植物生长调节剂对红地球葡萄果实品质的影响

本实验以5年生红地球葡萄为试材,研究GA3和6-BA对果实品质的影响.结果表明:外源GA3和6-BA处理能有效地促进果实生长发育,提高产量.其中,50 mg/kg GA3处理的效果较显著,平均单粒质量达到11.29g,较对照提高19.3％,产量1407.52 kg/667m2,较对照提高15.9％;50mg/kg GA3+20mg/kg 6-BA组合处理,平均单粒质量达到11.21g,较对照提高18.5％,产量1396.88kg/667m2,较对照提高15.1％.外源GA3和6-BA对果实含酸量和Vc含量影响不明显,但降低了果实可溶性固形物含量的积累和果实硬度.棚架栽培可适当提高坐果部位,避免果实着色过深.     

套袋对红地球葡萄果实品质的影响

红地球葡萄在我区表现果实颜色深红偏紫红,日灼严重,为了提高果实商品性,必须采用套袋技术,本试验以筛选最佳套袋时期和材质为内容,进行了初步探索,供生产者参考.     

不同架式与负载量对红地球葡萄果实品质的影响

以3年生红地球葡萄为试材,研究了不同架式及负载量对果实品质的影响.结果表明,立体棚架栽培的果实单粒重、可溶性固形物含量、固酸此等品质指标均高于平棚架和篱架,总酸含量低于二者;立体棚架新梢保留8～10个/m2较适宜;立体棚架叶片净光合速率(Pn)极显著高于棚架和篱架(P<0.01),并且叶片Pn6果实单粒重、总糖含量呈显著正相关.     

红地球葡萄负载量对果实品质和产量的影响

红地球葡萄在农五师栽培面积较大,随着陆续进入挂果丰产期,如何保持适宜的负载量,提高其产量和质量这一矛盾越来越突出. 负载量过大的葡萄园或单株,是引起翌年春天植株黄化的主要原因,直接影响到植株的正常发育,产生大小年,果品质量下降,树势变弱、营养不良、抗性大大减弱、从而引发病害的大量发生,所以,我们严格遵循"控制产量,保证质量"的原则.     

红地球、巨峰葡萄采后果实品质变化的研究

研究了红地球和巨峰葡萄采后果实品质的变化规律。结果表明：无论在常温下还是在贮藏过程中，红地球和巨峰葡萄中还原糖、可滴定酸、VC含量逐渐减少，其中可滴定酸VC含量变化与贮藏时间呈显著的负相关；保鲜剂处理能明显降低还原糖、可滴定酸、VC的降解和损失。红地球葡萄的耐藏性明显好于巨峰葡萄，在0℃ CT-2 聚乙烯塑料包装条件下，巨峰葡萄贮至135d好果率为87.8%，而红地球葡萄贮至150d好果率仍达92.7%。     

红地球葡萄贮藏保鲜调查报告

红地球葡萄别名红提,原产美国,由于其果粒硕大,色泽艳丽,肉质硬脆,不易落粒,极耐运输,同时成熟期晚,适宜贮藏保鲜,在我区有较好发展前景。宁夏从1996年开始引种栽培红提葡萄,生长结果表现良好。1998年开始推广,目前栽植面积已达2500ha,2001年投产,总产约有70%～80%左右进入冷库贮藏保鲜。据初步调查,我区2001年冬季进行红提葡萄贮藏保鲜的大小冷库共有8～10个,最大贮量为70吨,最少为1吨,合计约为150多吨(表1)。据调查,2001年冬季,各冷库在红提葡萄贮藏过程中,都不同程度的出现了一些问题,为了摸清问题发生的原因,我们于2002年1月走访了有关…     

不同灌溉量对设施红地球葡萄生理特性及品质的影响

为实行节水灌溉和提高红地球葡萄的质量和产量,在高寒干旱地区设施栽培条件下各生长期设置了不同灌溉量试验.结果表明,与传统漫灌方式(对照)相比,果实成熟时各处理中的叶片生理指标和果实品质表现不同,其中处理4的叶绿素含量、单粒重、穗重和可溶性固形物含量相对最高,与对照相比分别增长了20.63%、16.61%、16.62%～,48.92%;脯氨酸、丙二醛含量、SOD、POD、CAT活性相对最低,与对照相比降低了42.11%、36.09%、21.11%、49.76%和39.44%.     

葡萄成熟度与葡萄酒感官质量

葡萄成熟过程中发生着一系列复杂的生理生化变化,各种成份彼此消长,达到一种互相协调的平衡状态。长期以来,人们试图利用既能反映葡萄的成熟特性,又能表现其品质优劣,同时又和葡萄的用途密切相关的指标作为衡量葡萄成熟度的好坏,并根据其用途和栽培地生态环境进一步确定葡萄的成熟度指标。     

红地球葡萄花序整形、疏花疏果对果实品质的影响

红地球葡萄因坐果率高,果穗生长紧密,常常产生挤压变形,甚至在果穗中间挤烂、霉变,严重影响红地球葡萄的商品性.通过花序整形、疏化疏果,可以显著改进果穗与果粒的外观和质量,提高果实品质.     

红地球葡萄商业品质的相关栽培技术

1987年,由美国育种家欧姆教授培育的红地球品种引入我国,1997年我国开始大规模的发展,至今红地球葡萄栽培面积已达4万余公顷,成为鲜食葡萄中仅次于巨峰葡萄的第二大品种。但是,我国生产的红地球葡萄在质量上绝大多数达不到美国等国进口红地球葡萄的标准。究其根源,除我国葡萄栽培者“重产轻质”,在施肥上“重氮轻磷钾”、“重化肥轻有机肥”等因素的影响之外,还有一个不可忽视的因素就是栽培者对依据该品种特性所获得的葡萄品质与商业品质之间的巨大差距及相关栽培技术不甚了解。一些消费者依照进口果的标准衡量,称进口的红地球葡萄为“美国…     

Effects of nutrient and water stress on vegetative and reproductive growth in Vitis vinifera L.

Two watering and two nutrient regimes were applied to small vines established in pots and grown under greenhouse conditions. With water, a comparison was made between water adequacy (WH) and intermittent water stress (WL); with nutrition, between nutrient sufficiency (NH) using fertiliser-enhanced potting medium and insufficiency (NL) with one-fifth fertiliser application. NL reduced major growth parameters - shoot length, stem weight and leaf weight - more than did WL. Both NL and WL reduced node and leaf number, but only NL reduced internode length, leaf area and weight. WL had bigger effects when combined with NH than with NL. WL, especially when combined with NH, advanced maturity by ten days. Effects of W and N on pH, malic acid, tartaric acid and total soluble solids (°Brix) were different. The °Brix values were similar in WH and WL, but were less in NH than in NL. The treatments interacted in pH, malate and tartrate: pH was highest in WL/NH and lowest in WH/NH; malate tended to be less at both WL and NL, while tartrate concentration tended to become smaller from WH to WN but greater from NL to NH. No significant changes in the levels of citric acid, anthocyanin or reducing sugars were observed as a consequence of any treatment. Thus, although levels of stress due to WL or NL may have been different, the differences in the effects on several variables indicate that there is no general response to stress but that responses vary according to the factor inducing the stress. The level of reduction in variables measuring vegetative growth was 2– to 3-fold greater than induced changes in juice composition. Advancement of maturity would suggest a potential value of intermittent water stress combined with adequate nutrition in areas with short seasons. Low-nutrient soils might be desirable in areas where other factors are likely to induce strong growth.     

Optimization of the extraction of phenolic compounds from red grape marc (Vitis vinifera L.) using response surface methodology

Optimization of the extraction of total polyphenols (TPC), flavanols (FL), total anthocyanins (TA) and total tannins (TT) from grape marc by the response surface methodology is important to improve the recovery of these high-value phytochemicals. The independent variables studied were ethanol concentration (% EtOH), extraction time (h) and liquid-to-solvent ratio (L/S). TPC, FL, TT and TA showed different patterns of extractability, with significant variation in the linear, quadratic and interaction effects of the independent variables. The optimal extraction conditions were determined and the quadratic response surfaces were drawn from the mathematical models. The optimal extraction conditions were: 57% EtOH, 17?h, 50:1 L/S for TPC; 57% EtOH, 13?h, 50:1 L/S for FL; 62% EtOH, 16?h, 50:1 L/S for TT and 52% EtOH, 6?h, 10:1 L/S for TA. These optimum conditions yielded: 24?mg GAE/g DM of TPC; 1.5?mg quercetin/g DM of FL; 18?mg catechin/g DM of TT and 6?mg malvidin/g DM of TA.     

Effects of defoliation on quality attributes of Nero di Troia (Vitis vinifera L.) grape and wine

Field studies were conducted in Puglia (Italy) to evaluate the influence of defoliation around cluster zones on grape and wine quality. Nero di Troia grapes were subjected to four different treatments: N: no leaf removal; E: leaf removal in the area of the clusters along the east side (at complete veraison); E/W: leaf removal in the area of the clusters along the east and west side (at complete veraison); and F: almost complete leaf removal along the west side (at complete veraison) and at pre-harvest also along the east side. Grapes of defoliated vines generally showed higher sugar content, lower titratable acidity, total flavonoids, flavonoids different from anthocyanins, and total phenolic content than grapes from non-defoliated vines while their total anthocyanin concentration was not affected by defoliation at a significant level. Concerning wines, alcohol content, residual soluble solids, different forms of anthocyanins but also volatile acidity were generally higher in samples from defoliated vines. Differences were also highlighted among the defoliation treatments: the best results in terms of dry matter, sugar and alcohol content were observed in the samples submitted to the more severe defoliation as a consequence of the higher light availability and berry temperature. Concerning the concentration of the individual phenolics, significant differences were highlighted for: caffeic and caftaric acids, peonidin- and malvidin-3-p-coumaroylglucoside, which were higher in the E wines; quercetin-3-glucoside, galactoside, and rhamnoside, and procyanidins, which were higher in F wines.     

Fruit composition and ripening of Pinot Noir (Vitis vinifera L.) in relation to leaf area

Fruit development from pea size to maturity was investigated in grape berries on fruit-bearing cuttings subjected to a range of leaf removal treatments. Pot-grown vines were trained as a single shoot, with four basal leaves retained. From this point four treatments were applied: 100% leaves retained (control); 66% leaves retained; 33% leaves retained; 0% leaves retained. Leaves were removed as they appeared. The fruit of all treatments passed through veraison, accumulated water, coloured and displayed the typical double sigmoid change in volume, but the onset of growth and colour development associated with ripening was delayed by up to 25 days when leaves were removed. Berry dry weight, sugar content and soluble solids were more affected by leaf removal than berry volume or fresh weight. Bunches from the 0% leaf retained treatment formed seed, but increased very little in dry weight or soluble solids during the course of sampling. This indicates that seed growth and development are independent of sugar accumulation in pericarp tissues.     

采前喷施水杨酸对红地球葡萄采后果实软化的影响

为探究采前喷施水杨酸(salicylic acid,SA)处理对红地球葡萄采后果实软化进程的影响,以红地球葡萄为材料,采前喷施1.0 mmol/L SA处理,采收预冷后在常温(22±1)℃贮藏,分析果实品质、原果胶(protopec-tin,PP)、纤维素、水溶性果胶(water soluble pectin,WSP)...     

避雨栽培对酿酒葡萄果实品质和香气物质的影响

以欧亚种酿酒葡萄“赤霞珠”为试材,研究避雨栽培对葡萄果实基本品质和香气物质的影响。结果表明,与常规栽培模式相比,避雨栽培可以增加葡萄果实还原糖、总酚和单宁的含量,但降低了果实总花色素含量。常规栽培和避雨栽培的葡萄果实中分别检测出26 种和31 种香气物质,包括高级醇、酯类、脂肪酸、萜烯和降异戊二烯类等。与常规栽培相比,避雨栽培的葡萄果实香气物质总量提高了59.22%,提高的香气物质种类包括高级醇、酯类、醛类、酸类及挥发性酚类物质,其中,乙酸乙酯、2-己烯醛、己醇、(E)-2-己烯-1-醇含量显著升高,而己酸乙酯、乙酸己酯、壬醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、辛酸、癸酸是避雨栽培果实中检测到的独有特征香气成分。因此,避雨栽培种植模式有助于葡萄果实品质的提高和香气物质的合成。     

Physicochemical characteristics and functional properties of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) seeds protein

The amino acid composition, physicochemical and functional properties of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) seeds protein (GSP) were evaluated and compared with those of soybean protein isolate (SPI). Amino acid analyses of GSP revealed high levels of glutamic/glutamine, glycine and aspartic/asparagines. SDS‐PAGE analysis demonstrated that globulin was the major protein component in GSP, whose subunit molecular weights were mainly varied from 25.5 to 40.0 kDa. The isoelectric pH of GSP was found to be at the acidic pH of around 3.8. At all the pHs tested except pH 2.0, no significant changes of GSP secondary structure were observed. GSP exhibited beneficial functional properties such as preferable solubility and emulsifying activity, while the foaming properties and water holding capacity were relatively poor compared to SPI. It could then be employed to soup, sauce, beverage or meat product for improving nutritional and sensory quality of these foods at appropriate pHs.     

Effect of foliar nitrogen and sulfur on petit manseng (Vitis vinifera L.) grape composition

Vineyard applications of foliar nitrogen (N) and sulfur were evaluated in the Yadkin Valley of North Carolina in 2011 and 2012 as a means to modify grape composition of Vitis vinifera cv. petit manseng. Four treatments were applied each year in a randomized complete block design with six replicates of six vines each: untreated control, soil N at 30?kg/ha, foliar N at 15?kg/ha and foliar N at 15?kg/ha plus sulfur at 5?kg/ha. Fruit ammonia and yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN) concentrations increased in foliar-treated vines both seasons compared to control vines. Total glycosides (TGGs) increased ～80% in foliar N/sulfur-treated vines compared to control vines in 2011, and TGGs increased ～157% in foliar N/sulfur-treated vines relative to glycoside level in foliar N alone in 2012. Foliar N and foliar N/sulfur applications increased the majority of amino acid concentrations analyzed in 2011. Measured concentrations of various amino acids, partly responsible for aroma and flavor of petit manseng wines, were differentially dependent on the method of N application. Foliar applied nitrogen may be an effective technique to contribute to berry composition optimization of petit manseng grown in a warm, humid climate.     

“赤霞珠”葡萄转色后不同成熟度指标的变化

研究酿酒葡萄转色后不同成熟度指标的动态变化规律。以“赤霞珠”葡萄为试材,分别测定了技术成熟度和总酚成熟度指标,并进行了浆果感官评价。结果表明：转色后果实物理性状参数和糖含量迅速增加,转色后第4周达到最大值,成熟后期略有下降。果实中总花色苷含量逐渐增加,在转色后第6周达到最高,随后有所降低。浆果中可提取花色苷含量持续增加。细胞成熟指数、种子成熟指数和总酚指数总体上逐渐降低。果皮单宁含量变化较小,种子单宁含量在成熟前期显著降低（P＜0.05）,后期变化较小。不同分子大小聚合色素的含量逐渐增加,转色后第6周时达到最大值。浆果感官评价中各种成熟度的得分逐渐增加,果肉香气成熟度和果皮成熟度得分均在转色后第7周时最高,成熟后期变化较小。