Effect of proprietary oil additives on elastohydrodynamic film thickness

A study is reported of the effect on a simulated elastohydrodynamic contact of the addition of three proprietary products to the lubricating oil. Chromatic interferometry was used to study changes in lubricant film thickness. Under the conditions employed it was found that Molyslip did not affect film thickness markedly, but there is evidence that solid particles of molybdenum disulphide did enter the contact. STP and Redex both increased the film thickness as a result of increasing the viscosity, but this effect was greatly reduced at high shear rates. No evidence was found for the formation of permanent or semi-permanent surface films, although results have so far only been obtained at room temperature.     

Load-carrying synergism of binary additive systems: dibenzyl disulphide and halogenated hydrocarbons

In this study, the tribological performance of binary additive blends with dibenzyl disulphide and some chlorinated and brominated compounds was investigated. The tribological tests were done on a four-ball and ball-on-disc machines. For the test conditions explored, chlorinated paraffin (40% Cl), benzyl chloride, hexachloroethane, benzyl bromide and two brominated paraffins which contained 29 and 49 mass% of bromine in the presence of dibenzyl disulphide produced strong synergism with regard to their load-carrying capacities. Load-carring synergism increased with the increase of both additive concentrations. Some chlorinated and brominated hydrocarbons produced almost no synergism. Chlorinated hydrocarbons with chlorine atoms on adjacent carbon atoms and when between carbon atoms bonded with chlorine there are one or two no chlorinated carbon atoms did not exhibit antiwear and extreme pressure synergism. Increased chlorine substitution in ethane increased synergism. Amounts of iron sulphide, benzyl thiol and elemental sulphur formed from dibenzyl disulphide as well as sulphur surface concentrations for brominated compounds were strongly reduced in the case of binary additive systems' strongly improved load-carrying properties. The bromine surface concentration after wear test is very low, and independent of additive concentration. A possible explanation for the load-carrying synergism of DBDS and halogenated hydrocarbons binary additive systems is proposed.     

Modified TMP esters as multifunctional additives in metalworking fluids

This paper looks at newly developed trimethylolpropane (TMP) esters, which have multifunctional properties as additives in aqueous metalworking fluids. Such TMP esters can replace the previous monofunctional esters, which provided only lubrication. New TMP esters are obtained by chemical modification of traditional TMP esters, and provide the functions of lubrication, corrosion protection, and co-emulsification in one product. The paper looks at the chemistry of these esters, and their properties. Some experimental products are also examined.     

Tribocatalysis reaction during antiwear synergism between borates and Sn(IV) compounds in boundary lubrication

The combination of an oil-soluble Sn(IV) compound such as dibutyl tin dilaurate and organic borates gave better antiwear protection to an oil than either component separately. The surface examination of the rubbing zone indicated that the atomic concentration of tin produced on the boundary layers by such combinations was greater than those without borates. Based on this, an antiwear synergistic mechanism can be postulated in which borates with electron-deficient p orbits in boron catalyse the triboreduction of Sn(IV) compounds on rubbing surfaces.     

The ep performance of certain S-benzylisoformamidinothiocarbamides in the four-ball test

Load carrying capacities of certain 1-formamidino-2-S-benzyliso-3-arylthiocarbamides were assessed using a four-ball extreme-pressure (ep) lubricant testing machine. All the compounds tested were found to be effective at high loads. 1-formamidino-2-S-benzyliso-3-phenylthiocarbamide was potentially useful at high loads; m-chlorophenyl- and p-tolyl derivatives were effective at low loads as well. For a comparative study a reference additive was used. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the tribological properties.     

Boundary Lubrication by Pure Crystalline Zinc Orthophosphate Powder in Oil

The aim of this study is to assess the tribological behavior of pure crystalline zinc orthophosphate under boundary lubrication in order to model zinc phosphate-based anti-wear additives. Boundary films were generated from α-Zn₃(PO₄)₂ powder dispersed in poly-alpha-olefin oil, at ambient temperature, by means of a steel sphere-on-flat contact in reciprocating motion. Electrical contact resistance and friction coefficient evolutions enable an understanding of the tribological behavior of crystalline zinc orthophosphate at the sliding interface. A conductive atomic force microscope (C-AFM) equipped with a current sensing setup, Raman spectroscopy, and nano-indentation were used to characterize the resulting film. When involved in a tribological contact, zinc orthophosphate powder forms a continuous patchy adherent film, changing its structure to amorphous orthophosphate, on both sliding steel surfaces. Morphological and mechanical properties of the film are discussed with respect to the ZDTP tribofilm models.     

高速列车齿轮箱润滑油黏度指数的计算方法研究

高速列车齿轮油不仅承担高转速啮合齿轮间的润滑,通常也承担齿轮箱两端轴承的润滑,其黏度指数的确定和选择需要对润滑规律进行更严格的揭示与分析。采用机械设计计算查表法、黏度经验公式法、弹流润滑分析法、弹流润滑经验公式等方法,以CRH380A动车组齿轮箱为研究对象,计算高速列车齿轮箱所需润滑油的40 ℃黏度与100 ℃黏度,并得到选型的黏度指数,为高速列车齿轮油的选型提供了模型和理论依据。研究发现,由于高速下齿面接触应力很大、温度高、圆周速度大,高速列车齿轮润滑油还应当提高抗磨性、热安定性与氧化安定性等,并能够在较宽温度范围的运转,且要着重考虑齿轮油对齿轮箱内轴承的润滑及安全特性。     

Enhanced Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Graphene-Reinforced TiAl Matrix Composites

This study investigated the mechanical properties and dry-sliding friction and wear behaviors of graphene-reinforced TiAl matrix composites in expectation of providing valuable information for the application of graphene. The results suggested that the incorporation of graphene apparently improved the microhardness, fracture toughness, and tribological properties of the composites. For the composite with 3?wt% graphene, the microhardness increased by 129%, the fracture toughness increased by 149%, the friction coefficient decreased by 37% and the wear rate decreased by 78%. Also, the microstructural analyses of the worn surfaces indicated that three types of graphene-rich films, with different percentages of coverage, were generated on the worn surfaces under various wear conditions. An evolution mechanism of the films as a function of wear conditions was proposed, and the corresponding variation of friction and wear behavior was also discussed.     

Investigation of anti-wear additives for low viscous synthetic esters: Hydroxyalkyl phosphonates

Various synthetic esters are widely applied as lubricating fluid to reduce friction and wear at tribological contact. Among them low viscous synthetic esters are expected to improve fuel efficiency by minimizing the fluid friction. These low viscous esters are composed of short-chain fatty acids. Therefore, low viscous synthetic esters are inherently polar molecules. Since efficiency of anti-wear additives decreases with increase of polarity of the base oil, new additive technology is requested.In this work, hydroxyalkyl phosphates [P(O)(OCHRCH₂OH)₃], and hydroxyalkyl phosphonates [P(OH)_n(OCHRCH₂OH)_3−n, where n=1,2] are proposed as novel anti-wear additives for polar synthetic esters. The anti-wear additives are evaluated under the boundary conditions. The additives prevent wear in polar esters, in which conventional anti-wear additives do not work at all. Interestingly, effects of substituent in additive molecule on anti-wear properties are found. Alkyl and aryl derivatives reduce wear remarkably, whereas allyl derivatives exhibit poor results. It is speculated that the anti-wear inefiiciency of allylic compounds is due to auto-oxidation of the additives.A facile preparative method for hydroxyalkyl derivatives characterizes the present additive system. They are prepared in situ by simply mixing phosphonic acid and substituted epoxides. Flexiblity of lubricant design can be made possible by the present additive system.     

Lubricating film thickness measurements with bovine serum

Lubricant film thickness measurements were made for bovine serum solutions under steady state rolling and sliding. The effect of low (30 MPa) and high contact pressures (200 MPa) was examined. In the high pressure rolling tests BS initially formed films 5-50 nm thick over the speed range. However, in subsequent speed sweeps, a relatively speed independent film of 40-50 nm developed. In some cases thick (up to 100 nm) films were formed at low speeds; this behaviour was considered representative of high-viscosity surface layers rather than of solid films. At the end of each test residual boundary films of 9-19 nm were measured under static loading. These are attributed to the multilayer adsorption of protein molecules and will provide surface protection during stance or on initiation of gait. The results at low pressure showed that much thicker films (∼60-80 nm) were formed over the same speed range. Again thicker films were formed at the lower speeds. There was significant scatter in the film thickness results, possibly due to the inherent nature of the fluid, which is an inhomogeneous biological solution. The film thickness/speed behaviour was not representative of a simple Newtonian fluid and this has considerable implications for the development of predictive film thickness models and new designs of artificial hip joints.     

Effects of lubricant additives on the performance of hydrodynamically lubricated journal bearings

A non-Newtonian rheological model to investigate theoretically the effects of lubricant additives on the steady state performance of hydrodynamically lubricated finite journal bearings is introduced. In this model, the non-Newtonian behavior resulting from blending the lubricant with polymer additives is simulated by Stokes couple stress fluid model. The formed boundary layer at the bearing surface is described through the use of a hypothetical porous medium layer that adheres to the bearing surface. The Brinkman-extended Darcy equations are utilized to model the flow in the porous region. A stress jump boundary condition is applied at the porous media/fluid film interface. A modified form of the Reynolds equation is derived and solved numerically using a finite difference scheme. The effects of bearing geometry, and non-Newtonian behavior of the lubricant on the steady-state performance characteristics such as pressure distribution, load carrying capacity, side leakage flow, and coefficient of friction are presented and discussed. The results showed that lubricant additives significantly increase the load carrying capacity and reduce both the coefficient of friction and the side leakage as compared to the Newtonian lubricants.     

Additive influence on wear and friction performance of environmentally adapted lubricants

In this paper, the influence of concentration level and chemical composition of three different additive types on friction and wear coefficient are presented for a synthetic ester base fluid and a mineral base oil. One extreme-pressure (EP), two antiwear (AW) and two yellow metal passivator (Cu-passivators) additives were used. Factorial experimental design was used as the basis for a systematic evaluation of wear rates under mixed and boundary lubrication conditions. A total of 33 different lubricant blends were tested in a Plint and Partner High Frequency Friction Machine. For the synthetic ester, the extreme-pressure (EP) additive, containing phosphorus and nitrogen, was found to be much more effective in reducing wear than either of the two antiwear (AW) additives tested. In fact, the AW and Cu-passivator additives made little or no contribution to the wear protection in most of the cases studied. A synergy effect between the three additive combinations was observed only for the reference mineral oil blend. A significant difference between the antiwear performance of the test lubricants was found. This study suggests that the traditional “AW” and “EP” labels associated with commonly used additives are poor aids when designing of ester based lubricants.     

Antiwear synergism of borates and cadmium diamyldithiocarbamate

Certain combinations of an oil-soluble cadmium compound, e.g., cadmium diamyldithiocarbamate, with organo-borates, either sulphurised or nonsulphurised, give better antiwear performance than do the individual components. A synergistic mechanism is postulated, in which boron atoms with vacant p orbitals catalyse triboreduction of cadmium on rubbing surfaces, producing elemental cadmium. The cadmium deposits on, and alloys with, the metal surface to protect the substrate against wear.     

吗啉的性能及其在金属加工液中的应用

介绍吗啉的性质和用途,提出将吗啉作为一种防腐防锈添加剂应用于金属加工液的设想,并通过试验证明将吗啉应用于金属加工液中可以有效提高其防腐、杀菌、防锈和抗氧化等综合能力.     

Friction Characteristics and Topography of Tribofilms from Anti-Wear Additives Applied to Metal V-Belt Type CVT Fluids

This study has investigated potential links between tribological performance and the morphology of tribofilms formed from anti-wear additives with application to metal V-belt pushing type continuously variable transmission fluids (B-CVTFs). The influence of metal–metal tribological properties of anti-wear additives was evaluated using a ball on plate tribometer, enabling friction and lubricant film formation to be monitored during reciprocating tests. Contact mode atomic force microscopy was utilised to investigate the nature of tribofilms at the nanometre scale. As a result, an additive formulation composed of hydrogen phosphite and over-based calcium sulphonate in a hydro-cracked mineral Group II base oil demonstrated a synergism with 8% higher friction coefficient and more stable film formation than the individual additive cases, providing a positive outcome for a B-CVTF. Tribofilm species produced by a chemical reaction between hydrogen phosphite and over-based calcium sulphonate were densely deposited on the wear scar to form a rougher surface, which may explain the higher friction observed.     

Comparison of boundary lubrication films formed under four‐ball friction test conditions with different AW/EP Additives‐an X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy study

The antiwear and extreme‐pressure properties of six different types of additive (molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate, dibenzyl disulphide, molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate, zinc dialkyldithiophosphate, chlorinated paraffin wax, and triaryl phosphate) were evaluated by standard four‐ball friction and wear tests. This was followed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X‐ray photoelectron imaging (XPI) analyses of the worn surfaces to determine the structure of the boundary lubrication film and the mechanism of the tribochemical reaction occurring during the friction process. The presence of the additives in the base oil significantly increased the weld load and drastically reduced the wear‐scar diameter, suggesting antiwear and extreme‐pressure properties of the additives. The enhanced antiwear and loadcarrying capacity of the additive‐containing oils was attributed to the formation of a complex boundary lubrication film formed between the surfaces during the friction process as a result of the tribochemical reaction. The antiwear and extreme‐pressure properties of the additives were explained based on the XPS data. The studies indicated that the lubricating properties of the additives depend on their chemical nature and reactivity with metal surfaces.     

高性能润滑材料多烷基环戊烷的研究进展

介绍高性能润滑材料多烷基环戊烷(MACs)作为基础油和边界润滑薄膜的发展概况及发展现状,阐明MACs摩擦性能优于其他润滑材料的作用机制及末端基团功能化、添加纳米颗粒、表面织构化、构筑双层薄膜等改善MACs摩擦学性能的方法途径及机制,指出当前MACs作为高性能润滑材料存在的问题及将来的研究趋势。     

固液两相流体热弹流润滑

应用Ｅｒｉｎｇｅｎ的热微极流体理论，对含有固体微粒添加剂的润滑流体进行线接触热弹流润滑理论分析，借助于牛顿一拉夫逊方法，获得了热弹流润滑的完全数值解，得到了油膜内温度，剪应力分布及润滑表面上的摩擦力。     

The effect of a solid additive on rolling fatigue life

Behaviour of a series of lubricant oils and the effect of a non stoichiometric inorganic compound, as solid extreme pressure additive, on rolling fatigue life are studied using the rolling four-ball accelerated service simulation test proposed by Barwell and Scott. The results show, in all tested cases, the remarkable efficacy of this type of additive. The Total Acidity Number (tan) was found to increase with performance time for the case of the base lubricant, while for the oils with additives, it remained at its constant low value. This led to a proposal of a possible mechanism of the additive performance in the rolling process.