啤酒酿造中的氧自由基

氧在啤酒老化过程中起至关重要的作用,氧以氧自由基的形式参与啤酒老化。本文主要介绍啤酒酿造中氧自由基的性质,以及参与这些自由基反应的酶和非酶类物质。金属离子的存在能催化自由基反应,金属离子清除剂对啤酒老化也有一定作用。此外,还讨论了氧自由基对啤酒风味的影响以及在啤酒酿造中的其他作用。     

啤酒贮存期间pH对风味老化的影响

通过设计一个模型试验,快速调整、降低啤酒的 pH 值,然后分析其在贮存期间化学萤光产物的升高,异律草酮和原花色素的降解。通过感官测试表明:添加 HCl 到新鲜的啤酒中,在贮存期间会加快啤酒风味老化;但是,添加 HCl 到贮存过的啤酒中,啤酒风味老化现象并没有明显加快。因此,可以认为:啤酒风味老化的加快,并不完全取决于啤酒 pH 值的降低。在降低 pH 值条件下,醛类物质从老化风味——醛类氧化物中解离出来。基于这样一个事实,说明降低啤酒 pH值,在啤酒贮存期间,加快了风味老化反应、自由基反应。     

优化TBA法量化啤酒老化风味特性的研究

从羰基化合物TBA法和老化物质角度，结合PUNISH方法，酒体在37．0℃分别贮存7天、14天、21天、28天、35天后分析ATBA值，量化啤酒老化程度和趋势，通过数学统计与感官品评、自然贮藏综合分析，量化了老化评价方法；优化TBA法能较好反应啤酒的老化情况，具有较高的相关性，定量效果良好。同时，利用该方法还研究了酒体老化过程中风味物质的变化情况。     

啤酒老化评价及酵母和发酵条件对啤酒抗老化影响的研究

本文研究了老化过程中啤酒的老化物质、TBA值、抗老化指标及其相互之间的关联性。相关性分析表明,TBA值与自由基清除活性（DPPH）、自由基阳离子清除活性（ABTS）及糠醛、Strecker醛存在显著的相关性,采用TBA评价啤酒老化程度是简单和可靠的方法。研究酵母和发酵条件对啤酒抗老化能力的影响,试验结果表明使用低代酵母、高活性的酵母、酵母接种量（0．8～1．6）×10^7／mL、在相对较高的发酵温度15℃条件下发酵,延长发酵冷贮存期,可降低发酵液TBA值;调节麦汁pH值5．2—5．4和适宜的麦汁溶解氧,有利于降低发酵液羰基化合物含量,提高啤酒抗老化能力。     

自由基与啤酒老化

从活性氧、自由基的角度对啤酒老化的实质进行了诠释,并介绍了啤酒羟基自由基的检测方法及其在啤酒内源抗氧化能力评价中的应用.     

巴西啤酒在自然老化和强制老化过程中多酚及抗氧化特性的变化研究

生产啤酒的主要原料为大麦,但在酿造过程中往往加入如玉米、大米和小麦等其它谷物。啤酒中含有具抗氧化特性的酚类物质,主要来自麦芽及酒花。啤酒又是一种不稳定的产品,在其储藏过程中会发生一系列物理、化学及风味物质的转化反应。本研究对两种巴西啤酒在自然老化（室温,4个月）及强制老化（42℃,6天）过程中的氧化特性进行了研究。主要检测了以下指标：总多酚含量、DPPH值（自由基清除能力）、还原力及铜离子还原活力等。结果表明,在啤酒的强制老化过程中总多酚含量以及抗氧化活力并没有明显改变,自然老化过程中多酚含量和抗氧化活力有所降低。     

抗氧化系统在啤酒酿造中的应用研究

介绍了氧、氧自由基在啤酒酿造中的作用,从自由基的角度对啤酒氧化的本质进行了诠释,并探讨了啤酒抗氧化物质及其作用机制,总结了国内外关于啤酒风味老化的各种评价指标及方法。     

不同类型啤酒老化特征的研究

八种老化啤酒（3种下面发酵啤酒，2种上面发酵黑色啤酒和3种高酒精度上面发酵啤酒）在自然条件下贮存一年，检测其风味和15种挥发性化合物的变化。选择这些化合物作为评价不同类型啤酒老化过程中的变化特性。在啤酒贮存过程中，其老化味变化与关拉德反应、线性醛类形成、酯类形成、酯降解、缩醛形成，醚化反应以及苦味酸降解是息息相关的。发现下面发酵啤酒和特种啤酒的老化味特征有所不同，其差别可能归因于特种啤酒中增加了美拉德反应的结果。基于上面的研究发现，应根据啤酒类型采取实际措施，以提高啤酒风味稳定性。     

啤酒风味老化评价的研究进展

近年来对啤酒风味老化的研究进展迅速.但是,到目前为止还没有公认可行的啤酒风味老化的评价方法.本文总结了各种国内外关于啤酒风味老化的评价指标及方法.     

浅论自由基与啤酒风味老化

啤酒风味老化是一个复杂的物理化学变化过程，自由基理论为啤酒老化研究提供了新的思路与方法。日本学者Kaneda和Uchida已经利用电子自旋共振(ESR)技术建立了针对啤酒中自由基的测定方法，并对啤酒中自由基种类、酿造过程中自由基的变化等做了初步研究。     

The influence of unmalted barley on the oxidative stability of wort and beer

The aim of this study was to investigate the influences of unmalted barley on the brewing process and the quality of the resulting beer‐like beverages, with the main focus on the oxidative stability, using traditional beer analyses, GC‐MS for the determination of aging compounds and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy to determine free radical activity. For the investigation, brews with different barley proportions and 75% barley brews with a colour malt addition, to compensate for a lower colour using barley, were produced. In general, it can be said that beers with a proportion of up to 50% barley achieved a comparable or higher extract yield and final attenuation owing to the combined effectiveness of the malt and microbial enzymes. Although all analytical values were within the normal range according to Methodensammlung der Mitteleuropäischen Brautechnischen Analysenkommission (MEBAK), a slight decrease in total polyphenols and free amino nitrogen content was observed. Also in response to higher barley portions, an increase of higher molecular weight proteins and β‐glucan was detected. Barley is not exposed to heat and oxidative stress in the malting plant, which explains the lower values of the thiobarbituric acid index and colour as an indicator of Maillard reaction products in the resulting wort and beer. Additionally, the results demonstrate a slower increase of aging compounds during beer storage with increasing barley proportions. Furthermore, it was observed that higher barley proportions led to a better oxidative stability indicated by a lower radical generation (T₄₅₀‐value) in wort and an increasing beverage antioxidant index/endogenous antioxidative potential (BAX/EAP value) in the final beverage. The case of ‘barley beers’ showed that the positive effect of barley on the oxidative beer stability was greater than the negative effect of the addition of colour malt, to adjust the colour of a 100% malt beer. In sensory comparison with beer produced with 100% malt, the beers brewed with a barley proportion up to 50% showed a slight flavour preference and up to a 75% equivalent evaluation. Copyright © 2012 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

100%大麦啤酒酿造过程中老化Strecker醛的研究

分别采用上面发酵工艺与下面发酵工艺进行100%大麦啤酒及100%麦芽啤酒的酿制,并对其麦汁的氨基酸含量、老化Strecker醛、自由基以及新鲜啤酒中老化Strecker醛的含量等进行了对比分析。研究发现,就麦汁而言,100%大麦麦汁中老化Strecker醛的含量都明显低于100%麦芽麦汁;同样的麦汁,上面发酵方式还原Strecker醛的能力明显优于下面发酵方式。就啤酒而言,经酵母还原后,新鲜啤酒中的老化Strecker醛含量较麦汁含量低,且100%大麦啤酒中老化Strecker醛的含量低于100%麦芽啤酒中的含量。100%麦芽麦汁的自由基含量是100%大麦麦汁的近3倍。这都预示着100%大麦啤酒的风味稳定性（新鲜度）明显好于100%麦芽啤酒。     

INFLUENCE OF pH ON FLAVOUR STALING DURING BEER STORAGE

A decreasing pH accelerated an increase in the chemiluminescence production and degradation of isohumulones and procyanidins during the storage of beer and using a model system. The sensory test showed that the addition of HCI to fresh beer accelerated the flavour staling during beer storage but that the addition of HCI to stored beer did not significantly accelerate the flavour staling. Therefore, it was thought that the acceleration of beer flavour staling is not dependent on a decrease in pH such that the decreasing pH isolates stale flavour aldehydes by a dissociation from staling-flavour aldehyde adducts but based on the fact that the decreasing pH accelerates the flavour staling reactions, free radical reactions, during beer storage.     

Aging characteristics of different beer types

Eight commercial beers (3 lager beers, 2 dark ales and 3 high-alcoholic ales) were aged for one year under normal storage conditions, and the changes with time of flavour profile and the concentration of 15 volatile compounds were monitored. The compounds were chosen as markers to evaluate the importance of different reactions in the aging process of each beer type. The development of typical aging flavours during beer storage could be linked to the Maillard reaction, the formation of linear aldehydes, ester formation, ester degradation, acetal formation, etherification and the degradation of hop bitter compounds. A difference in the nature of aging flavours between lager and specialty beers was found and seemed to be mainly the result of an increased Maillard reaction in specialty beers. Based on the results, some practical strategies are proposed to improve the flavour stability, depending on the beer type.     

Free radical reactions in beer during pasteurization

Oxidative reactions during beer pasterization were studied using chemiluminescence (CL) and electron spin resonance (ESR) analyses. the CL production of beer was acclerated by pasteurization and the maximum CL intensity appeared sooner than that in non-pasteurized beer. Beers pasteurized with 15–30 pasteurization units (P.U) had the same CL producing activities as the non-pasteurized beers stored at 20°C for 6–10 days. Free radicals were produced and some of them were consumed by beer oxidation during pasteurization. It seems that free radicals were consumed by beer oxidation during pasteurization. It seems that free radical reactions occur in beer during pasteurization and that the degree of oxidation during pasteurization generally corresponded to that of non-pasteurized beer stored at room temperature for about 1 wee.     

Characterisation of protein-polyphenol interactions in beer during forced aging

Proteins and proteinaceous material were extracted by acetone precipitation of beer that had undergone forced aging through 0 (control), 5 (medium) or 10 (high) heat/chill cycles (60°C 48h/0°C 24h). Size exclusion chromatography analysis of the crude beer extract showed that forced ageing led to a significant increase in binding of phenolic compounds to Protein Z and especially to lipid transfer protein 1 (LTP1). Protein-polyphenol conjugates were also present in high molecular weight (> 100 kDa) and low molecular weight fractions (< 5 kDa), but these conjugates were already present in the fresh beer and were not affected by the forced aging. Treatment of the crude beer extract with sulphite (2 M) dissociated the protein-polyphenol bindings in LTP1 and Protein Z that had been generated during medium forced aging. Identification and quantification of the free, the non-covalently, and the covalently bound phenolic compounds were performed by UHPLC after extraction by methanol, acetic acid, and sulphite, respectively. The amounts of vanillic acid and caffeic acid decreased in the free polyphenol fraction, indicating binding to proteins during forced aging. Epicatechin and quercetin-3-O-glucoside were found to be non-covalently bound during forced aging. Finally, gallic acid, epicatechin, protocatechuic acid, and astragalin were found to be covalently bound already in the fresh beer. © 2020 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

啤酒中自由基的ESR研究

利用自旋捕集技术，采用电子自旋共振（ESR）仪研究了啤酒经保温产生自由基以及啤酒清除二苯代苦昧酰肼自由基（DPPH）的过程，结果表明：啤酒具有产生和清除自由基的双重性质，探讨了啤酒酿造及贮存过程中易于形成自由基和发生自由基链反应的工艺阶段，以及清除自由基的物质及来源。     

The barrel aged beer wheel: a tool for sensory assessment

There has been an increasing interest in the wooden barrel aging of beer in breweries worldwide. Monitoring of the barrel aging process relies mostly on changes in sensory parameters over time. This may be difficult for teams or brewers with little or no appropriate experience. The beer sensory wheel presents a broad approach to sensory aspects and generalised attributes for many beer styles. Accordingly, this tool may result in confusion through excessive visual information. The work reported here is based on literature research and sensory panel analysis employing ultra-flash profile with the aim to build a new visual tool for wooden barrel aged beer. This will aid the evaluation, training and quality assessment of barrel aged beer. It also provides specific terminology to describe the sensory changes during the barrel aging process. This approach was used to elucidate the characteristics of different wood species (amburana, cabreúva and American oak), and evaluate the flavour transformation of wooden barrel aged beer compared to non-aged beer. The barrel aged beer wheel comprises attributes and references for flavour evaluation and also terms that define the main transformational pathways, namely oxidation, wood extraction and biotransformation. The wheel described here is intended to meet academic and professional needs for the quality assessment of wooden barrel aged beer based on sensory analysis. © 2020 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

啤酒产生和清除自由基的双重性质

本文利用自旋捕集技术，采用电子自旋共振（ESR）仪研究了啤酒经保温产生自由基以及啤酒自身清除二苯代苦味酰肼自由基（DPPH）的过程，说明啤酒具有产生和清除自由基的双重性质。文章初步探讨了啤酒酿造及贮存过程中易于形成自由基和发生自由基链反应的工艺阶段，以及清除自由基的物质种类及来源。     

Influence of Pasteurising Intensity on Beer Flavour Stability

While it is preferred that flavour improves during the beer maturation process, formation of undesirable flavours inevitably occurs during beer storage. Beer ageing problems occur during beer storage and can damage the beer style, especially for lager beer of a more delicate style. In this research, the impact of pasteurising intensity on beer ageing and flavour stability was studied. Through process adjustments, three types of bottled beer were obtained from one fermenter and classified by their PU values as 2 PU, 8 PU and 14 PU. The dynamic changes of related indices (taken every month) characterizing the ageing and flavour of the beer under different pasteurising intensities were investigated during a 6‐month room temperature storage period. The key factors of colour, the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) index, 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, bitterness and total polyphenol composition, the concentration of beer volatile compounds (BVCs), and 5‐hydroxymethyl furfural (5‐HMF) were examined. Statistically, the 14 PU sample showed the highest degree of damage, with the greatest flavour change compared to the other samples.