电镜技术在病毒性肝炎诊断和研究上的应用

本文综述了电镜技术在甲、乙、丙、丁和戊型病毒性肝炎，包括新发现的数种病毒性肝炎诊断和研究上的应用情况，并简介了有关材料来源和处理及标本制备技术。资料显示，电镜技术在各型病毒性肝炎的发现，证实及病因研究上起重要作用。     

激光光针治疗急性肝炎的疗效评价

将160例急性病毒性肝炎（下称急肝）住院患者按随机抽样分为四组，每组40例，分别采用CO2激光照射、He-Ne激光照射、中药及西药进行治疗，现总结如下。     

病毒性肝炎隐窝细胞形态测量分析

病毒性肝炎隐窝细胞形态测量分析官颖鹏戴炜（海军总医院电镜室，北京１０００３７）隐窝细胞为肝窦内含量少且功能又不甚了解的一种细胞。本文从形态计量学角度对隐窝细胞的各项参数进行测定，以期对隐窝细胞的生物学行为有进一步的了解。取经临床、实验室及组织学检测明...     

乙型病毒性肝炎LAL的流式细胞检测与电镜观察

肝脏相关淋巴细胞 ( Liver- associated lymphocytes,LAL)是指一类不参与血液循环 ,粘附于肝窦壁的淋巴细胞群。在肝内诸多因素影响下 ,它的形态 ,表型均有特异表现 ,作为肝脏的第四类非实质细胞 ,广泛地参与肝脏疾病的始终。本文运用流式细胞术和电镜方法从形态、表型角度来分析 LAL在乙型病毒性肝炎中的表现。材料与方法　参照第五次全国会议修定的肝炎临床诊断标准 ,选择乙肝患者 2 3例。 ( 1 )流式细胞检测方法 :将新鲜肝穿标本 1 mm3制备成实体肝细胞悬液 ,加入鼠抗人 CD3FITC/CD5 5 +1 6 PE单克隆抗体进行免疫标记后 ,使用 FA…     

急性黄疸性肝炎的超微结构观察

肝是机体重要器官之一,肝细胞受损直接影响其代谢,合成,分泌和解毒等功能。急性黄疸性肝炎病程较短,病变较重,它不仅具有急性肝炎的症状,体征及化验的异常,且血清总胆红素超过3.0mg/d1时,明显发生黄疸。本文观察了7例急性黄疸性肝炎的材料,现将超微病变总结如下:观察结果:急性黄疸性肝炎低倍镜下改变为广泛的肝细胞变性、坏死。变性以胞浆疏松化和气球样变最为普遍,致使肝细胞排列紊乱肝窦受压变窄,肝细胞内有胆汁淤积,电镜下肝细胞水肿,图1,2胞质疏松,粗面内质网呈囊状扩张,且有不同程度的脱颗粒,滑面内质网也扩张成池,线粒体呈浓缩基质电子密度增高,嵴无法辨认,糖原颗粒减少。个别肝细胞膜破裂,细胞核模糊不清,核仁偏位(图1),或核固缩(图2),细胞核常染色质丰富(图3),肝细胞间及窦周隙内充满大量胶原纤维并形成致密的细胞壁(图2～3)。在汇管部有的淋巴细胞突起     

从亚细胞水平到近原子水平的跨越——我国病毒的高分辨结构与功能研究进展

本文介绍20世纪80年代至今,我国病毒高分辨结构与功能研究的进展,展示研究工作从低分辨的亚细胞水平到近原子分辨率的跨越历程。着重介绍了几种重要病毒的高分辨结构与功能的研究工作和成果。其中包括：家蚕质多角体病毒（BmCPV）,C6/36浓核病毒（C6/36DNV）,SARS冠状病毒（SARS-CoV）,人戊型肝炎病毒（HEV）和人乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）等。此外,还介绍了我国学者在病毒高分辨冷冻电镜三维重构的算法研究中所取得的成果。     

慢性活动性乙型肝炎的亚微结构病理观察

本研究对32例慢性活动性肝炎患者肝穿活检标本,经透射电镜超薄切片样品常规制作后,应用H—600电子显微镜,着重对淋巴细胞与肝细胞亚微病理损伤之间的关系和纤维组织增生病变进行观察,试从亚微病理水平探讨细胞免疫或致敏淋巴细胞在慢活肝发病机理中的意义。慢活肝时,肝组织中肝细胞损伤范围广泛,淋巴细胞数目增多,变性的肝细胞周围常有淋巴细胞浸润,这些功能活跃的致敏淋巴细胞细胞器发达,且多有伪足样细胞突起伸向邻近肝细胞,与肝细胞质膜发生多点接触或相互融合,有的淋巴细胞甚至随肝细胞膜陷入肝细胞中或穿过肝细胞膜进入肝细胞内[图1]。受     

狂犬病病毒不同毒株的形态学研究

将狂犬病（Rabies vims）固定毒CTN株（中国济南株）、CVS株（国际标准攻击毒株）、ERA株（兽用疫苗弱毒株）分别在小鼠脑组织增殖及ERA毒株在BHK21传代细胞增殖,通过超薄切片和负染色制备样品,电镜观察.结果发现在鼠脑组织中,CTN株病毒粒子比较难查找,而较易发现CVS株和ERA株.另外,在不同毒株的脑组织和细胞培养物中还发现了大量的非典型粒子,诸如截断的粒子及锥形、柱形等形态,同时还发现了胞浆包涵体.研究揭示：（1）典型病毒粒子数量与免疫原性呈正相关;（2）在观察鼠脑组织的病毒时,发现有神经髓鞘部位难以找到病毒粒子;（3）狂犬病病毒粒子存在于宿主细胞的胞浆内.     

澄江县烟草病毒的电镜观察

澄江县烟草病毒的电镜观察＊木崇俊龙华刘宇君周庆和积鉴白光启（云南大学物理系，昆明６５００９１）自１９９１年以来，我们在澄江县凤麓镇郊采集受病毒感染的烟叶标本，从中提取病毒，制成电镜样品，进行透射电镜观察。我们的做法是到受病毒害的烟田按常用分类方法［１...     

低温电镜术证实了兔出血症病毒亚基因组颗粒的存在

从病兔肝细胞分离纯化的兔出血症病毒（ＲＨＤＶ）的低温电镜术显示出存在两种核心密度有明显差异的颗粒－－高密度颗粒和低密度颗粒；而病毒的负染电镜术则显示绝大多数病毒颗粒具有完整病毒颗粒的形态。结构分析表明高密度颗粒和低密度颗粒具有相同的衣壳结构，且不存在释放核酸的通道。对低密度颗粒核心区的密度分析表明相当数量的颗粒并非空衣壳。我们认为这部分低密度颗粒是含病毒亚基因组ＲＮＡ的病毒颗粒，从而为兔出血症病毒在复制过程中其７．５ｋｂ基因组和２．２ｋｂ亚基因组ＲＮＡ分别包装成病毒颗粒提供了结构证据。     

基于拉曼光谱的乙肝与丙肝鉴别技术的研究

本研究利用血清拉曼光谱结合模式识别技术直接 对乙肝和丙肝进行分类。实验中 测量了480名乙肝患者和346名丙肝患者的血清样本用于分析。通过基线校正对采集到的原始 光谱进行预处理,然后使用主成分分析技术(PCA)降低光谱数据维度提取有效的光谱数据 特征,最后使用支持向量机(SVM)等算法评估乙肝与丙肝之间的差异。本文研究了粒子群 优化(PSO)和网格寻优(GS)两个不同寻优算法的支持向量机模型对乙肝患者和丙肝患者 分类,此外还通过学习矢量量化(LVQ),极限学习机(ELM),线性判别分析(LDA)等模 式识别算法对乙肝和丙肝分类与支持向量机模型进行了对比。在当前的研究中,PSO-SVM算 法模型取得了最佳的分类性能,准确率达到96.74%。本研究结果表明 ,血清拉曼光谱技术结 合PCA-PSO-SVM算法用于区分乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎具有很大的潜力,该技术可用于乙肝和 丙肝的区分。     

Surface membrane differentiation antigens of the lymph node lymphocytes in nonspecific lymphoproliferative reactions and lymphogranulomatosis in children

Monoclonal antibodies ICO and OKT, OKM5, C-ALLA have been used to investigate surface lymphocyte antigens in normal (9), reactive (27) lymph nodes and in lymphogranulomatosis (9) in children. The study has shown that the number of lymphocytes with T and B markers is 45% in normal lymph nodes; OKT4/OKT8 is 0.9. In reactive lymph nodes all lymphocytes have T and B markers; OKT4/OKT8 is, 1.5. T-cell (OKT3+, OKT11+) or B-cell (sIg+, ICO-1+) type differentiation is preferable. B-cell type proliferation with a high number of ICO-1+ lymphocytes appeared in lymph nodes of 4 patients with lymphogranulomatosis. Polyclonal proliferation and differentiation were observed in other 5 children. No correlation between immunology and histologic types of the disease was revealed.     

Expression and purification of the recombinant HBcAg core particles derived from methyltrophic Pichia pastoris, and TEM and AFM of the core particles and their natural aggregates

The recombinant hepatitis B virus core antigen (rHBcAg) core particles derived from Pichia pastoris were purified from a crude lysate of the yeast by three steps: Sephrose CL-4B chromatography, sucrose step-gradient ultracentrifugation and CsCl-isopycnic ultracentrifugation. Results of ELISA test and density analysis of CsCl-isopycnic ultracentrifugation indicate that the purified rHBcAg particles with HBcAg antigenicity mainly locate at the densities of 1.2576 and 1.3013 g.mL(-1), respectively. After purification, a portion of purified sample of rHBcAg particles was immediately subjected to detection using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), the remainder were kept in -20 degrees C for 1 month or longer. After 30 days, the sample of rHBcAg particles previously frozen was imaged by TEM and AFM. The detection results indicate that the stored rHBcAg particles aggregated into a string of beads. The above results suggested that the rHBcAg particles expressed and self-assembled in P. pastoris, which were stored at -20 degrees C, can gradually and naturally aggregate with storage time.     

Nanomaterials via Laser Ablation/Irradiation in Liquid: A Review

Laser ablation of solid targets in the liquid medium can be realized to fabricate nanostructures with various compositions (metals, alloys, oxides, carbides, hydroxides, etc.) and morphologies (nanoparticles, nanocubes, nanorods, nanocomposites, etc.). At the same time, the post laser irradiation of suspended nanomaterials can be applied to further modify their size, shape, and composition. Such fabrication and modification of nanomaterials in liquid based on laser irradiation has become a rapidly growing field. Compared to other, typically chemical, methods, laser ablation/irradiation in liquid (LAL) is a simple and “green” technique that normally operates in water or organic liquids under ambient conditions. Recently, the LAL has been elaborately developed to prepare a series of nanomaterials with special morphologies, microstructures and phases, and to achieve one‐step formation of various functionalized nanostructures in the pursuit of novel properties and applications in optics, display, detection, and biological fields. The formation mechanisms and synthetic strategies based on LAL are systematically analyzed and the reported nanostructures derived from the unique characteristics of LAL are highlighted along with a review of their applications and future challenges.     

TTV肝炎肝的超微结构观察

为探讨TTV肝炎肝组织和细胞病理学的变化，对10例单一TTV感染者的肝组织进行光镜和电镜观察。结果显示TTV感染可以引起肝细胞凋亡，淋巴细胞侵入和较早出现狄氏间隙中胶原纤维增生等超微结构改变。     

The expression of an antigen interacting with monoclonal antibody IB4 on the surface membranes of normal human leukocytes and in lymphoproliferative diseases

Monoclonal antibody (MAb) 1B4 of IgG3 isotype reacting with 55 +/- 10% peripheral blood lymphocytes was obtained. MAb 1B4 is bound with 100% of B and NK cells and 50-70% of T cells in blood. The most part of CD8+ cells (60-100%) and approximately 50% of CD4+ cells belong to 1B4+ population. T-ALL cells do not express 1B4 antigen. Analysis of reactivity of MAb 1B4 with transformed malignant cells has shown that 1B4 antigen appeared in the process of differentiation of B lymphocytes at the state of pre-B cells and disappeared with activation of B lymphocytes and transition to plasma cells.     

Proliferative activity and cytotoxic effect of mouse lymphocytes during the growth of transplanted melanoma B-16

The PHA stimulated proliferative activity of C57B1 mice lymphocytes and cell-mediated cytotoxicity on tumour target cells in vitro were studied during the transplantable melanoma B16 growth. The lymphocyte stimulation was shown to take place in all studied periods of the tumour growth with the exception of the terminal stage. The kinetics of cytotoxic activity during the melanoma B16 growth is characterized by rises and falls in the lymphocyte cytotoxicity. The maximum of proliferative activity of lymphocytes coincides with the minimum of their cytotoxic effect on the tumour cells.     

激光熔覆Ni基B4C合金涂层的组织与性能研究

利用5kW连续波CO2激光器对16Mn钢基材表面预置的含20 vol%B4CP的Ni基合金复合粉末进行激光熔覆得到Ni基B4C合金涂层(NiB4c),研究了NiB4c涂层的组织形貌与相组成,并用单纯的镍基合金涂层(Ni60)进行了显微硬度及滑动磨损性能的对比试验。结果表明,NiB4C涂层由涂层下部的胞状晶和涂层中上部的树状枝晶及其间的共晶组织所组成,其组成相为γ-Ni,γ-(Ni,Fe)固溶体和(Cr,Fe)7C3,CrB,Ni3B,Fe2B,Fe23(C,B)6等化合物,涂层中存在未熔的B4C颗粒。激光熔覆NiB4c涂层比Ni60涂层具有较高的硬度和耐磨性,并分析了NiB4C涂层的强化机理。     

Improving the energy efficiency of reversible logic circuits by the combined use of adiabatic styles

One of the most prominent issues in fully adiabatic circuits is the breaking reversibility problem; i.e., non-adiabatic energy dissipation in the last stage adiabatic gates whose outputs are connected to external circuits. In this paper, we show that the breaking reversibility problem can result in significant energy dissipation. Subsequently, we propose an efficient technique to address the breaking reversibility problem, which is applicable to the usual fully adiabatic logic such as 2LAL, SCRL, and RERL. Detailed SPICE simulations are used to evaluate the proposed technique. The experimental results show that the proposed technique can considerably reduce (e.g., about 74% for RERL, 35% for 2LAL, and 17% for SCRL) the energy dissipation arising from the breaking reversibility problem.     

激光熔覆镍基金属陶瓷涂层的组织性能研究

运用 5kWCO2 连续激光器在 16Mn钢表面激光熔覆镍基B4 C金属陶瓷层 (NB4 C)和镍基SiC金属陶瓷层(NSiC) ,研究了两种激光熔覆层的组织、结构、显微硬度及滑动磨损特性 ,并用激光熔覆镍基合金层 (Ni6 0 )进行了滑动磨损对比试验。结果表明 ,熔覆合金层显微组织由枝晶固溶体及其间细密的共晶组织组成 ,NB4 C熔覆层主要组成相为γ Ni,γ (Ni,Fe) ,(Cr,Fe) 7C3,CrB ,Ni3B ,Fe2 B ,Fe2 3(C ,B) 6 和B4 C等 ,NSiC熔覆层主要组成相为γ Ni,γ (Fe,Ni) ,(Cr,Fe) 7C3,Cr2 3C6 和 (Cr ,Si) 3Ni3Si等。三种激光熔覆层的显微硬度及耐滑动磨损性能由高到低的顺序为 :NB4 C→NSiC→Ni6 0。