PLA/GMS/ACR共混体系的制备与性能研究

采用熔融共混法制备了由核壳结构丙烯酸酯类冲击改性剂(ACR)和增塑剂单硬脂酸甘油酯(GMS)增韧增塑改性的聚乳酸(PLA),固定GMS用量为20%,研究了ACR对PLA/GMS/ACR共混体系相容性、力学性能以及流变行为的影响。结果表明:ACR的壳层与PLA具有部分相容性;随着ACR用量的增加,PLA/GMS/ACR共混物的冲击强度先增大后减小,当ACR用量为10%时,共混物的冲击强度最大,为63.7 kJ/m~2,断裂伸长率最大达到100%,与PLA/GMS相比,PLA/GMS/ACR共混物的储能模量和复数黏度均随着ACR用量的增加而提高。     

POM/ACR共混物的加工流变性能研究

将聚甲醛(POM)与丙烯酸酯类弹性体(ACR)在转矩流变仪中密炼共混15 min,研究了POM/ACR共混物的加工流变性能。结果表明,随ACR用量的增加,共混物熔体流动速率和最大转矩降低,平衡转矩提高,且塑化时间稍有延长。对于ACR质量分数为16%的共混物,密炼试验表明密炼温度和转速的升高对其平衡转矩、塑化时间及物料温度均有影响,但转速的影响更为突出。在相同的转速下,随着密炼温度的升高,平衡转矩变小、塑化时间缩短而物料温度上升的幅度变大;在同一密炼温度下,随着转速的提高,平衡转矩总体上增大,塑化时间明显变短,物料温度上升的幅度明显变大。转速70~100 r/min、密炼温度175℃是POM/ACR共混物较为合适的加工条件。     

多元环氧扩链剂对PLA增强PBAT性能的影响

利用硬质聚乳酸(PLA)对聚对苯二甲酸–己二酸–丁二酯(PBAT)进行增强改性,并加入多元环氧扩链剂苯乙烯–甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯共聚物(ADR)对共混物进行原位增容,采用熔融共混法制备PBAT/PLA共混物,通过转矩流变测试、高压毛细管流变测试、拉伸性能测试及扫描电子显微镜观察考察了ADR对共混物加工热稳性能、流变行为、拉伸性能以及微观结构的影响。结果表明,ADR不但起到扩链和增黏作用,提高共混物的加工热稳性,同时起到原位增容作用,在保持PLA增强效应的同时,显著提高共混物的拉伸韧性。当ADR添加量在0.3~0.5份时,共混物具有较优的综合性能。     

PVC/ACR共混物结构与性能的研究

采用乳液聚合技术合成一系列具有核-壳结构的丙烯酸酯类抗冲改性剂(ACR),将其与聚氯乙烯(PVC)进行熔融共混制备PVC/ACR共混物。研究ACR的核/壳比、橡胶的粒子尺寸和交联剂三烯丙基异三聚氰酸酯(TAIC)含量对PVC/ACR共混物力学性能与形态结构的影响。结果表明,随着核/壳比的增大,ACR的增韧效率有了明显的提高;交联剂的加入改变了ACR的刚性与韧性,进而对共混物的性能有了较大的影响,随着交联剂含量的增加,共混物的冲击强度先变大后减小,当交联剂的含量为4%,ACR的添加量为8 phr时,共混物的冲击强度达到了1 196.70 J/m;随着橡胶粒子尺寸的增加,共混物的韧性逐渐降低。扫描电子显微镜分析表明,ACR增韧PVC的主要增韧机理是橡胶的空洞化和基体的剪切屈服。     

MBS、ACR对CPVC凝胶化性能及其力学性能的对比分析

采用差示扫描量热法( DSC)分别测定了抗冲改性剂MBS、ACR对CPVC凝胶化性能的影响,综合力学性能、耐热性能对CPVC/MBS和CPVC/ACR共混物进行了系统研究.结果表明:MBS、ACR的加入均能极大地提高CPVC的凝胶化度,相同的改性剂含量下,共混物的凝胶化度差别不大;MBS、ACR均能大幅提高共混物的冲击强度,MBS用量3～6份、ACR 6～9份对CPVC的增韧效果较好,MBS为3～6份时共混物的性能更优,成本更低,但ACR的耐候性制品优于MBS的.     

振动场中HDPE/UHMWPE及其吹塑薄膜的性能

利用电磁振动挤出机制备高密度聚乙烯/超高相对分子质量聚乙烯(HDPE/UHMWPE)共混物,对比了静态和动态下共混吹塑薄膜的力学性能及薄膜的表观,用振动毛细管流变仪测定了静态和动态下共混物的流变行为,用差示量热扫描仪(DSC)探讨了共混物的结晶行为。结果表明,电磁振动挤出机制备的共混物吹制薄膜的力学性能均比稳态下的高;振动态时共混物的结晶度高,结晶峰型更为尖锐;振动力场中的共混物的表观粘度低于稳态的,振动力场改善HDPE/UHMWPE共混物的成型加工性能。     

氧化还原引发体系对多层核壳结构ACR乳液聚合的影响

采用多步乳液聚合方法合成多层核壳结构的ACR树脂。用过硫酸钾/亚硫酸氢钠体系作为氧化/还原引发体系,研究了氧化剂和还原剂用量的不同及氧化还原引发体系的加入方式对ACR的转化率、乳胶粒的粒径和PVC/ACR共混物加工流变性能的影响。实验结果表明:氧化剂和还原剂用量增加后,乳液聚合各个阶段的转化率提高,乳胶粒的粒径变大,明显改善了共混物的加工性能。过量的还原剂起阻聚和缓聚作用,采用分阶段加入氧化还原引发剂有利于提高转化率。     

HDPE/UHMWPE共混物的制备及其性能

采用不同螺纹块组合的双螺杆挤出机制备HDPE/UHMWPE共混物,研究UHMWPE用量、螺杆结构对共混物力学性能、流变行为及分散形态的影响.结果表明:随着UHMWPE用量的增加,共混物的拉伸和缺口冲击强度随之增加,特殊螺杆挤出机制备共混物的机械性能均比普通螺杆的提高.UHMWPE使共混物成型加工黏度增大,特殊螺杆能降低共混物成型加工黏度.偏光显微镜照片显示,特殊双螺杆挤出机使UHMWPE熔融程度和分散程度增大.     

微型注塑条件下PLA/POM共混物的形貌及结晶行为

采用微型注塑加工技术制备了聚乳酸(PLA)/聚甲醛(POM)共混物微型注塑试样,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、差示扫描量热(DSC)仪和偏光显微镜(PL M)研究了微注塑加工过程中注射速率和模具温度对PLA/POM微型注塑试样的形貌及结晶行为的影响。结果表明,微型注塑加工条件下,PLA/POM共混物为相容体系;注射速率对POM的结晶行为影响更大,提高注射速率更有利于POM分子链的取向及取向程度的增加,导致POM的熔点和PLA/POM共混物微型注塑试样的结晶度提高;提高模具温度明显增加PLA的热焓松弛峰温度,同时还导致PLA冷结晶温度和熔点的降低以及POM熔点的增加,这与较高模温条件下PLA分子链较易规整排列以及PLA较高的玻璃化转变温度有关。此外,PLA/POM共混物微型注塑试样中PLA形成的晶体类型与等温结晶的温度有关,相对较低温度的等温结晶条件有利于PLA/POM共混物微型注塑试样形成环带球晶。微型注塑条件下,PLA/POM共混物微型注塑试样的中PLA形成的晶体类型与冷却方式有关。     

尼龙6/POE/EVOH共混物的流变性能

采用旋转流变仪研究了尼龙6/POE/EVOH共混物的流变行为.流变曲线结果分析表明:尼龙6/POE/EVOH共混物为假塑性流体,呈现出切力变稀的现象;EVOH的加入增大了尼龙6/POE/EVOH共混物的储能模量、损耗模量和复数黏度;用Han方法看出共混物没有发生相分离.时间扫描发现,时间对共混物的性能有一定的影响.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。