过热蒸汽干燥技术研究进展

文章从能量效率和产品质量两个方面评述了过热蒸汽干燥设备的研究进展,并论述了流化床干燥机、真空干燥机、旋转干燥机、闪蒸干燥机、冲击干燥机等不同干燥设备用于过热蒸汽干燥系统的发展现状及发展潜力.     

木材过热蒸汽干燥技术发展

阐述了过热蒸汽干燥技术研究现状以及干燥特性,并且对木材过热蒸汽干燥和常规干燥进行了对比,最后对木材过热蒸汽干燥技术提出一些建议。     

Superheated steam processing of oat groats

Superheated steam (SS) processing of oat groats with a lab-scale SS processing system was studied as a method of heat treatment alternative to commercial processing (kiln drying) of groats. The objective of this study was to determine conditions of SS processing necessary to obtain groats with inactivated peroxidase, moisture content and colour comparable to commercially processed groats, but with pasting properties unique to those obtained in commercial processing. Raw or moisture tempered oat groats (∼13 g) were processed with SS at varying processing times (1-30 min) depending on steam temperature (110-160 °C) and velocity (0.35 and 1.00 m/s) used. Generally, groats processed with SS exhibited higher cold paste (64 °C) viscosity than the groats processed commercially. Oat groats processed with SS to final moisture content of 9-10/100 g (wet basis, wb) or less were peroxidase negative. The parameters of SS selected for processing of oat groats were: temperature of 110 °C, a velocity of 1.00 m/s, and two processing times (10 and 14 min). These parameters gave groats with inactivated peroxidase, moisture content at ∼9.5/100 g (wb), significantly (P < 0.05) brighter colour, and significantly higher cold paste viscosity compared to that of groats processed commercially.     

过热蒸汽-热风联合干燥制备马铃薯颗粒全粉

采用过热蒸汽干燥+热风干燥工艺制备马铃薯颗粒全粉:前段(含水率50%~78%)采用过热蒸汽干燥完成淀粉熟化和部分脱水,后段(含水率7%~50%)采用65℃热风干燥。其中,过热蒸汽干燥试验选取过热蒸汽温度、蒸汽流速和马铃薯片厚度为试验因素,设计三元二次回归正交组合试验,研究过热蒸汽温度、蒸汽流速和切片厚度对马铃薯过热蒸汽干燥特性和后续热风干燥特性的影响,以及马铃薯全粉松散堆积密度和水合能力与过热蒸汽干燥阶段干燥参数间的关系式。结果表明,马铃薯过热蒸汽干燥速率随蒸汽温度和蒸汽流速的增加而提高,随切片厚度的增加而降低;不同条件的过热蒸汽干燥所得半干马铃薯其后续热风干燥特性无明显差异,但与传统加工工艺相比,总干燥时间明显缩短;建立的马铃薯颗粒全粉松散堆积密度和水合能力与过热蒸汽干燥阶段控制参数间的回归模型显著,决定系数R²分别为0.820和0.662,验证试验所得马铃薯颗粒全粉松散堆积密度和水合能力实测值与回归模型模拟值相对误差分别19.93%和29.07%。研究结果显示,过热蒸汽干燥联合热风干燥制备马铃薯颗粒全粉可减少操作环节,缩短总干燥时间,该技术具有推广应用价值。     

Effects of processing on mycotoxin stability in cereals

The mycotoxins that generally occur in cereals and other products are not completely destroyed during food‐processing operations and can contaminate finished processed foods. The mycotoxins most usually associated with cereal grains are aflatoxins, ochratoxins, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and fumonisins. The various food processes that may have effects on mycotoxins include cleaning, milling, brewing, cooking, baking, frying, roasting, flaking, alkaline cooking, nixtamalization, and extrusion. Most of the food processes have variable effects on mycotoxins, with those that utilize high temperatures having the greatest effects. In general, the processes reduce mycotoxin concentrations significantly, but do not eliminate them completely. This review focuses on the effects of various thermal treatments on mycotoxins. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry     

过热蒸汽在肉类调理食品加工中的应用研究

对日本等发达国家肉类调理食品加工中过热蒸汽的研究与应用现状进行了较为系统的阐述.过热蒸汽技术具有缩短加热时间、提高出成率、脱油、减盐、抑制油脂氧化、改善食品质地、表面瞬时杀菌等效果,作为一种新型加热调理技术已被广泛应用于肉类调理食品等食品加工领域.     

谷物及制品中真菌毒素前处理及检测技术研究进展

谷物及其制品在生产、贮藏、运输的各个环节均易受到真菌毒素的污染,且真菌毒素种类多、浓度低、毒性强、性质差异大,防治困难。文章综述了谷物及其制品中真菌毒素的前处理技术(液液萃取技术、固相萃取技术、QuEChERS技术、免疫亲和层析技术)和检测技术(免疫层析技术、光谱技术、液相色谱技术、液质联用技术),并对真菌毒素检测技术的发展趋势进行了展望。     

A comparison of contents of group A and B trichothecenes and microbial counts in different cereal species

Concentrations of trichothecenes and the amounts of microbial biomass were compared in grain of bread wheat, durum wheat, triticale, rye, oat and barley. Grain samples came from lines regionalised in Poland grown under identical climatic and agricultural conditions in 2007. Among the six analysed cereals, the highest mean concentration of toxic metabolites of 151.89?µg/kg was found for grain of Triticum durum, whereas the lowest was for barley grain (25.56?µg/kg). The highest contamination with microscopic fungi was recorded in case of barley and rice grain (mean concentrations of ergosterol were 12.53?mg/kg and 11.24?mg/kg, respectively). In case of the analysed cereals, the total microbial biomass expressed in the amount of ATP turned out to be the highest (4.7?×?10⁵ relative light units [RLU]) for rye and oat (3.2?×?10⁵ RLU). The results of the applied classical discrimination analysis indicate a significant diversification of species in terms of all the 11 analysed metabolites.     

Impact of whole cereals and processing on type 2 diabetes mellitus: a review

Abstract

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been increasing throughout the world. The cereals, as the high carbohydrate food and dominant portion of diet, have crucial impacts on glycemic control, especially for T2DM. Both components in whole cereals and processing are closely related to their glycemic response. The consumption of whole cereals is shown to reduce the risk of T2DM. The starch characteristic of cereal determines its hydrolysis rate and glycemic response. The soluble and insoluble dietary fiber, phenolic compounds, and other bioactive constituents may slow down the starch hydrolysis. Besides, they have other physiological mechanisms in regulation of T2DM, such as amelioration of lipid disorder, antioxidant, anti-inflammation, and regulation of gut microbiota, which contribute to further improvement of metabolic symptoms. Cereals are subjected to processing before consumption, which is involved in mechanical force, bioprocessing, thermal treatment, and cooling. The processing induces changes in nutritional composition and physical structure compared to the raw kernels. The key influences of processing on glycemic response are the starch gelatinization and starch retrogradation. However, physical structure of cereal and interactions among starch and other compounds greatly contribute to various glycemic responses of cereal products. This review highlights recent findings on the influences of both bioactive constituents and processing on the antidiabetic effects and physiological properties of cereals.     

Simultaneous determination of type A,B and D trichothecenes and their occurrence in cereals and cereal products

A sensitive LC–MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of type A, B and D trichothecenes in cereals is presented. The limits of detection ranged between 0.1 and 0.7 µg kg^?1 for all analytes. The method was applied to 289 representatively drawn samples of wheat, rye and oat products. Ninety-four percent of the wheat samples (n = 130), 95% of the rye samples (n = 61) and 100% of the oat samples (n = 98) were contaminated with the type A trichothecenes T-2 and HT-2 toxin. Median levels of T-2/HT-2 (sum of the toxins) were 0.91, 0.53 and 8.2 µg kg^?1, respectively. Highest levels were found in wheat bran (24 µg kg^?1), rye kernels (3.1 µg kg^?1) and oat flakes (85 µg kg^?1). All wheat and rye samples and 75% of the oat samples were contaminated with the type B trichothecene deoxynivalenol. Median levels of this toxin were 23, 15 and 0.53 µg kg^?1, respectively. Highest levels were found in wheat bran (1160 µg kg^?1), rye kernels (288 µg kg^?1) and oat flakes (55 µg kg^?1). The type B trichothecene nivalenol was detected in 67% of the wheat samples, in 3% of the rye samples and in 24% of the oat samples with highest levels in wheat bran (96 µg kg^?1), rye kernels (1.8 µg kg^?1) and in oat flakes (17 µg kg^?1), respectively. Levels of other type A and B trichothecenes played a minor role, although the rates of contamination were often high. Neither macrocyclic type D trichothecenes (satratoxin G and H, verrucarin A, roridin A) nor diacetylverrucarol and verrucarol (type A trichothecenes), were detected in any of the samples.     

Simultaneous detection of 12 mycotoxins in cereals using RP-HPLC-PDA-FLD with PHRED and a post-column derivatization system

A new method for the simultaneous quantification of 12 mycotoxins was developed and optimized using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with a photodiode array (PDA) and fluorescence detector (FLD), a photochemical reactor for enhanced detection (PHRED) and post-column derivatization. The mycotoxins included aflatoxins (AFB₁, AFB₂, AFG₁, and AFG₂), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins (FB₁, FB₂, and FB₃), T-2 and HT-2 toxins. A double sample extraction with a phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS) and methanol was used for co-extraction of mycotoxins, and a multifunctional immunoaffinity column was used for cleanup. Optimum conditions for separation of the mycotoxins were obtained to separate 12 mycotoxins in FLD and PDA chromatograms with a high resolution. The method gave recoveries in the range 72–111% when applied to spiked corn samples. The limits of detection (LOD) were 0.025?ng/g for AFB₁ and AFG₁, 0.012?ng/g for AFB₂ and AFG₂, 0.2?ng/g for OTA, 1.5?ng/g for ZEA, 6.2?ng/g for FB₁, FB₃ and HT-2 toxin, 9.4?ng/g for FB₂ and T-2 toxin, and 18.7?ng/g for DON. In addition, the limits of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.04?ng/g for AFB₂ and AFG₂ to 62?ng/g for DON. The method was successfully applied to the determination of these mycotoxins in 45 cereal samples obtained from the Malaysian market. The results indicated that the method can be applied for the multi-mycotoxin determination of cereals.     

Effect of superheated steam inactivation on naturally existent microorganisms and enzymes of highland barley

Superheated steam (SS) processing displayed noticeable effects on both microbial inactivation, including total bacterial count, Bacillus spp. and molds, and enzyme inactivation. Moisture content affected decontamination efficiency and recommendable moisture was 20%. Moisture adjusting method of spraying just before SS treatment was better than tempering. Molds were totally decontaminated by SS processing at 200 °C for 90 s and 120 °C for 180 s respectively. At 200 °C for 180 s, 99.98% of bacteria and 95.21% of Bacillus spp. were inactivated by spraying, while 99.95% of bacteria and 92.59% of Bacillus spp. were inactivated by tempering. The enzyme activity in highland barley processed with SS was decreased as processing time and temperature increased. Lipase showed better thermal resistance than peroxidase. Tempering was better in enzyme inactivation. SS treatment was effective in inactivating microorganisms and enzymes of highland barley, and could bring significant economic benefits to the highland barley industry.     

Effect of combined microwave‐hot air drying and superheated steam drying on physical and chemical properties of rice

Jasmine rice (Oryza sativa L.) was subjected to two drying operations: combined microwave‐hot air drying (MHA) at initial power intensity of 3, 4 and 6 W g^?1 and superheated steam drying (SHS) at 300 °C and 400 °C. During drying, kinetic rate constants of SHS were significantly higher than those of MHA. Both drying operations could decrease enthalpy of starch gelatinisation from 9.28 J g^?1 to 1.64–6.17 J g^?1, increase gelatinisation extent to 33.51–82.33%, decrease crystallinity from 28.87% to 18.15–21.33%, improve scavenging ability of 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl, increase ferric reducing antioxidant power and increase hardness of cooked rice from 5.66 N to 5.83–6.55 N, depending on microwave power and drying medium temperature. However, taste profiles and liking scores were comparable to the regular brown rice. Therefore, MHA and SHS operations could be potentially used for reducing drying process and promoting antioxidant activity.     

Aflatoxin levels and exposure assessment of Spanish infant cereals

Aflatoxins (AFB₁, AFB₂, AFG₁ and AFG₂) are immunosuppressant, mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic agents with a widespread presence in foodstuffs. Since human exposure to aflatoxins occurs primarily by contaminated food intake, and given the greater susceptibility of infants to their adverse effects, the quantification of these mycotoxins in infant food based on cereals is of relevance. Aflatoxin levels were determined in 91 Spanish infant cereals classified in terms of non- and organically produced and several types from 10 different manufacturers, using a extraction procedure followed by inmunoaffinity column clean-up step and HPLC with fluorescence detection (FLD) and post-column derivatisation (Kobra Cell system). Daily aflatoxin intake was also assessed. Preliminary analysis showed a valuable incidence of detected infant cereal samples at an upper concentration level than the detection limit for total aflatoxin (66%), corresponding to a 46, 40, 34 and 11% for AFB₁, AFB₂, AFG₁ and AFG₂, respectively. Lower aflatoxin values (median, Q₁, Q₃) in conventional infant cereal (n?=?74, AFB₁: <LOD (n.d.; 0.02), AFB₂: n.d. (n.d.; 0.01), AFG₁: <LOD (n.d.; 0.004), and AFG₂: n.d. (n.d.; <LOD) and total AF (AFtotal): 0.01 (<LOD; 0.04 µg?kg^?1) in comparison with infant cereal ecologically produced (n?=?17, AFB₁: 0.02 (0.02; 0.21), AFB₂: n.d. (n.d.; 0.03), AFG₁: 0.02 (0.01; 0.05), and AFG₂: 0.007 (n.d.; 0.02) and AFtotal: 0.05 (0.03; 0.31 µg?kg^?1) were found. In addition, five organic formulations (3.11, 1.98, 0.94, 0.47 and 0.21 µg?kg^?1) exceeded European AFB₁ legislation (0.10?µg?kg^?1) versus two conventional cereals (0.35 and 0.12 µg?kg^?1). According to the type of infant cereal, those with cocoa had the highest aflatoxin levels. Gluten‐free and cereals with dehydrated fruits had an intermediate level and milk- or honey-based cereals and multi-cereals contained the lowest levels. With the exception of the non-compliant cocoa-based organic formulation, none of the infant cereals analyzed gave a higher intake of 1?ng?kg^?1 body weight per day, suggesting that infants fed on infant cereals are exposed to a low health hazard. Nevertheless, manufacturers are advised for continued efforts in routine monitoring and a more careful selection of raw material to minimize aflatoxin levels in these infant foods.     

Occurrence of ochratoxin A and citrinin in Czech cereals and comparison of two HPLC methods for ochratoxin A detection

The aims of the study were to obtain information about the occurrence of ochratoxin A (OTA) and citrinin (CIT) in cereals harvested in the Czech Republic and to compare two analytical procedures for detecting OTA. A total of 34 cereal samples, including two matrix reference materials (R-Biopharm, Germany), were analysed. The results were compared with the limit for raw cereal grains used as a foodstuff according to Commission Regulation No. 1881/2006, which allows a maximum OTA level of 5 µg kg^?1. Compared were two methods based on the high-performance liquid chromatography principle, one using the immunoaffinity columns OchraTest? (VICAM) and the second based on solvent partition (PART), both followed by fluorescence detection. The highest OTA contents were found in two barley samples. According to the method employed, the results for the first sample (malting barley) were VICAM = 31.43 µg kg^?1 and PART = 44.74 µg kg^?1. For the second sample (feeding barley) they were VICAM = 48.63 µg kg^?1 and PART = 34.40 µg kg^?1. Two samples of bread wheat had an OTA content approaching the legal limit (VICAM = 4.71 µg kg^?1 and PART = 6.03 µg kg^?1; VICAM = 4.12 µg kg^?1 and PART = 3.95 µg kg^?1). CIT was analysed using the PART method only, and its highest content (93.64 µg kg^?1) was found for the malting barley sample with high OTA content (44.74 µg kg^?1 as analysed using PART).     

响应面法优化竹笋过热蒸汽与真空联合干燥工艺

基于过热蒸汽真空分段联合干燥方式,探讨了过热蒸汽温度、转换时间、真空干燥温度对竹笋干制品复水比和色泽L^*值的影响。采用中心组合试验设计,分析过热蒸汽温度、转换时间、真空温度三因素对竹笋干制品品质的影响及交互作用,优化联合干燥工艺。结果表明,最佳联合干燥工艺条件为过热蒸汽温度119℃、转换时间35 min、真空温度为74℃。此时干燥速率及品质均较佳;竹笋复水比为6.23,色泽参数L^*值为92.83。优化所得工艺比热风干燥节省时间约56.25%,节省能量约52.65%。研究结果表明,过热蒸汽与真空联合干燥能够实现对竹笋的快速干燥,且比热风干燥更加节能、高效,产品品质更高。     

过热蒸汽处理对青麦仁的减菌效果及品质的影响

采用过热蒸汽对青麦仁进行减菌处理,研究过热蒸汽对青麦仁的减菌效果及品质的影响,以保证其储藏品质。通过改变过热蒸汽的处理时间和温度,考察对青麦仁菌落总数、水分、叶绿素和淀粉的影响。结果表明,过热蒸汽处理时间和温度对减菌效果和叶绿素影响很大,对青麦仁的水分和淀粉影响不大。青麦仁的菌落总数随着过热蒸汽处理时间的延长和温度的升高而下降,过热蒸汽处理后的青麦仁随着储藏时间的延长其菌落总数会增加,处理时间为3 min,处理温度为110℃时,青麦仁的菌落总数为2.57log(CFU/g),青麦仁的水分、叶绿素、淀粉分别为54.42%、6.5 mg/100 g、44.2%,较好的保持了青麦仁的品质。处理后的青麦仁储藏时间可延长至30 d,菌落总数为4.50 log(CFU/g),仍符合食品标准。因此,过热蒸汽可有效的降低青麦仁中的微生物,且不会对青麦仁的品质造成过大影响。     

A review on ochratoxin A occurrence and effects of processing of cereal and cereal derived food products

Ochratoxin A (OTA) continues to grab global attention and concern for the hazard and impact that embody for both human and animals, based on its toxicity and occurrence. Despite OTA has been described in a myriad of foodstuffs, cereal and its derivatives remain the major contributors to OTA exposure. For that reason, a critical review on OTA occurrence reported by recent studies worldwide focusing on unprocessed and processed cereal foodstuffs is made in this work. Special attention is drawn to the major cereal derived products, namely flour, bread, breakfast cereals, baby/infant foods and the inherently involved technological food processing methods and its influence on the redistribution and chemical modification of OTA.