1. Furthermore, a set of dies with different entry angle (2α) was selected to identify the effects of die angles on pressure losses in capillary extrusion of the sample fluid. It was found that the total pressure drop (ΔP) decreased when 2α < 75 degrees, and then increased with increasing 2α. The ΔP reached the minimum value when 2α is around 75°. It suggests that the natural converging angle of the sample fluid be about 75° under the experimental conditions, according to the research results presented in previous work. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 1150–1154, 2001     

连续重整预加氢系统压降增大处理措施

预加氢是对粗石脑油进行预处理,给重整反应提供合格精制油。随着运行时间延长,预加氢系统压降过大,这成为连续重整装置高负荷生产的瓶颈。针对这一问题对反应器床层上部催化剂进行了过筛处理,加热炉炉管进行爆破吹扫等一系列的处理。结果表明:预加氢反应系统压降大大降低,预加氢燃料气用量大幅度降低;同时,装置加工量大幅度上升,保证了下游重整装置有充足的精制石脑油。     

Measurement and prediction of pressure drop in two-phase flow

Experimental data for air–water two-phase co-current flow in two different pipe diameters were used to test the prediction of pressure drop by a number of existing theories and correlations. Several models are shown to be useful for prediction, particularly with the stratified regimes which have proved difficult to handle in the past. The model suggested by Olujic proved to be of particular value.     

文丘里洗涤器压力损失模型

通过理论分析,在考虑气体摩擦压力损失和扩散段液滴减速的压力回收基础上,推导出了一个准确、实用的文丘里洗涤器压力损失计算模型,并分别对3个具有不同喉管长度的文丘里洗涤器模型在液气比为0.4—1.0L/m3与喉管气速为33—58m/s条件下的压力损失进行了试验测量。结果表明:模型的理论预测值和试验值吻合良好,可以为工程设计或优化操作时文丘里洗涤器压力损失的预测方法。     

微通道内流体压力降研究进展

从微通道构型出发,总结了恒定截面通道、变径通道、复杂通道内流体压降研究的最新进展,介绍了哈根?泊肃叶定律用于恒定截面通道的研究进展,提出了变径通道的截面变化对压降的影响,总结了复杂构型微通道内流体压降研究的难点,讨论了粘度、滑移、特征尺寸及其测量方式对压降的影响,为构建压降预测模型提供了思路. 对该领域今后主要的研究方向进行了展望.     

加入防聚剂后水合物浆液流动压降规律研究

围绕新型水合物化学抑制剂在海上油气田现场应用过程中将遇到的管道输送工艺设计技术方面的问题开展实验研究。在内径为25.4mm,长20m的水平透明实验环道上,首次以海上凝析油气田现场采集的油、水和按天然气组分配置的气体为实验介质,加入国内自主研制的水合物防聚剂,进行了水合物浆液流动压降实验。实验初始含水质量分数分别为5%,10%,15%,20%,25%,30%,得到了不同实验条件下水合物浆液流动压降参数的变化规律。通过分析实验结果并借助液固二相流有关理论,初步建立了水合物浆液管输压降计算方法。基于实验数据,该方法可用于计算实际管线中水合物浆液流动的压降。     

压力过滤机在PTA生产中的应用

在PTA精制过程中用压力过滤机代替压力离心机,产品分离效果更好,装置单耗下降了3 kg标油,节电776万kW.h,降低维修费用770万元/a,减少运行费用380万元/a,用1台压滤机取代3台压力离心机改造是成功的。     

Modeling of dry pressure drop for fully developed gas flow in structured packing using CFD simulations

Dry pressure drop in columns equipped with structured packings is considered to involve two components: drag force due to the direction changes near the column walls and in the transition region between two packing layers rotated to each other by 90°, and friction force between the different gas flows inside the crossing triangular channels and with the packing solid walls. It is believed that in a packed bed with compact sheet density and large packing surface area (above 250 m²/m³), the major contribution of the pressure drop is generated by the friction component.In this paper, a model is proposed to determine the dry pressure drop friction component. The gas is assumed to establish a fully developed turbulent flow inside the structured packing channels. The structured packing geometry consists of a combination of periodic elements. It is shown that the reproduction of one periodic element aerodynamics leads to determine the gas distribution and pressure drop inside the packed bed. Therefore, modeling the dry pressure drop through one periodic element is a meaningful representation of the dry pressure drop over the packing.CFD simulations are carried out on periodic elements using different turbulence models: RNG k−ε, realizable k−ε, and SST k−ω. The best results that agree with the experimental data in the literature are obtained with the SST k−ω model. The CFD model proposed is used to study the impact of packing geometry variations on the dry pressure drop and to bring up a correlation for the pressure drop with respect to changes of packing geometry: channel height dimension, channel opening angle, and corrugation angle.     

双阀重浮阀塔板的干板压降

应用Bolles理论和Klein的各项数据通过对浮阀塔板上安装2种质量不同的浮阀的压降特性进行模拟,开发了新的计算双重浮阀开启和全开时的各平衡点的表观孔动能因子公式以及建立了5个阶段计算压降的方法.对特定的条件进行了计算得到了比较合理的结果.采用各平衡点表观孔动能因子公式可以对双阀重的浮阀塔板的操作弹性有更准确的预计.