适应风环境特征的小城镇空间布局优化研究

为改善城市风环境和热环境品质,将气候学的相关成果引入城市规划领域成为业内众多学者研究的方向,并且相关成果已在我国诸多大城市展开实证探索。以风环境为例,选取气候特征鲜明且处于快速城镇化阶段的小城镇为研究对象,通过建立"分析模块"、"策略模块"和"模拟反馈模块"将适应"风环境特征"的设计方法引入小城镇规划布局的技术路径中;进而借助相关成果构建风环境评估标准和风环境模拟技术,为该设计方法的规划应用提供技术平台;最后以陕南山区某镇为例,对该方法的核心内容——"风环境模拟反馈"的具体操作方式展开论述,探讨基于气候特征的小城镇空间优化方法与实践应用。     

Urban and regional change in Australia: an empirical introduction

Recent changes in the spatial distribution of the population in Australia are examined. In particular, changes in population by state are analyzed for the period 1971-1981. The relationship of these changes to shifts in economic activity, private investment, and banking activity is considered. "Results show there have been only small shifts toward population growth areas. These results are interpreted in part as a consequence of nonlocal multipliers and linkages back to established areas, but also as a reflection of the unique features of the Australian urban and regional system."     

Growth determinants in the core-periphery of Korea

"This article describes the emergent spatial dispersion pattern of the urban system of the Republic of Korea, where the government has instituted a strong decentralization policy. Intraregional decentralization is underway within the core area, while intraregional polarization towards larger regional centers is evident in periphery areas. Through the use of step-wise regression analysis, determinants of the differential growth rates of urban centers in the core and periphery are identified. The different spatial development processes operating in the core and periphery have implications for growth pole theory and regional development planning."     

Small town growth and metropolitan commuting: Evidence from united states daily urban systems

Metropolitan commuting has long been recognized as a major mechanism generating regional population increases. This paper examines the growth of small towns inside and outside the commuting areas of American daily urban systems (DUSs), 1960–1970. Nonparametric statistical procedures are used to test three size groups of small towns for expected increased growth within commuting areas and under the dominance of large DUS centers. National and Mountain states results do not uniformly support the hypothesis of polarized growth. For this decade, metropolitan commuting is only a partial explanation of small town growth.     

加快小城镇建设 统筹城乡协调发展

本文拟就我国各种类型小城镇的发展,提出一些仅供参考的思路。主要是强调小城镇发展应该因地制宜,不能盲目照搬照套。必须发挥自身特点,结合城市规划,发展出有鲜明个性、可持续发展的小城镇。发展好这些小城镇,也可以缓解中心城市的人口压力,更加有利于实现城乡统筹协调发展。     

特殊地形条件下城市边缘区居住小区建设探讨——以本溪市新立屯小区规划方案为例

城市边缘区"小镇"是以满足人们"居住在城里"的居住选择心理为主要目的的新型居住小区,其主要特点是"城市服务 郊区环境",具有使用成本低、宜居性强的优势.建设该类"小镇"要注意区位的选择、交通的便捷、基础设施的完善和公共服务设施的配置.     

城乡融合对小城镇区域专业化分工的影响——以浙江省为例

小城镇作为城乡交互的重要节点,在我国区域经济社会发展中一直具有非常特殊的地位和作用。"十四五"期间,城乡融合发展的体制机制建设将大力促进城乡要素的自由流动与重组配置,小城镇也将面临能否由"区域分异"走向"区域分工"的战略抉择。以浙江省为例,在剖析当前省域小城镇社会空间极化、职能类型分化特征的基础上,分析城乡融合发展战略对浙江省小城镇区域专业化分工所产生的影响,并从不同区域、不同类型视角提出针对性的战略指引与政策供给,为"十四五"时期浙江省小城镇的特色协同发展提供路径思考,同时也为全国其他省份提供参考和借鉴。     

Development aspects of migration in third world settings: a simulation,with implications for urbanization

A simulation of the interrelationships between development and migration in developing countries is presented. "Development is represented as the diffusion of demographic transition, employment opportunities, and formal and communication channels, which in turn affect informal communications and the overall economic base. The simulation falls within the genre of neoclassical development models, but, unlike many, explicitly explores the long-run aspects of landscape evolution." The results generally "conform with expectations hypothesized in earlier research, including phenomena such as polarization reversal, converging regional disparities, and low-level equilibrium traps at small remote places where continual resource drain thwarts the agglomeration economies necessary for sustained growth. [The authors] also find that the initial urban system configuration has little effect on the final configuration, and that only urban size diseconomies are likely to alter significantly the size, spatial distribution, and spatial characteristics of the urban system."     

一种适用于小城镇住区开发的模式——俄勒冈试验的借鉴

由于中国的经济飞速发展,小城镇的建造速度也快得惊人,发展的现状总是带给我们千镇一面的印象。本文主要是通过对全国各气候分区的小城镇住宅现状进行大量的实态调研和分析,以《俄勒冈试验》为引导,探讨一种适用于小城镇的公众参与的住区开发模式,希望引起设计者们对城镇化住区开发过程中的小城镇特色发展的重视,并努力创造出适合于小城镇住区发展的“有机秩序”。     

重庆市小城镇风貌特色规划的探讨

加快小城镇建设是统筹城乡发展、积极解决"三农"问题、推动城镇化进程的有效途径。而目前的快速发展中,重庆市小城镇传统的、具有差异性的城镇特色正逐渐缺失。该文通过对重庆市小城镇建设整体定位、风貌特色及规划体系建构的讨论,尝试提出较为系统的、具有可操作性的风貌规划策略,对小城镇建设与管理提供参照。     

Designation and Development of Central Towns: A Case Study of Shiyan

In China, central towns are an important pitch point in the urban system of a city or county. The cultivation and development of central towns is significant in completing the urban system structure and improving the overall quality of urban-rural development of a city or county. In the Municipality of Shiyan, a mountainous region in Hubei Province, the designation of central towns should not be mechanically accomplished through applying the methodology used in plain areas, but with particular focus on the location and transportation of the towns. Based on the analysis of comprehensive development potential, 14 central towns are finally designated in Shiyan in view of their favorable location and the requirement of coordinated regional development. Development strategies are also proposed for them which include the improvement of urban functions, the differentiation of development modes, the growth of industrial clusters, the development of environmental-friendly industries, the standard configuration of public service facilities, and the institutional reform and innovation which would ensure the realization of the central towns’ function of agglomeration and radiation.     

小城镇发展存在的障碍及制度创新的要点

中国农村工业化的进程已经有 2 0多年的历史 ,伴随农村工业化 ,小城镇建设取得了一定的成绩。然而 ,在乡村内部 ,人口的职业转移和地域转移却并不同步 ,地域转移远远滞后于职业转移 ,小城镇人口占乡村人口比例更远远落后于以产值计算的非农化 ,小城镇发展存在很大的不足。通过对小城镇发展存在的深层障碍的深入探讨和分析 ,给出了制度创新要把握的几个要点 :创造就业机会是制度创新的基本着眼点 ;户籍改革必须与其它改革配套 ,尤其是和土地流转制度和社会福利制度改革配套 ;土地使用和流转制度改革必须充分保护农民利益 ;彻底改革乡村财政体制 ,变城乡二元财政体制为一元体制     

从被动衰退到精明收缩——论特大城市郊区小城镇的“收缩型规划”转型趋势及路径

城市人口的增长与衰减均是城市经济社会发展不同阶段下的产物。西方国家较早面临了城市收缩的现实,并形成了各自的理念转变与规划应对。我国仍处于快速城镇化阶段,但也出现了城市收缩的现象,特别是在我国中西部人口流出地区。然而在上海这一特大城市的郊区小城镇也面临着人口收缩、经济滞缓为特征的收缩困境。本文以上海市郊的合庆镇为例,分析了在过去增长路径的依赖下,显现出的"被动衰退"趋势。城镇当下的发展已出现了收缩的内外部驱动机制,内部机制表现在本地农民的脱农化程度高以及较强的城镇聚居意愿,外部驱动表现在环境的负外部性对本地农民的挤出作用和宏观政策导向。为实现收缩情景下的精明发展,合庆镇急需对镇村体系进行精明重构,产业区进行瘦身转型,并相应调整镇域空间布局,使其在收缩、有限的空间范围内保持良性增长,提升城镇发展品质。     

State-sponsored and spontaneous urbanization in Fujian province of China, 1982–2010

This paper examines unbalanced urbanization process in Fujian province from 1982 to 2010 from the perspective of dual-track urbanization. The analysis is mainly based on 67 county-level units. The spontaneous track of urbanization is a new process of urbanization in China emerged in the reform period. It plays an important role in linking urban and rural areas but also creates problems of rural-urban integration and social cohesion. This paper examines the relative roles of spontaneous and state-sponsored urbanization and their impacts on the spatial pattern and structure of urbanization in Fujian. It is found that rural to urban migration plays the most significant role while state-sponsored urbanization and rural urbanization play equal roles in the process of urbanization. There was a significant shift of state-sponsored urbanization from county-level cities and counties to urban areas of central cities, Fuzhou and Xiamen, and from inland area to coastal area after 1990. There have also been significant shift and growth of temporary population towards the central cities in the reform period. The shift from small towns to large urban areas is clear in both tracks of urbanization.     

Role of Tourism and Place Identity in the Development of Small Towns in the Western Cape,South Africa

A recent study on the growth potential of towns in the Western Cape evaluated the growth potential of 131 towns qualitatively and quantitatively (Van der Merwe et al., Growth potential of towns in the Western Cape, Cape Town, Department of Environmental Affairs and Planning, 2005). Two of the several outcomes of this extensive study were first to index, rank, and categorize the towns according to their development potential and, second, to use these categories of town profiles to develop an investment typology as prescribed in the National Spatial Development Phramework (NSDP). Compared with the provincial mean, 79 (60%) of the towns score negative (‘low’ and ‘Very Low’) development index values, whereas conversely, 16 (12%) towns register ‘high’ and ‘very high’ growth potential index values. Three of the four towns with a ‘very high’ status on both the quantitative and qualitative development ratings are well-known tourism towns (Stellenbosch, George, and Paarl). In other towns (Hermanus, Knysna, Mossel Bay, and Oudtshoorn) with “high” values for growth potential on both indices, tourism also contributes substantially to their local economic development. The main objective of this paper is to emphasize the special role that tourism plays in the growth and development of small towns in the Western Cape. Unfortunately, in some urban centers, unrealistic expectations abound regarding the role that tourism might fulfill as an economic growth mechanism for a town. Although many of the towns in the province possess the resources and attractions to support tourism development, competition is strong. Other prerequisites (tourism infrastructure, potential investors, appropriate services, and skilled labor) are absent from many Western Cape towns. Some of these towns possess a unique place identity, and it will be wise to preserve these towns to qualitatively enrich the province’s small town heritage that will complement tourism development in general and also contribute to economic growth over the long term.

德国中小城镇在国土开发中扮演的重要角色

与大多数欧洲城市相比,德国的城镇体系属于均衡发展的典范。地区的高度自治、联邦体制以及强有力的州政府使德国在两千多年的城市发展历程中,逐渐形成了大中小城市遍布全国的空间形态。这些城市都具有相似的生活质量、便捷的交通和便利的服务。基于对中小城镇的概括定义,本文将首先简要介绍城市均衡发展的历史渊源及小城镇在德国的重要作用,并举例分析一些进行中的都市化过程,随后将选取纽伦堡城市区域作为中小城镇的成功案例重点介绍,最后简要说明支持城镇发展的联邦政策规划。     

Settlement in Transition: a Transformation of a Village into a Small Town in Western Sudan

UN-Habitat projects Sub-Saharan Africa’s global share of the urban population to increase from 11.3% in 2010 to 20.2% by 2050. Yet little is documented about the underlying urbanization processes, particularly of emergence of small towns. This article uses household interviews, focus groups, observation, and secondary data to examine the spontaneous transformation of a western Sudanese village, Shubbola, into a small town. We use changes in building construction approach, materials, and style as an indicator of development and provide rare documentation of the process, the main actors, choices taken, timescales, and outcomes of the rapid urbanization of Shubbola between 2006 and 2013. Housing transformation was variable but involved a gradual process of replacing traditional non-durable building materials (wood and straw) with modern durable ones (sun- or fire-cured bricks, cement blocks, and metal roofs). Unlike traditional top-down models of urbanization generally driven by government investment, Shubbola epitomizes an organic, bottom-up process dependent on self-reliance and agriculture development fueled by remittances from urban-based relatives. While many small towns with similar origins fail to do so, Shubbola already provided important urban services to its inhabitants and surrounding rural areas. The study enhances understanding of small towns and underlying urbanization processes and their contribution to often neglected bottom-up, low-cost processes that do not fit traditional top-down models. It also contributes to literature and policy on sustainable cities and their role in sustainable development as encapsulated in UN Sustainable Development Goal 11. The study contributes to understanding the processes and implications of rapid urbanization in the Sudan and Africa and other world regions.     

Long-run urban growth with agglomeration economies

"It is widely recognized that agglomeration economies are a crucially important factor in explaining the existence and growth of urban areas, and therefore should be explicitly taken into consideration in long-run urban growth analysis. Once such economies are introduced, however, the urban economy tends to diverge from a steady state equilibrium and may 'explode' without limit. A possible way to solve this dilemma is shown. First, a simple urban growth model with production and factor migration functions in the presence of agglomeration economies is set up....Then, land is introduced to show that the availability of the third factor of production will make it more likely to achieve a steady growth equilibrium in the presence of agglomeration economies. Last, the model is generalized to include many factors of production."     

Distribution of generalist and specialist predators along urban gradients

The distribution of predators in urban areas is overlooked by urban planners. Due to the homogenizing power of urbanization, towns are expected to favour the settlement of generalist predators. We compared the frequency of specialist and generalist predators along an urban gradient (centre, inner periphery, outer periphery, and scarcely built areas) in towns of different size (small, medium, large). We obtained data on specialist (diurnal and nocturnal raptors, Dendrocopos major) and generalist (Larus michahellis, corvids) predators breeding in each square of the grid of 27 urban atlases. The number of species per square of specialist predators decreased in more urbanised sectors, whereas the number of generalist predators either did not change or increased in the same sectors. However, some specialist (nocturnal raptors except Athene noctua) and generalist (Garrulus glandarius, Pica pica) predators did not follow such a pattern of distribution. Town size may affect the distribution of predators. Some species (D. major, G. glandarius, P. pica) were more frequent in the more urbanised sectors in small towns. Data gathered in few towns on a limited number of predator species may not fully represent the complex response by predators to urban gradients. Urban planners should consider the distribution of predators in towns to limit risks for urban wildlife.     

欧盟的中小城镇发展策略

文章主要讨论了欧盟中小城镇的发展策略。首先分析了中小城镇的作用和潜力,接下来总结了欧盟对中小城镇越来越多的关注和相关政策,反映了欧盟在政策框架下整合城市问题的决心。文章还批判性地分析了欧盟政策框架下的一些主要文件、方案以及相关的规范性概念。欧盟政策框架中越来越多地出现所谓＂城市层面＂的各类战略,然而专门的设计、国土发展重点以及与中小城镇的关系仍不明确。