P-hydroxycinnamic acids as natural mediators for laccase oxidation of recalcitrant compounds

The capabilities of p-coumaric acid (PCA), ferulic acid (FA), and sinapic acid (SA) as laccase mediators are compared in oxidation of industrial dyes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). SA behaved as highly efficient mediator in decolorization of dyes, including the recalcitrant Reactive Black 5. This mediating capacity was related to the specificity constant of the enzyme oxidizing this p-hydroxycinnamic acid, which was 16 times higher than for the typical substrate 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS). The kinetics of ABTS oxidation by laccase in the presence of p-hydroxycinnamic acids suggested that the stable phenoxyl radical of a SA transformation product acts as laccase mediator. On the other hand, FA and, especially PCA, easily mediated benzo[a]pyrene oxidation, the latter also promoting the oxidation of the more recalcitrant phenanthrene. Phenanthrene transformation by laccase-PCA was enhanced by Tween 80. This fact, together with the detection of TBARS (thiobarbituric acid-reactive-substances) from unsaturated fatty acids, revealed that laccase can also initiate lipid peroxidation reactions in the presence of p-hydroxycinnamic acids enabling oxidation of the most recalcitrant PAH.     

Removal of lipophilic extractives from paper pulp by laccase and lignin-derived phenols as natural mediators

In this paper, we show for the first time that lignin-derived phenols can act as laccase mediators for the removal of lipophilic compounds from paper pulp. These natural mediators represent an alternative to synthetic mediators, such as 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT), that cause some economic and environmental concerns. Unbleached kraft pulp from eucalypt wood, which contained free and conjugated sterols responsible for pitch deposition in the manufacture of totally chlorine free paper, was treated with a fungal laccase in the presence of syringaldehyde, acetosyringone, and p-coumaric acid as mediators. The composition of lipophilic extractives in the pulps after the enzymatic treatment followed by a hydrogen peroxide stage was analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The enzymatic treatment using syringaldehyde as laccase mediator caused the highest removal (over 90%) of free and conjugated sitosterol, similar to that attained with HBT, followed by acetosyringone (over 60% removal), whereas p-coumaric acid was barely effective. Moreover, recalcitrant oxidized steroids surviving laccase-HBT treatment could be removed when using these natural mediators. Pulp brightness was also improved (from 57% to 66% ISO brightness) by the laccase treatment in the presence of the above phenols followed by the peroxide stage due to the simultaneous removal of lignin.     

Laccase-carrying electrospun fibrous membranes for adsorption and degradation of PAHs in shoal soils

The removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from soil is costly and time-consuming. The high hydrophobicity of PAHs makes PAH diffusion from soil particles by hydraulic flow difficult. The phase transfer of PAHs from soil to another available mediator is crucial for PAH removal. This study focuses on the remediation of PAH-contaminated shoal soil, located in Yangtze, China, using three types of laccase-carrying electrospun fibrous membranes (LCEFMs) fabricated via emulsion electrospinning. These LCEFMs were composed of core-shell structural nanofibers (for PAH adsorption), with laccase in the core (for PAH degradation) and pores on the shell (for mass transfer). The LCEFMs with strong adsorptivity extracted the PAHs from the soil particles, resulting in an obvious enhancement of PAH degradation. The removal efficiencies in 6 h for phenanthrene, fluoranthene, benz[a]anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene were greater than 95.1%, 93.2%, 79.1%, and 72.5%, respectively. The removal half-lives were 0.003-1.52 h, much shorter than those by free laccase (17.9-67.9 h) or membrane adsorption (1.25-12.50 h). The third-order reaction kinetics suggested that the superficial adsorption and internal diffusion were the rate-limiting steps of the overall reaction. A synergistic effect between adsorption and degradation was also proposed on the basis of the triple phase distribution and kinetics analyses.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in foods: human exposure through the diet in Catalonia, Spain

The dietary intake of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene, and indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene) by the general population of Catalonia, Spain, was calculated. Concentrations of PAHs in food samples randomly acquired in seven cities of Catalonia from June to August 2000 were measured. Eleven food groups were included in the study. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to analyze PAHs. The dietary intakes of total and carcinogenic PAHs was calculated for five population groups: children, adolescents, male adults, female adults, and seniors. Among the analyzed PAHs, there was a predominance of phenanthrene (16.7 microg/kg) and pyrene (10.7 microg/kg). By food group, the highest levels of total PAHs were detected in cereals (14.5 microg/kg) and in meat and meat products (13.4 microg/kg). The mean estimated dietary intake of the sum of the 16 PAHs was as follows: male adults, 8.4 microg/day; adolescents, 8.2 microg/day; children, 7.4 microg/day; seniors, 6.3 microg/day; female adults, 6.3 microg/day. The calculated daily intake of PAHs would be associated with a 5/106 increase in the risk for the development of cancer in a male adult with a body weight of 70 kg.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food samples collected in Barcelona, Spain

This study reports on the concentrations of eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in food samples collected in the city of Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain) from 2003 to 2004. Food samples included meat products, fish (fresh and smoked), other seafood (cephalopods, crustaceans, and bivalves), vegetable oil, and tea. Concentrations of benz[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene, benzo[alpha]pyrene, benzo[e]pyrene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, and indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene were determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. PAHs were detected in most tea samples (94%), which had the highest concentration of total PAHs (mean concentration of 59 microg/kg). Other food groups with a high presence of PAHs were bivalves (present in 34% of the samples; mean value of 2.7 microg/kg) and meat products (present in 13% of the samples; mean value of 1.7 microg/kg). The PAHs detected most frequently were benzo[e]pyrene and benzo[b]fluoranthene. No sample had levels above current regulation standards. Nevertheless, the frequent presence of PAHs in bivalves, tea samples, and meat products, together with the fact that dietary sources are the main exposure to these carcinogenic compounds, suggests the need for some monitoring scheme to follow up on these trends.     

冷冻除脂-气相色谱-串联质谱法检测食用植物油中30 种多环芳烃

建立冷冻除脂--气相色谱-串联质谱检测食用植物油中30?种多环芳烃（polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAH）的方法。选用6?种氘标记PAH为内标,样品经乙腈--丙酮溶液（4∶1,V/V）于离心管中涡旋提取,10?000?r/min离心5?min,－80?℃对油脂冷冻固化,倾出提取液,再经减压浓缩和氮气吹干,以二氯甲烷复溶,气相色谱--串联质谱多反应监测方式进行检测。结果表明,在相应质量浓度范围内30?种PAH均有良好线性（R2＞0.998）,检出限为0.10～1.83?μg/kg,定量限为0.35～6.11?μg/kg,在5、20?μg/kg和50?μg/kg添加水平下的回收率为67.77%～119.28%,相对标准偏差为1.18%～12.47%。采用本方法对市售11?类38?个食用植物油样品的检测显示,萘、1-甲基萘、2--甲基萘、联苯、2,6--二甲基萘、苊烯、苊、2,3,6--三甲基萘、芴、二苯并噻吩、菲、蒽、1-甲基菲、荧蒽、芘、环戊烯[c,d]芘、苯并[a]蒽、屈、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[e]芘和苯并[a]芘的检出率均为100%;5--甲基屈、苝、茚并[1,2,3--c,d]芘、二苯并[a,h]蒽、苯并[g,h,i]苝和二苯并[a,l]芘的检出率分别为86.84%、63.16%、81.58%、21.05%、81.58%和26.32%;二苯并[a,e]芘和二苯并[a,h]芘未检出;PAH总量为92.56～905.16?μg/kg,其中苯并[a]芘含量为1.94～7.40?μg/kg,依据食品安全标准限量,PAH处于较安全水平。     

Trophic dilution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a marine food web from Bohai Bay, north China

Trophic transfer of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in aquatic ecosystems is an important criterion for assessing their ecological risk. This study analyzed 18 PAHs in phytoplankton/seston, zooplankton, five invertebrate species, five fish species, and one seabird species collected from Bohai Bay, and trophic transfer of the PAHs was determined in the food web, of which the length was approximately 4 on the basis of stable nitrogen isotope values. The concentrations of PAHs (2-64.5 ng/g wet weight) in the marine ecosystem were moderate compared with other marine organisms worldwide, and the PAH compositions exhibited species-specific profiles that were related to trophic levels in some organisms. Significant negative relationships were also found between trophic levels and lipid-normalized concentrations for 10 PAH compounds (acenaphthylene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, benz[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene + benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[e]pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene, and perylene), and their trophic magnification factors (TMFs) ranged from 0.11 for fluoranthene to 0.45 for acenaphthylene. These results confirm that PAHs undergo trophic dilution in the marine food web, which is likely to be the combined results of low assimilation efficiencies and efficient metabolic transformation at higher trophic levels.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fresh and cold-smoked Atlantic salmon fillets

The occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in smoked fish as a consequence of cold smoking was studied. Raw fillets of Salmo salar from Norway or the Irish Sea were sampled in a modern smokehouse and examined for PAH content. The same fillets, labeled with an identification number, were sampled immediately after the smoking process and analyzed. Among the investigated compounds, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, and benzo[ghi]perylene were detected in both raw and smoked fillets. No significant difference (P < 0.01) was observed between raw and smoked samples in the concentrations of six PAHs, but significant differences were found for fluorene, anthracene, fluoranthene, benz[a]anthracene, and benzo[ghi]perylene. Results confirm that PAHs concentrations in smoked fish are the product of both sea pollution and the smoking process. A modern smoking plant with an external smoke generator and a mild treatment as described here will not add significantly to the concentration of PAHs, except for some compounds.     

Sources, vertical fluxes, and equivalent toxicity of aromatic hydrocarbons in coastal sediments of the Río de la Plata Estuary, Argentina

Settling particles and bottom sediments collected at 1, 2.5, and 4 km off the metropolitan Buenos Aires coast in the Río de la Plata were analyzed to evaluate the sources and toxicity of resolved (PAHs) and unresolved (AROUCM) aromatic hydrocarbons. PAHs (0003-2.1 microg g(-1)) and AROUCM (0.01-78 microg g(-1)) presented the highest concentrations nearthe Buenos Aires port and sewer and decreasing values up- and downstream and along on- and offshore gradients. Sediment traps deployed in the Central area revealed large aromatic fluxes (1.3 +/- 1.5 and 31 +/- 47 mg m(-2) day(-1) for PAHs and AROUCM). The composition of sedimentary PAHs was dominated by uniformly distributed high molecular weight pyrogenic PAHs (53 +/- 11% fluoranthene, pyrene, and heavier PAHs), followed by diagenetically derived perylene more abundant in less polluted sites (29 +/- 15%) and lower molecular weight petrogenic PAHs (18 +/- 7.1% phenanthrene, anthracene, and methylated compounds), which covaried inversely with perylene. PAH diagnostic ratios indicated a stronger influence of petrogenic discharges close to the shore and the prevalence of combustion of fossil fuels and vehicle emissions over wood in offshore sediments. Sediment cores showed sustained hydrocarbon levels with decreasing proportion of petrogenic PAHs and relative enrichment of pyrogenic components and perylene down to 20-cm depth. PAH toxicity assessment by sediment quality guidelines (SQG) and dioxin-equivalent factors (PAH TEQ: 0.08-395 pg g(-1) dw) identified 1-2.5 km sediments close to the port and sewer as the most affected area. According to SQG, dibenz[a,h]anthracene and pyrene were the most critical PAHs, followed by benzo[a]pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, and chrysene. In contrast, PAH TEQs were dominated by indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, perylene, and benz[a]anthracene which accounted for an average 86 +/- 5.7% of total TEQs.     

HPLC-fluorescence analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in pork meat and its gravy fried without additives and in the presence of onion and garlic

The effect of onion and garlic on the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was evaluated by comparing the concentrations of PAHs in meat and gravy samples coming from pork dishes prepared in the presence and absence of these spices. PAHs were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The clean-up procedure included alkaline hydrolysis, solid-phase extraction (on columns with diatomaceous earth and propyl sulphonic acid) and column chromatography on silica gel. Total concentrations of 6 PAHs (benzo[b]fluoranthne, benzo[k]fluoranthne, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene) were (in ng g⁻¹ of cooked meat) from 2.0 to 7.2 in meat samples and from 0.05 to 0.6 in gravies. Concentration of B[a]P was from 0.38 to 1.61 in meat and from 0.01 to 0.11 in gravy samples. Onion (30/100 g of meat) caused on average decrease of 60% of the total content of PAHs in pan fried meat and of over 90% in gravies. Garlic (15/100 g of meat) lowered the concentration of 54% in meat on average and from 13.5–79% in gravies.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from the Ionian Sea, Italy

Concentrations of eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, benzo[ghi]perylene) were determined in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) collected between June and September 1995 from 10 locations along a sound of sea formed by two inlets (Mar Piccolo) close to the Gulf of Taranto (Ionian Sea, Italy). In mussels the concentrations of total PAHs were between 14.8 and 645.3 microg/kg wet weight. Among the single identified compounds, the predominance of phenanthrene (29.5 microg/kg wet weight) and anthracene (64.7 microg/kg wet weight) was evident. Another relevant pollutant was pyrene (18.4 microg/kg wet weight) followed by fluoranthene (7.2 microg/kg wet weight), whereas the other compounds showed low levels. The mussels that showed the highest total concentrations of PAHs were collected from stations affected by stronger human activities (industrial fallout, urban wastewaters, and contaminants transported via riverine discharge). Our results were similar to those found in areas classified as moderately polluted. This observation suggests the need for an increased effort in controlling sources of pollution in this area recognized as one of the most productive mussel-farming areas in the Italy.     

Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons through consumption of edible marine species in Catalonia, Spain

The concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; naphthalene, acenaphtylene, acenaphtene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene, dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, and benzo[g,h,i]perylene) were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in samples of 14 edible marine species (sardine, tuna, anchovy, mackerel, swordfish, salmon, hake, red mullet, sole, cuttlefish, squid, clam, mussel, and shrimp) collected in March and April 2005. These species are widely consumed by the population of Catalonia, Spain. PAH intake was also estimated for eight age and sex groups of this population. Mussel, clam, and shrimp had the highest PAH concentrations (22.4, 21.5, and 15.9 ng/g of fresh weight, respectively). In contrast, sole (2.5 ng/g of fresh weight) and cuttlefish and squid (both 3.0 ng/g of fresh weight) had the lowest mean concentrations. The highest PAH intake was found in women and girls (5.3 and 5.2 ng/kg/day, respectively), but female adolescents and female seniors had the lowest PAH intakes (3.3 ng/kg/day in both groups). The intake of benzo[a]pyrene and six other PAHs that are probably human carcinogens through consumption of these marine species would be associated with 0.27/10(6) increase in the risk of development of cancer over a 70-year life span.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon levels and risk assessment for food from service facilities in Korea

ABSTRACT

In this study, levels of benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene and indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene in 412 food items collected from food service facilities in Korea were analysed. The concentrations of the eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) ranged 0.13–0.48 μg/kg. The concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene in all food samples were <1 μg/kg, which is the lowest maximum limit in foods regulated by European Union legislation. PAH contents were employed to conduct exposure and risk assessment. The chronic daily intake of PAHs from 412 food samples was 5.48 × 10^–6-4.70 ×x 10^–4 µg-TEQ_BaP/kg/day with margins of exposure of 1.04 × 10⁹-1.16 × 10¹¹.     

Soil ecotoxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in relation to soil sorption,lipophilicity, and water solubility

A data set was generated aiming to predict the toxicity of PAHs to soil organisms. Toxicity data include the effects of 16 PAHs on the survival and reproduction of the soil-dwelling springtail Folsomia fimetaria. The results show that only PAHs with reported log Kow values < or = 5.2 (i.e., naphthalene, acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, anthracene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene, and fluoranthene) significantly affected the survival or reproduction of the test organisms. Threshold values for the toxicity of the individual PAHs could be expressed as pore-water concentrations by the use of reported organic carbon-normalized soil-pore-water partitioning coefficients (Koc values). For the PAHs with a log Kow < or = 5.2, toxicity significantly increased with increasing lipophilicity of the substances (r2 = 0.67; p = 0.012; n = 8), suggesting a narcotic mode of toxic action for most substances. However, the position of anthracene in the regression plot indicated a more specific mode of toxic action than narcosis, and removing this data point yielded the following regression equation: log EC10 (micromol/L) = -0.97 log Kow + 4.0 (r2 = 0.80; p = 0.006; n = 7). Using this quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) to calculate threshold values for the toxicity of the remaining nontoxic substances (benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, perylene, and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene), the absence of toxicity could, in most cases, be explained by a limited water solubility, indicating that these substances do act by narcosis as the mode of toxic action and that their toxicity is governed by concentrations in the pore-water. The results provide important input to future model predictions of the ecological risk posed by PAH contaminated sites.     

Molecular simulations of benzene and PAH interactions with soot

Molecular mechanics simulations and ab initio calculations were performed to investigate the mechanism of PAH-soot adsorption. Partitioning of benzene, naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, fluoranthene, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, and benzo[g,h,i]perylene between water and soot was modeled with classical and quantum mechanical calculations in order to determine a method for predicting log(K(d)) values. In both cases, the predicted mechanism of adsorption is interaction of the pi-electrons in the PAH and soot (i.e., pi-pi van der Waals forces). Solvation energies, the energy difference between the solute in the gas phase and in the model aqueous phase, calculated with molecular mechanics did not follow the observed solubilities of the PAHs. Molecular dynamics simulations overestimate the favorability of PAHs in the aqueous phase. Hence, the partitioning between the aqueous phase and soot does not accurately correlate with observed log(K(d)) values. Models of PAH adsorption using structures from molecular mechanics and energies from ab initio calculations do produce water-soot partitioning energies that correlate well with observed log(K(d)) values. The log(K(d)) values for benzene, anthracene, fluorene, and benzo[a]pyrene were predicted based on the correlation between calculated partitioning energies and observed log(K(d)) values. Results presented here suggest that partitioning of PAHs onto soot should depend on the size of the PAH, the planarity of PAH molecule, and the aromaticity of the compound. The methodology developed bythis research can be used to predict PAH K(d) values that have not yet been measured.     

大豆油精炼过程中多环芳烃的迁移规律

明确大豆油精炼过程多环芳烃（polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs）风险成分的迁移规律,以便于食品中PAHs的风险防范和控制。通过对大豆油精炼生产中脱胶油、脱酸油、脱色油、脱臭油和对应加工助剂磷酸、烧碱、活性白土以及精炼副产物油脚、皂脚、废白土、脱臭馏出物样品中PAHs组分含量的检测,分析PAHs在大豆油精炼生产中的迁移规律。结果显示：大豆油精炼用加工助剂中均含有PAHs,磷酸、烧碱和活性白土中苯并[a]芘（benzo[a]pyrene,BaP）含量分别为0.95、1.84?μg/kg和0.71?μg/kg,欧盟限量控制的4?种PAHs（PAH4）（苯并[a]蒽、?、苯并[b]荧蒽和BaP）含量为2.81、16.81?μg/kg和8.85?μg/kg,美国优先控制的16?种PAHs（PAH16）含量为26.18、112.61?μg/kg和111.85?μg/kg;在大豆油水化脱胶、碱炼脱酸、蒸馏脱臭过程BaP的脱除率分别为7.57%、23.57%、91.65%,水化脱胶、碱炼脱酸、吸附脱色、蒸馏脱臭过程PAH4的脱除率分别为15.93%、10.41%、19.31%、50.91%,PAH16的脱除率分别为15.45%、11.59%、6.66%、52.99%;大豆油精炼副产物油脚、皂脚、废白土、脱臭馏出物中BaP含量分别为0.45、0.90、0.52、12.49?μg/kg,PAH4含量分别为10.14、7.39、9.69、300.50?μg/kg,PAH16含量分别为261.60、434.49、156.29、2?775.15?μg/kg。     

三种光敏剂介导的光动力对水体中8种多环芳烃的降解作用

为了探究不同光敏剂(姜黄素、核黄素、金丝桃素)介导的光动力对水体中多环芳烃的降解作用,以含有8种多环芳烃的水体为研究对象,在光敏剂浓度为10μM,光照时间为15 min的条件下,采用光动力方法处理并通过同步荧光法测定水体中的各种多环芳烃.结果表明,姜黄素介导的光动力对多环芳烃的降解效果明显优于核黄素和金丝桃素介导的光动...     

Influence of collagen and natural casings on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in traditional dry fermented sausage (Petrovská klobása) from Serbia

The aim of this study was to determine the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons—PAHs (acenaphthylene, anthracene, fluorene, phenanthrene, pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, chrysene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, and benzo[ghi]perylene)—from Environmental Protection Agency list (United States Environmental Protection Agency) in traditional dry fermented sausage (Petrovská klobása) stuffed in collagen (C) and natural casings (N). Benzo[a]pyrene as well as PAH4 (benz[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, and chrysene) were not detected in all examined samples. Results obtained in this study indicated that at the end of drying, as well as at the end of storage period, total content of 13 US-EPA PAH was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in sausages with collagen casing (56.2 and 73.6 μg/kg, respectively) than in sausages with natural casing (137.1 and 206.2 μg/kg, respectively).     

卷烟烟气中稠环芳烃的分析研究

本项研究建立了一种测定卷烟烟气中稠环芳烃的分析方法--气质联用法。优化了方法的前处理过程、仪器分析条件,对分析方法的重复性、回收率、检测限进行了研究。确定了环己烷萃取卷烟烟气总粒相物中的稠环芳烃,萃取液经硅胶固相萃取柱净化,用气相色谱-质谱联用仪定量检测苯并[a]芘、苯并[a]蒽和Chrysene 3种稠环芳烃含量的分析方法。该检测方法设计合理,稳定性和重复性好、准确性和精确性高,具有较好的可操作性和推广性。本项目应用该方法对国内外较有代表性的81种卷烟样品中苯并[a]芘、苯并[a]蒽和Chrysene进行了系统的分析测定,研究了国内外混合型与烤烟型卷烟中苯并[a]芘等稠环芳烃含量分布的规律,讨论了卷烟烟气中苯并[a]芘、苯并[a]蒽和Chrysene之间的含量关系及其与总粒相物、焦油的关系。