基于单级特征金字塔的图像旋转目标检测

遥感图像的目标检测任务是遥感应用领域的一个研究热点,一直受到广泛的关注。随着遥感图像分辨率的提高,遥感图像中目标的多方向性、目标大纵横比等特点更加明显,这对于已有的方法是一个挑战。针对以上问题,提出了基于单级特征金字塔的图像旋转目标检测模型。设计了单级特征金字塔结构,并结合膨胀卷积组获得目标的多尺度特征;使用分类方法处理旋转框的角度信息,结合DETR的集合预测思想,构造新的边界框回归损失,实现无锚框旋转目标检测;为了减少模型计算量并加快收敛速度,在解码器的交叉注意力上加入权重约束,将全局注意力计算限制在局部范围内。在DOTA数据集上的实验证明,该方法在提升模型检测性能的同时,有效地解决了DETR模型收敛速度慢的问题。     

基于旋转框精细定位的遥感目标检测方法研究

遥感图像中的目标往往呈现出任意方向排列,而常见的目标检测算法均采用水平框检测,并不能满足这类场景的应用需求.因此提出一种旋转框检测网络R2-FRCNN.该网络利用粗调与细调两阶段实现旋转框检测,粗调阶段将水平框转换为旋转框,细调阶段进一步优化旋转框的定位.针对遥感图像存在较多小目标的特点,提出像素重组金字塔结构,融合深浅层特征,提升复杂背景下小目标的检测精度.此外,为了在金字塔各层中提取更加有效的特征信息,在粗调阶段设计一种积分与面积插值法相结合的感兴趣区域特征提取方法,同时在细调阶段设计旋转框区域特征提取方法.最后在粗调和细调阶段均采用全连接层与卷积层相结合的预测分支,并且利用Smooth L_n作为网络的回归损失函数,进一步提升算法性能.提出的网络在大型遥感数据集DOTA上进行评估,评估指标平均准确率达到0.7602.对比实验表明了R²-FRCNN网络的有效性.     

FAGNet:基于MAFPN和GVR的遥感图像多尺度目标检测算法

针对大场景遥感图像内容复杂,并且具有目标种类较多、尺度不一、方向多变等特点,导致遥感图像中目标多类多尺度多方向的问题,提出一种基于多尺度注意力特征金字塔网络(MAFPN)以及滑动顶点回归(GVR)机制的遥感图像目标检测方法.首先利用骨干网络提取多层特征作为MAFPN的输入,MAFPN结合特征融合和注意力机制,在融合多个尺度的特征映射的基础上使用通道域注意力和空间域注意力机制来抑制噪声,增强有效特征复用,提高网络对目标多尺度特征的自适应性;将MAFPN输出的融合特征图输入区域建议网络(RPN)生成感兴趣区域,然后将其送入分类/回归网络;在分类/回归网络中使用GVR机制在预测水平框的基础上增加4个顶点偏移比例参数和旋转因子,将水平框转换为旋转框,以减少边框中冗余区域,使预测得到的旋转边框更贴合目标.在DOTA公开数据集上与多种基于卷积神经网络的经典检测算法进行对比的实验结果表明,该方法的平均检测精度得到显著提高,能够更加准确地检测多个尺度以及多个方向的目标,实现了多尺度目标的鲁棒性检测.     

面向深度学习的遥感图像旋转目标检测研究综述

由于遥感图像中的目标具有方向任意、分布密集和尺度差异大等特点,使得遥感图像目标检测成为一个颇具挑战性的难题。针对该难题,系统梳理了近三年来深度学习遥感图像旋转目标检测的相关工作,首先介绍旋转框的表示方法及其特点;然后按照特征提取网络、旋转锚框和候选框生成、标签分配及采样策略、损失函数四个方面对当前遥感图像旋转目标检测的现有方法进行分析;再对常用的遥感图像旋转目标数据集进行介绍,对比分析不同算法的性能;最后对遥感图像旋转目标检测进行了展望。     

基于距离约束的改进FCOS遥感图像检测方法

基于深度学习的遥感图像目标检测方法通常难以排除复杂场景下的背景干扰，从而导致检测精度低。为解决该问题，设计了一种基于尺度分层的特征金字塔结构，并提出了一种基于距离约束的中心回归（distance-constraints centerness,DCCN），从而形成了基于距离约束的改进FCOS遥感图像检测方法。基于尺度分层的特征金字塔结构包括高层语义信息激活模块和低层有效特征感知模块，其中高层语义信息模块重构了特征融合阶段对高层特征图的处理方式，提升了特征金字塔顶部区域的语义感知能力，低层有效特征感知模块通过引入通道注意力机制，增强了通道间的信息交互能力。DCCN能够利用预测样本框与真实样本框之间的距离因素作为回归评估条件，提升了预测框的回归效果。在NWPU VHR-10数据集的实验中，该方法的精度达到92.6%，相比于原FCOS方法提升了4.9个百分点，有效改善了遥感图像检测的精度。     

面向目标检测的尺度增强特征金字塔网络

基于特征金字塔网络的目标检测算法没有充分考虑不同目标间的尺度差异以及跨层特征融合过程中高频信息损失问题,使网络无法充分融合全局多尺度信息,导致检测效果不佳.针对这些问题,提出了尺度增强特征金字塔网络.该方法对特征金字塔网络的侧向连接和跨层特征融合方式进行了改进,设计具有动态感受野的多尺度卷积组作为侧向连接来充分提取每一个目标的特征信息,引入基于注意力机制的高频信息增强模块来促进高层特征与底层特征融合.基于MS COCO数据集的实验结果表明,该方法能有效提高各尺度目标的检测精度,整体性能优于现有方法.     

深度学习的遥感图像旋转目标检测综述

遥感图像中目标具有方向任意性和排列紧密性的特点,在检测任务中使用倾斜边界框可以更加精确定位和分离目标。目前遥感图像旋转目标检测已经广泛应用于民用和军事国防领域,具有重要的研究意义和应用价值,已逐步成为研究热点。鉴于此,对遥感图像中旋转目标检测方法进行了系统性总结。首先,介绍了三种常用的倾斜边界框的表示形式。其次,重点阐述全监督学习下的特征错位、边界不连续、度量值与损失不一致性、旋转目标定位四个挑战。然后,根据不同的动机和改进策略,详细阐述了每种方法的核心思想及其优缺点,归纳出旋转目标检测方法框架。接着,列举了旋转目标检测在遥感领域常用数据集,给出了经典方法在不同数据集上的实验结果,并对不同方法的性能进行了评估。最后,结合深度学习应用于遥感图像旋转目标检测任务中存在的挑战,对该方向的未来发展趋势进行了展望。     

多尺度下遥感小目标多头注意力检测

针对地理空间遥感图像中检测目标存在多尺度特性、形态多变以及小目标判别特征过少等造成检测识别精度不高的问题,提出了基于多尺度下遥感小目标多头注意力检测算法YOLO-StrVB。对网络结构进行重构,搭建多尺度网络模型,增加目标检测层,提高特征提取网络下遥感小目标模型不同尺度下的检测能力;加入双向特征金字塔网络（Bi-FPN）进行多尺度特征融合,提高双向跨尺度连接和加权特征融合;在YOLOv5网络末端融合Swin Transformer多头注意力机制块,提升感受野适应目标识别任务的多尺度融合关系,优化主干网络;使用Varifocal loss对网络进行训练,提升遥感密集检测小目标的存在置信度和定位精度,并选用CIoU作为边界框回归的损失函数,提高感知分类得分（IACS）的边框回归精度。通过在遥感目标数据集NWPU VHR-10上的实验验证,对比YOLOv5原模型的mAP提高了3.05个百分点,能有效提高小目标的检测精度,达到了对地理空间遥感图像中小目标检测的鲁棒性。     

旋转矩形区域的遥感图像舰船目标检测模型

高分辨率遥感图像舰船目标检测是遥感图像理解任务中的热点研究问题.由于遥感图像中舰船目标存在成像视角单一、目标分布密集和目标尺度变化大等特点,直接将自然场景目标检测方法应用于遥感图像舰船检测任务中,并不能获得满意的效果.此外,自然场景目标检测任务中常用的水平矩形框对细长型舰船目标的定位精确度无法满足实际应用需求.因此,提出了基于旋转矩形区域的遥感舰船目标检测算法.首先,采用旋转矩形框完成舰船目标的定位.其次,提出兴趣区域特征金字塔池化模块,融合兴趣区域的多尺度池化特征以处理目标尺度变化较大的问题.最后,设计定位准确度预测分支,利用定位准确度预测值指导非极大值抑制算法,从而优化后处理的结果.在遥感舰船公开数据集HRSC2016上,通过3个级别任务(分别为单类、4类和19类舰船检测识别)上的实验结果验证了算法的有效性.     

级联结构的遥感目标检测算法

针对遥感图像中目标朝向任意性的问题,提出一种级联结构的目标检测算法.在基准模型的基础上,采用2种不同的边界框标注模式将多个感兴趣区域网络交错串联,基于当前阶段的倾斜框预测结果回归下一阶段的水平框和倾斜框,形成多阶段级联式的学习过程.该算法结合水平框和倾斜框的各自优势,实现更鲁棒的目标边界框预测.DOTA数据集上的大量实验结果表明,该算法在2个边界框任务上的边界框预测精度明显优于现有的遥感图像目标检测算法.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.