高强韧低合金冷作模具钢6CrNiMnSiMoV的强韧化特性

研究了钢的微观结构，残余奥氏体的稳定性及力学性能随回火温度的变化，结果表明；钢的基体为细晶马氏体，且大部分具有位错亚结构；马氏体板条界上存在着较稳定的残余奥氏体薄膜；马氏体内均匀分布着大量固溶时未溶，５－５０ｎｍ大小的Ｖ４Ｃ３；２００－３００℃回火析出大量细小的ε－碳化物。这种微观结构对于获得高强韧性是理想。Ｓｉ使ε－碳化物溶解和渗碳体的形成温度提高到３００℃以上，故钢在２００－３００℃回火有良好     

残余奥氏体对40MnMoV钢拉伸性能的影响

运用ＯＰＭ、ＴＥＭ、Ｘ－Ｒａｙ和静拉伸试验方法，研究了４０ＭｎＭｏＶ钢在正火和正火十回火状态时的拉伸性能。该钢经过９００℃、０．５ｈ奥氏体化后空冷，得到非典型上、下贝氏体和块状组织，各种组织中均存在残余奥氏体。将正火状态下的试验钢回火时，残余奥氏体发生分解，随着回火温度升高，残余奥氏体百分含量减少，而钢的屈服强度和屈强比提高，并在４００℃达到极大值，同时延伸率下降，且于４００℃降至极小值。     

低碳双相钢冲击韧性及断裂特征

本文研究了低碳双相钢中不同体积百分比及不同强度比的铁素体、马氏体双相组织对钢的冲击韧性及断裂过程的影响。结果表明:马氏体数量增加使钢的韧性降低,回火温度升高使钢的韧性提高。冲击断口形貌由室温的韧窝型转变为-78℃时以准解理为主及-196℃时全部解理型。     

回火温度对16Col4Ni10Cr2Mo钢断裂韧度和抗应力腐蚀性能的影响

研究了回火温度对１６Ｃｏｌ４Ｎｉｌ０Ｃｒ２Ｍｏ钢断裂韧度Ｋ_（ＩＣ）和抗应力腐蚀性能Ｋ_（ＩＳＣＣ）的影响。发现５１０℃以下回火Ｋ_（ＩＣ）和冲击值ａ_ｋ的变化一致，都表现出回火马氏体脆性，但在回火脆性区内Ｋ_（ＩＣ）不降低。在二次硬化峰之前Ｋ_（ＩＳＣＣ）值很低，这是二次硬化钢不能在硬化峰之前回火使用的重要原因。     

马氏体对C-Si-Mn冷轧双相钢屈服特性的影响

通过实验室退火与回火,采用力学测定与显微组织分析研究了马氏体体积分数与回火温度对双相钢屈服特性的影响.结果表明:随马氏体体积分数从0%增加到约15%,双相钢的屈服强度显著降低,降低值约为80～100MPa;而马氏体体积分数在15%～35%之间,双相钢的屈服强度维持在一个较低的水平.当马氏体体积分数大于35%,双相钢屈服...     

超高强度55SiMn2Mo贝氏体钢组织和性能的研究

通过对５５ＳｉＭｎ２Ｍｏ贝氏体钢显微组织和力学性能的研究发现：该钢空冷条件下得到Ｂ／Ｍ复合组织，其中Ｍ为板条马氏体和孪日马氏体的混合组织，Ｂ为变态下贝氏体。５５ＳｉＭｎ２Ｍｏ钢空冷后在２５０－３００℃范围内回火时，可获得超高强度及较好的塑韧性配合，当回火温度超过３００℃后则有回火脆性产生。     

回火温度对1.23C-12Ni-14Co-3Cr-1Mo钢逆转奥氏体的影响

利用透射电镜，研究了不同回火温度下的0.23C-12Ni-14Co-3Cr-1Mo钢逆转奥氏体组织，在482℃回火后，在马氏体板条边界生成逆转奥氏体，此时逆转奥氏体含量较少。随着回火温度升高，逆转奥氏体含量增多，并在马氏体板条边界及马氏体板条内形成。在482－650℃范围内回火，逆转奥氏体与基体遵从K－S关系。同时本文还讨论了逆转奥氏体的形成机制，从浓度起伏及能量起伏两个角度分析了逆转奥氏体的形成。     

回火温度对16Co14Ni10Cr2Mo钢断裂韧度和抗应力腐蚀性能的影响

研究了回火温度对１６Ｃｏ１４Ｎｉ１０Ｃｒｔ２Ｍｏ钢断裂韧度ＫＩＣ和抗应力腐蚀性能ＫＩＳＣＣ的影响。发现５１０℃以下回火ＫＩＣ和冲击值ａｋ的变化一致，都表面出回火马氏体脆性，但在回火脆性区内ＫＩＣ不降低。在二次硬化峰之前ＫＩＳＣＣ值很低，这是二次硬化钢不能在硬化峰之前回火使用的重要原因。     

高速钢激光相变强化组织的回火稳定性

研究了Ｗ１８Ｃｒ４Ｖ高速钢激光相变强化层的组织及其回火稳定性。结果表明,对于Ｗ１８Ｃｒ４Ｖ高速钢,激光相变强化后的组织明显细化,其组织由马氏体,残余奥氏体及末溶碳化物组成,Ｗ,Ｃｒ,Ｖ等强碳化物形成元素在马氏体及残余奥氏体中固溶度的提高使强化层的回火稳定性有了明显的改善,经６４０℃回火后强化层硬度达到最高值１００３ＨＶ０．１,红硬性的提高改善了高速钢刀具的切削性能。     

热处理工艺对18Cr23MoVRE耐磨铸钢组织及性能的影响

研究了18Cr23MoVRE耐磨钢在不同的热处理工艺下的显微组织和力学性能。研究结果表明,18Cr23MoVRE耐磨钢经不同温度淬火+300℃回火处理后,其组织均为回火马氏体基体+少量碳化物。淬火温度提高,试验钢的硬度增加,冲击韧性略有下降。在1000℃淬火+300℃回火时,试验钢获得优良的综合性能,硬度可达到HRC58.5,冲击韧性达到5.8J。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from