窄间隙焊接侧壁熔合控制技术的研究现状

窄间隙焊接因采用窄且深的U型或者I型坡口,在焊接厚板时具有焊接效率高、焊接填充量少及焊接变形少等诸多优势,在大型厚壁高强钢结构制造领域具有很好的应用前景。由于窄间隙焊接中电弧与坡口侧壁几乎平行,造成电弧无法对侧壁直接加热,易出现侧壁未熔合缺陷,严重影响了大型高强钢结构的服役安全。通过对窄间隙焊接技术研究现状的分析整理,综述并比较常用的侧壁熔合控制技术与方案,分析了其优缺点。分析结果表明,目前已经开发了旋转电弧、双电弧、带状电极、复合热源及摆动电弧等多种侧壁熔合控制技术,在一定程度上解决了侧壁未熔合问题,并且在压力容器、厚壁管道等领域获得了应用。最后对该方向的研究进展进行了总结,并对其发展方向进行了展望。     

钛合金薄板激光和钨极氩弧焊残余应力测试研究

采用小孔释放法对钛合金薄板激光焊和钨极氩弧焊(TIG焊)的焊接残余应力进行了测试，并分析了焊接方法、焊接线能量和焊后热处理对残余应力分布规律的影响。研究结果表明：激光焊残余应力分布规律与普通熔焊方法相似，但其分布区域较窄；在热影响区内，激光焊残余拉应力值比TIG焊的约低100MPa；在焊缝及其熔合线附近，激光焊残余应力却比TIG焊的高。对于不同线能量激光焊接，线能量越大，焊缝越宽，热影响区的残余应力也越大。焊后真空热处理能降低残余应力90％。     

窄间隙P-GMAW多信息融合侧壁熔合状态识别研究

窄间隙焊缝坡口间距小且焊道较深,摆动中心与焊缝中心偏差较大时,坡口两侧侧壁受热不良,易发生未熔合缺陷。为了及时了解窄间隙侧壁熔合情况,掌握侧壁内部焊接质量,本文提出了一种基于BP神经网络和D-S证据理论的多信息融合方法,预测侧壁熔合状态。对窄间隙焊接未熔合缺陷产生机制进行了分析,研究发现焊接电弧信号和熔池变化与侧壁成形质量存在密切关系,为此进行了一系列偏差实验,建立了电弧电信号和电弧熔池图像信号的实时采集系统,采用批量特征提取算法,提取了与侧壁熔合状态密切关联的峰值电流、峰值电压、电弧弧长、熔池长宽比、熔池面积和熔池周长等特征参量。采用BP算法训练神经网络,在此基础上通过D-S证据理论进行决策级融合。实验结果表明,该模型识别率可达96.667%,避免了神经网络识别时的误诊,获得了比单一传感信息更好的预测结果,提高了熔合状态识别的准确度和可靠度。     

船用高强钢厚板窄间隙热丝TIG焊接工艺研究

采用12CrNi5MoV钢厚板在立焊位置进行窄间隙热丝TIG焊接工艺试验,研究了窄间隙坡口设计、坡口间隙、焊接电流、送丝速度、脉冲参数、钨极摆动等对焊道成形的影响。结果表明,窄间隙U形对称坡口使焊接填充量较传统X形坡口可减少76%;确定了厚板窄间隙热丝TIG焊接主要工艺参数,实现了150 mm厚12CrNi5MoV钢的高质量、高效焊接。     

外加磁场下焊接技术的研究现状

近年来,磁控焊接技术受到了国内外研究人员的广泛重视。在焊接过程及焊后热处理过程中施加磁场,可以显著改善熔池金属的传质及传热行为,细化晶粒组织,减少成分偏析,促使第二相均匀化弥散分布,降低气孔、热裂纹等焊接缺陷的敏感性,显著提升焊缝力学性能。综述了国内外近年来磁控焊接技术的研究成果,对比了外加磁场与无磁场下焊接的特点,总结了Lorentz力、热电磁力、磁场力、磁Gibbs自由能对焊接过程的影响机制,以及磁场对焊缝微观组织、电弧形态、力学性能的影响规律。提出开发多尺度磁场下磁控复合焊接技术、磁控热处理技术结合焊接过程中电流场、温度场、应力场(应变场)有限元分析是将来磁控焊接技术的研究重点。     

厚板钛合金窄间隙TIG焊接过程中温度场分析

窄间隙条件下,TIG多层焊的方式焊接52 mm厚TC4钛合金板。以焊接层为周期,利用温度采集器和计算机对焊接试板背侧的温度进行采集。绘制焊接温度随焊接时间及焊接层数的变化曲线,分析厚板钛合金焊接温度场。总结厚板钛合金焊接温度场随焊缝厚度的变化规律,发现在焊接层厚度超过37 mm后,焊缝背侧不再需要焊接保护。     

窄间隙焊技术在隔板中的应用

从焊缝的力学性能、焊接残余应力和残余变形以及焊接成本等方面阐述了窄间隙焊在隔板焊接中应用的优势。     

TC4钛合金焊接工艺研究

对TCA钛合金进行A—TIG焊和TIG焊,分析不同的焊接方法和焊接工艺参数对焊后钛合金熔深、熔宽和焊缝熔池区域显微组织的影响,运用了光学显微镜等,对A—TIG焊接头的力学性能、显微组织进行了分析研究。试验结果表明,和常规TIG焊相比,在相同的焊接参数下,A—TIG焊能够有效减小熔宽,显著增加熔深;A—TIG焊能够有效减少焊缝气孔数量;对于TCA钛合金的焊接,A—T1G焊比常规TIG焊具有较明显优势。     

电弧电流对AZ31B/DP980激光诱导电弧焊接接头成形及力学性能的影响

采用激光诱导钨极惰性气体保护(tungsten inert gas, TIG)电弧焊接技术,在未添加任何夹层和镀层的条件下,通过优化工艺,获得了AZ31B镁合金和DP980高强钢高质量搭接焊接头,重点研究TIG电弧电流对焊接接头成形和力学性能的影响规律。结果表明：电弧电流的增大会提高镁合金在高强钢的润湿铺展能力,提升焊缝宽度的同时减小润湿角。镁合金/钢焊接接头的最大拉伸载荷随着电弧电流的增大先升高后降低,接头断裂模式由沿界面断裂转变为沿焊缝断裂。当TIG电流为80 A、激光功率为350 W时,焊接接头最大平均拉伸载荷达到279 N/mm。焊缝宽度和界面层厚度的增大以及激光匙孔的钉扎作用共同提升了镁合金/钢的接头性能。     

超窄间隙激光焊接TC4钛合金接头组织及性能研究

以TA2为焊丝,采用超窄间隙激光焊接方法焊接了10 mm的TC4钛合金板,间隙为2 mm。利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)和拉伸试验机分析了TC4钛合金接头的组织与性能。结果表明,选取合适的工艺可以实现TC4钛合金超窄间隙激光填丝焊接,获得无缺陷的焊接接头。接头由母材、热影响区、熔合区、焊缝组成,界线清晰。其中热影响区为网篮状组织,焊缝由大β晶粒组成,大晶粒内部为杂乱的α+α′相针状组织,热影响区晶粒明显细化。由于超窄间隙的啮合效应,接头最大抗拉强度为893 MPa,达到母材的84.7%,断裂位置在焊缝中心。焊缝区和热影响区的显微硬度高于母材,且在热影响区的显微硬度最大,接头整体显微硬度呈马鞍状分布。     

钛/铝异种合金脉冲激光焊接接头裂纹产生机理

目的 对0.8 mm厚的Ti6Al4V钛合金和2 mm厚的AA6060铝合金薄板进行脉冲激光焊接,分析异种轻合金激光焊接裂纹产生的机理及界面结合机理。方法 采用扫描电镜、EDS能谱以及显微硬度计等微观表征分析方法,对焊接接头的形貌特征、成分以及显微硬度进行分析,探索焊接接头处裂纹产生的原因。结果 钛/铝脉冲激光焊接性较差,接头存在严重的裂纹缺陷,裂纹多集中在焊缝与铝母材交界处以及焊缝中心区域位置,主要以热裂纹为主;接头焊缝可能存在大量的Ti-Al金属间化合物以及少量未熔的钛,其界面层主要成分推测为层状TiAl和外层锯齿状的TiAl3;接头整个焊缝区域的平均显微硬度为HV0.1420,其硬度水平远远高于焊缝两侧铝合金母材,也高出钛合金母材很多。结论 钛铝金属间化合物使钛铝焊接接头焊缝区脆性增大,另外接头焊缝区存在较大的组织应力、热应力、拉压应力、拘束应力等复杂应力,致使焊缝内存在较严重的裂纹缺陷。     

Ti3C2/Cu(Al)金属陶瓷的无焊料氩弧焊接

采用氩气保护无焊料电弧焊接方法,实现了以Ti3AlC2和Cu为原料反应复合的Ti3C2/Cu(Al)金属陶瓷材料之间的牢固连接.研究了在氩气保护下焊接电流、拉弧时间和接合压力的施加条件,并对焊缝及其影响区的显微组织进行了观察和分析.结果表明:在适当的焊接电流、拉弧时间和接合压力下,焊接面之间形成了良好的熔合,焊缝及影响区的致密度显著增大.在较低的Ti3C2陶瓷相含量情况下,焊缝区的Ti3C2相形态没有显著变化,焊接件的三点弯曲强度达到母材强度的110%,断裂大多发生在焊缝及其影响区之外.在较高的Ti3C2陶瓷相含量情况下,焊缝区内Ti3C2颗粒明显变细,形成细小的Ti3C2颗粒均匀弥散于Cu(Al)合金网络结构的特殊显微形貌,焊接件的三点弯曲强度达到母材强度的93%,断裂基本发生在焊缝或影响区与母材的交界处附近.     

Fusion zone microstructure and fatigue crack growth behaviour in Ti-6Al-4V alloy weldments

Abstract

The fatigue crack growth resistance of α–β titanium alloys can be altered by microstructural modification. During welding, the fusion zone microstructure depends on cooling rate. In the present work, the alloy Ti-6Al-4V was welded over a range of heat inputs, using electron beam and gas tungsten arc welding. The weld microstructure varied from predominantly martensitic under rapid cooling conditions to a mixture of martensite and diffusional products on slower cooling. Post-weld heat treatment resulted in a basketweave α–β aggregate that coarsened with temperature and time. In all welded and heat treated conditions, the fusion zone exhibited a fatigue crack growth resistance superior to that of the base material, which was in part attributed to the lamellar microstructure of the fusion zone. Welding residual stresses also played a beneficial role in the as welded condition. Post-weld heat treatment eliminated the advantage resulting from the welding stresses but not that as a result of microstructure.     

Fatigue Strength Assessment of Laser Beam Welded Joints Made of AA7075 and Magnetic Pulse Welded Joints Made of AA7075 and 3D-Printed AlSi10Mg

The use of 7000 aluminum alloys has an important role in future lightweight structures in the field of mobility due to the low density and high strength. However, these alloys can only be fusion welded to a limited extent because welding defects can rarely be prevented. For this reason, investigations are carried out to identify the most suitable welding parameters for two processes: laser beam and magnetic pulse welding. Herein, laser beam welding is successfully used to manufacture a roll-formed and longitudinally welded pipe made of AA7075 and joined by magnetic pulse welding with a 3D-printed lug-tube made of AlSi10Mg. The fatigue strength of these pipe joints and of laser beam welded butt joint specimens is determined using load-controlled fatigue tests. For the characterization of the specimens, cross sections are prepared and examined metallographically, which reflect the local weld seam geometry in the joining area. A fatigue assessment is made using linear-elastic approaches. The reference radius concept is applied to map the influence of geometric notches on the fatigue strength, assuming linear-elastic stress–strain behavior. It is shown that the recommended notch stress fatigue class FAT 178 (von Mises stress) can be applied for a safe and reliable fatigue assessment.     

核电站控制棒驱动机构Canopy焊缝焊接温度场和应力-应变场模拟

目的 研究机加工和拉拔2种成形方式下得到的填充环对Canopy焊缝的影响,获取焊接焊缝成形、焊接残余应力和变形的相关数据,以指导Canopy焊缝焊接工艺。方法 采用数值模拟的方法,建立Canopy焊缝焊接数值分析模型,模拟焊接温度场、焊接残余应力和焊接残余变形。结果 拉拔成形环焊接熔池高度为9 mm,机加工成形环焊接熔池高度为8.3 mm;机加工成形环焊接最大残余应力为255.6 MPa,而拉拔成形环焊接最大残余应力为277.8 MPa,均出现在管座紧贴焊缝的位置;机加工成形环焊接残余变形为0.19 mm,拉拔成形环焊接残余变形为0.186 mm,最大残余变形均出现在焊接起始位置附近,在焊缝与管座交接的位置。结论 熔池形貌直接影响了热影响区域的大小,拉拔Y型环焊接熔池高度更大,焊接的热影响区域更大;拉拔Y型环焊接残余应力略大于机加工Y型环焊接残余应力;机加工成形环和拉拔成形环焊接残余变形相近。     

横向稳态磁场作用下微束等离子电弧数值分析

为分析外加横向稳态磁场作用下电弧特性与电弧对工件热、力输入的变化规律,本文建立了微束等离子电弧三维模型,将外加磁场简化为背景场添加至模型,使用有限元分析软件COMSOL进行求解计算.结果表明:外加横向稳态磁场作用下,喷嘴内部各项特性均未发生较大变化,喷嘴下方电弧等离子体在洛伦兹力的作用下向x负方向移动,电弧温度、等离子...     

Thermische Nachbehandlung der laserstrahlgeschweißten Al‐Legierungen AlSi1MgMn und AlCu4Mg1

Post heat treatment of the laser beam welded aluminium alloys AlSi1MgMn and AlCu4Mg1 Laser beam welded age hardenable aluminium alloys often exhibit a loss in strength in the fusion and the heat affected zones, compared to the uninfluenced base material. A material‐compatible combination among a base material, a welding filler material, as well as welding parameters and a suitable post heat treatment of the welded joint allows to improve the weld seam properties. The base material AlSi1MgMn (6082) was welded in the aging condition T4 using AlSi12 and AlSi7Mg ‐ filler materials and the welded joint was completely aged at different temperatures and times, in order to adjust an almost constant hardness profile over the base material, heat affected zone and fusion zone. The base material AlCu4Mg1 (2024) was welded in the aging condition T351 using a AlCu6Mn ‐ filler material and the welded joint was naturally aged. The aging behaviour, the residual stress, the static and dynamic properties of welded joints were examined. The properties can be clearly improved by the post heat treatment.     

振动CO2气体保护焊缝残余应力和接头显微组织分析

采用振动CO2气体保护焊对轻型汽车驱动桥壳进行了焊接。对被焊接工件在常规CO2气体保护焊、常规CO2气体保护焊后振动时效处理及不同激振频率下振动CO2气体保护焊三种工艺进行了对比,并就不同条件下的焊缝残余应力、焊接接头显微组织作了分析。结果表明,采用适当振动参数, 在较大振幅时,振动CO2气保焊接能有效减小焊接变形,降低焊接残余应力,最大主动应力降低幅度达到41.74%。熔合区和过度区变窄,焊缝和热影响区晶粒明显细化,由柱状晶转变为等轴晶,魏氏组织减少甚至消失。     

Experimental Investigation of Wire Arrangements for Narrow-Gap Triple-Wire Gas Indirect Arc Welding

A new narrow-gap welding process is proposed by applying triple-wire gas indirect arc (TW-GIA). There are double power supplies and triple wires in this system. Power supplies are only connected between electrode wires and base materials are not linked to power supplies. Since there are different wire arrangements with TW-GIA, this article studies these wire arrangements and their effects on sidewall fusion for narrow-gap welding. Results show that different wire arrangements lead to variant arc behaviors and metal transfer, and consequently they lead to different situation of sidewall fusion. The heat to melt sidewalls is mainly from the indirect arc column and metal transfer with narrow-gap TW-GIA. When side wires deviate from the main wire to opposite directions, heat from arc columns and metal transfer can concentrate toward groove sidewalls. When the whole weld torch is lowered, heat from the indirect arc column and metal transfer increases at the weld bead root.     

Overlaying welding technology and performance of axle tube remanufacturing

Screw failure is one of the main scrap forms for rear axle tube, and thread turning after surfacing is a common means of remanufacturing. This paper takes rear axle tube as the main research topic, which is made of 40Mn and provided by an axle company. Manual electric arc welding, CO2 shielded arc welding and argon shielded arc welding are carried to overlay the damaged thread. The deposited metal consists of two welding material lays.Welding process and overlay properties are characterized by the test and analysis of microstructure, residual stress and hardness of surfacing layers. The results show that
argon shielded arc welding is an effective method to repair the failure thread; its microstructure of fusion area is meticulous and uniform; its residual compressive stress (absolute value) of welding surface is the biggest among the three welding methods; its hardness curve is relatively flat and appropriate for turning.