Unexpected convergence of fungal and bacterial communities during fermentation of traditional Korean alcoholic beverages inoculated with various natural starters

Makgeolli is a traditional Korean alcoholic beverage manufactured with a natural starter, called nuruk, and grains. Nuruk is a starchy disk or tablet formed from wheat or grist containing various fungal and bacterial strains from the surrounding environment that are allowed to incorporate naturally into the starter, each of which simultaneously participates in the makgeolli fermentation process. In the current study, changes in microbial dynamics during laboratory-scale fermentation of makgeolli inoculated with six different kinds of nuruk were evaluated by barcoded pyrosequencing using fungal- and bacterial-specific primers targeting the internal transcribed spacer 2 region and hypervariable regions V1 to V3 of the 16S rRNA gene, respectively. A total of 61,571 fungal and 68,513 bacterial sequences were used for the analysis of microbial diversity in ferment samples. During fermentation, the proportion of fungal microorganisms belonging to the family Saccharomycetaceae increased significantly, and the major bacterial phylum of the samples shifted from γ-Proteobacteria to Firmicutes. The results of quantitative PCR indicated that the bacterial content in the final ferments was higher than in commercial rice beers, while total fungi appeared similar. This is the first report of a comparative analysis of bacterial and fungal dynamics in parallel during the fermentation of Korean traditional alcoholic beverage using barcoded pyrosequencing.     

多菌种发酵无醇饮料工业化生产的研究

多菌种发酵无醇饮料是以大麦和大米为主料，优质红茶为辅料，采用酿酒酵母、嗜酸乳酸菌、弱氧化醋酸菌共生发酵而成。在研究中使用的设备为年产１０００ｔ无醇饮料的生产规模，即工业化生产条件。研究结果表明：在工业化生产中，麦茶汁的浓度为８～１３°Ｂｘ，菌种比例为：酵母菌：嗜酸乳酸菌：弱氧化醋酸菌＝０．５：１：２，接种总量为７～９％，发酵温度２０～２５℃，发酵时间１０～１３天。制成的泡沫成淡黄的天然色泽，洁白细腻，风格独特，口味纯正，含有多种人体必需氨基酸和维生素及乳酸、醋酸、葡萄糖酸等有机酸，是一种新型发酵无醇（含醇量＜１％）饮料。     

Anti-complementary activity of enzyme-treated traditional Korean rice wine (Makgeolli) hydrolysates

BACKGROUND: Makgeolli brewed from rice contains about 150 g kg^?1 alcohol and has a fragrance as well as an acidic and sweet taste. During the brewing process, by‐products such as rice bran and brewery cake are produced. At the end of fermentation the matured mash is transferred to a filter cloth and the Makgeolli is squeezed out from the cake, leaving the lees of the mash. These by‐products have continued to increase every year, resulting in an ecological problem. It is therefore important to develop new uses for them. The objective of this study was to use the by‐products from the brewing of Makgeolli as a valuable functional food or nutraceutical. RESULTS: The anti‐complementary activities of crude polysaccharides isolated from Cytolase hydrolysates of Makgeolli lees at concentrations of 1000 and 500 µg mL^?1 were 84.15 and 78.70% respectively. The activity of polysaccharide krestin (PSK) was 60.00% at 1000 µg mL^?1. The active polysaccharide obtained with Cytolase comprised mainly glucose and mannose (molar ratio 1.00:0.62). CONCLUSION: Glucose‐ and mannose‐rich crude polysaccharides were isolated from the Cytolase hydrolysate of Makgeolli lees. The polysaccharides retain anti‐complementary activity to enhance the immune system as a functional food or nutraceutical. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

发酵型低酒精度米饮料开发

通过添加酒典、酵母发酵大米和发芽糙米生产低酒精度米饮料。并对4个主要影响因素（酒曲添加量、酵母添加量、糖化时间和发酵时间）进行考察，得到优质米饮料的最佳工艺是：向蒸煮后的混合米中添加8‰酒曲和0.5‰的酵母糖化16h，再加150%的水发酵20h。通过一系列对比实验确定添加0.16%CMC和0.04%海藻酸钠后米饮料状态稳定。以该工艺制得的米饮料含丰富的氨基酸、维生素和矿物质，口感柔和绵长、保质期长。     

Extract of Makgeolli suldeot downregulates NF-κB-mediated MMP-9 expression,thereby inhibiting invasive activity in a human breast cancer cell line,MDA-MB-231

Food Science and Biotechnology - Makgeolli is a Korean traditional alcoholic beverage prepared by fermenting rice starch using nuruk. It is known for its health benefits, but the mechanisms...     

山茱萸有效成分和药理作用的研究进展及其在食品工业中的应用

山茱萸是一种重要的野生植物资源，也是我国传统的中药材。山茱萸中含有多种具有药用价值的物质，从果肉中分离得到的主要成分可分为有机酸及其酯类，五环三萜及其酯类，环烯醚萜类，鞣质类，维生素，氨基酸和矿物质等。山茱萸的药理作用主要包括免疫作用，降血糖作用，抗炎作用和抗休克，强心作用等。目前国内和国外山茱萸产品并不多，大体上可以分为以下四类：补酒，口服液，饮料和果脯蜜饯，果酱，罐头等。     

Multi‐Cereal Beverage Fermented by Lactobacillus Helveticus and Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

A novel multi‐cereal‐based fermented beverage with suitable aroma, flavor, and pH fermented by lactic acid bacteria and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was developed. Twenty‐seven lactobacilli strains were screened for acid production (pH and titratable acidity) in a mixture of malt, rice, and maize substrates. It was found that Lactobacillus helveticus KLDS1.9204 had the greatest acid production among 27 lactobacilli tested. The fermentation performance of L. helveticus KLDS1.9204 was also assayed and the fermentation parameters were optimized using Plackett–Burman design and steepest ascent method. L. helveticus KLDS1.9204 showed good proteolytic capability, however, the strain could not utilize starch. The optimum substrate consisted of 50% malt (25 g/100 mL), 25% rice (20 g/100 mL), and 25% maize (30 g/100 mL). The inoculum was 5% with a ratio of S. cerevisiae to L. helveticus KLDS1.9204 of 2.5:1. The optimum temperature was 37 °C and the time was 22 h. Lastly, the quality of the multi‐cereal‐based fermented beverage was evaluated. This beverage was light yellow, transparent, and it tasted well with a pleasant acid and a unique flavor of cereals. The beverage was rich in free amino acids and organic acids. The pH and titratable acidity of the beverage were 3.5 and 29.86 °T, respectively. The soluble solids content of the beverage was 6.5 °Brix, and the alcohol content was 0.67%.     

废啤酒醋酸饮料的营养价值及其生产工艺研究

以啤酒生产过程的废啤酒为原料生产啤酒醋酸饮料,所生产的啤酒醋酸饮料含有丰富的糖分、氨基酸、有机酸、维生素、醇类等物质。废啤酒煮沸和添加澄清剂后,需静置沉淀澄清,再进行醋酸发酵,提高发酵过程的非生物稳定性。正交试验确定了啤酒醋澄清的最佳工艺为:废啤酒于0.05 MPa下煮沸50 min,向发酵终止的发酵醪加入0.01%皂土,处理5 h,用硅藻土过滤机过滤,得澄清透明的成品。     

Characteristic of filamentous fungal diversity and dynamics associated with wheat Qu and the traditional fermentation of Chinese rice wine

Chinese rice wine, a traditional alcoholic beverage, is fermented from steamed rice with a starter culture of wheat Qu which is either inoculated spontaneously with various microorganisms in natural environment or inoculated artificially with certain microorganisms. The diversity of filamentous fungi in wheat Qu and the fermentation mashes of Chinese rice wine was studied by high‐throughput sequencing. The results indicated that filamentous fungi varied in wheat Qu and fermentation periods. Moreover, Aspergillus was the dominant filamentous fungi at genus levels. On that basis, quantitative real‐time PCR was used to quantify some dominant Aspergillus species. It was found that Aspergillus species in wheat Qu were more abundant than that in various fermentation mashes and continually decreased until the end of rice wine fermentation. Furthermore, it was found that different organic acids were produced by microorganisms at different fermentation stages might due to the changes of oxygen and nutrient content.     

米酒功能性成分研究进展

米酒是一种低度保健功能的酒精饮品,获得许多不同年龄阶段人群的青睐。探索米酒中影响人体健康发育的功能因子成分的存在已成为研究工作者们研究的热点。文章系统的介绍了米酒发展及传统发酵过程中相关微生物生理作用,然后详细分析了米酒中所富含的多种营养物质,如有机酸、维生素、多酚类化合物、无机盐、微量元素及生物活性肽等,为米酒的相关研究提供了有效的理论科学依据。     

Production of Garcinia wine: changes in biochemical parameters,organic acids and free sugars during fermentation of Garcinia must

Garcinia wine was prepared by fermentation of ameliorated must of Garcinia xanthochymus using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The present studies focused on changes in biochemical parameters (brix, pH, aldehydes, esters and alcohols), organic acids (reduction of oxalic acid), free sugars and antioxidant activities on fermentation of Garcinia must. The wine had higher amount of residual sugars contributing to the calorific value. The aldehydes and esters content in the final wine were 0.034% and 0.26%, respectively. There was reduction of citric acid and oxalic acid (antinutritional factor) and synthesis of aspartic acid and glutamic acid. Garcinia beverage was accepted on sensory analysis with high score for desirable attributes and overall quality with alcohol content of 6.1%. There was increase in total phenolics (0.039% gallic acid equivalent) and reducing power on fermentation but decrease in 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity.     

Kundur [Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.]: A potential source for valuable nutrients and functional foods

Kundur [Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.], a member of the family Cucurbitaceae, is one of the famous crops that are grown primarily for its fruits and usually recognized with its nutritional and medicinal properties especially in Asian countries. Kundur fruit has been valued as a nutritious vegetable as it provides a good source for natural sugars, amino acids, organic acids, mineral elements and vitamins. A number of medicinal properties such as anti-diarrheal, anti-obesity, anti-ulcer, and antioxidant and diuretic have been ascribed to this fruit of high economic value. As a rich source of functionally important bioactives and therapeutics such as triterpenes, phenolics, sterols, and glycosides, the fruit has been widely used for the treatment of epilepsy, ulcer, and other nervous disorders in the native medicine system of Asia. This review focuses on the cultivation, nutritional and chemical composition, as well as medicinal and therapeutic properties of this multipurpose fruit, as one of the potential sources of bioactives for functional food and nutraceutical applications.     

Correlation between the amino acid content in rice wine and protein content in glutinous rice

Chinese rice wine is a fermentation product of glutinous rice that contains high levels of protein and amino acids. The turnover and catabolism of amino acids by fermentative microorganisms plays an important role in wine quality. The fermentation of Chinese rice wine, using 34 different varieties of glutinous rice, and the analysis of the protein and amino acid content of the resultant rice wine using precolumn derivatization via high‐performance liquid chromatography, are reported. A model of correlation and regression analysis of the protein content in the glutinous rice and the amino acids in rice wine was established. Results showed that the correlation coefficient between the total protein in glutinous rice and the total free amino acids in rice wine was 0.557, indicating a significant relevance. The population correlation coefficient between the total protein in the glutinous rice and the amino acids in the rice wine was high, i.e. R= 0.928. The correlation between the soluble protein content in the glutinous rice and the total free amino acids in the rice wine (or individual amino acids) was negligible. The total protein content in the rice variety was positively related to the sensory performance and free amino acid content of the resultant Chinese rice wine. Copyright © 2016 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

固态发酵生产蜜环菌饮料

以蜜环菌固态发酵物为原料制得一种蜜环菌饮料。以蜜环菌固态发酵物为原料,提取其中的多糖等营养和药效成分,进行风味调配,通过正交试验和感官评价的方法确定蜜环菌饮料的配方。该发酵饮料的培养基配方为:白砂糖1.5%,大米80%,黄豆1%,麸皮10%,红薯7.5%;饮料配方为:蜜环菌发酵液添加比例为30%、白砂糖为20 g/L、柠檬酸0.6 g/L、黄原胶0.2 g/L,测得成品饮料中各成分的含量为:多糖0.049 mg/mL,还原糖0.042 mg/mL,蛋白质53.0 mg/mL,氨基酸1.226 mg/mL。饮料的感官指标、理化指标和微生物指标均达国家标准。     

Analysis of organic acids in Chinese raisin tree (Hovenia dulcis) peduncle and their changes in liquid fermentation process

Chinese raisin tree (Hovenia dulcis) peduncle is a wonderful food material for fermented food for high contents of sugars and a variety of organic acids. The organic acids in the fresh peduncle, fermented wine, and vinegar were identified and quantified by HPLC, and changes in biochemical parameters and organic acids in the fermentation process were studied. Skin-on fermentation was carried out in the alcoholic fermentation, and 9 identified organic acids fluctuated by physical or biochemical reactions during the alcoholic fermentation. Submerged fermentation was carried out in the acetic fermentation. It took 72 h to finish the 1^st cycle of acetification with the titratable acidity 5.42%(w/v), and 30 h to finish the 2^nd cycle. The contents of acetic acid, formic acid, and α-ketoglutaric acid increased, while the rest identified organic acids decreased in the acetification process. The fermentation developed in this study appeared to be a practical processing method for Chinese raisin tree peduncles.     

Effect of γ‐aminobutyric acid supplementation on the composition of Chinese rice wine

This study investigated the effect of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) supplementation on the composition of Chinese rice wine. GABA was added at 188.5 and 377 mg/L at the beginning of primary fermentation or post‐fermentation. Addition of GABA during primary fermentation had no impact on alcohol and total acid formation or the utilisation of sugar. However, total free amino acids, total essential amino acids and GABA in rice wine supplemented with GABA were significantly lower than the control rice wine without supplementation. Alcohol formation, total acid, sugar content and total essential amino acids were similar compared with the control. However, the GABA post‐supplementation was significantly higher, suggesting that GABA supplementation post‐fermentation process could enhance the GABA content in rice wine. © 2018 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY TO PREDICT QUALITY OF COCOA BEANS FOR EXPORT

The existing quality assessment methods for cocoa such as the cut-test and sensory test were evaluated. The results were compared with the fermentation index and color measurement as indirect quality assessment methods. Results of the cut-test score and sensory evaluation methods indicated variability in results and therefore were not adequate to assess bean quality. The fermentation index method was useful to distinguish different bean samples from 5 color categories. The fermentation index related well with other quality parameters, such as pH, reducing sugars, free amino acids, and cocoa color pigments. Direct color measurement had a good relationship with fermentation index, pH, reducing sugars, and free amino acids, as evidenced by high correlation values. Color measurement was appropriate to estimate cocoa bean quality.     

Mead production: effect of nitrogen supplementation on growth,fermentation profile and aroma formation by yeasts in mead fermentation

Mead is an alcoholic beverage, produced since ancient times, resulting from an alcoholic fermentation of diluted honey by yeasts. When it is produced in a traditional manner, mead producers can encounter several problems related to a lack of essential nutrients, such as available nitrogen. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen addition to honey‐must on the fermentation performance of two Saccharomyces cerevisiae wine yeasts, QA23 and ICV D47, as well as on the mead composition and production of volatile aroma compounds. A portion of honey‐must was supplemented with diammonium phosphate (DAP) to achieve the nitrogen concentration required by yeast to complete alcoholic fermentation. The supplementation with DAP reduced the fermentation length to around 7 days, but not all sugars were fully consumed, suggesting that other factors could be interfering with yeast growth. For both yeasts the specific growth rate and final biomass were higher in musts supplemented with DAP. Mead final composition was similar under the two experimental conditions. Analysis of the volatile profile revealed that the concentrations of the volatile fatty acids and volatile phenols were higher in meads supplemented with DAP. The concentrations of ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate and isoamyl acetate were above their perception threshold and were higher in meads supplemented with DAP, which could contribute to the enhancement of the fruity character. This study could be useful for the optimization of mead production and quality improvement. Copyright © 2015 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Formation,nutritional value,and enhancement of characteristic components in black garlic: A review for maximizing the goodness to humans

Black garlic (BG) is essentially a processed food and obtained through the transformation of fresh garlic (FG) (Allium sativum L.) via a range of chemical reactions (including the Maillard reaction) and microbial fermentation. This review provides the up‐to‐date knowledge of the dynamic and complicated changes in major components during the conversion of FG to BG, including moisture, lipids, carbohydrates (such as sugars), proteins, organic acids, organic sulfur compounds, alkaloids, polyphenols, melanoidins, 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural, vitamins, minerals, enzymes, and garlic endophytes. The obtained evidence confirms that BG has several advantages over FG in certain product attributes and biological properties (especially antioxidant activity), and the factors affecting the quality of BG include the type and characteristics of FG and processing technologies and methods (especially pretreatments, and processing temperature and humidity). The interactions among garlic components, and between garlic nutrients and microbes, as well as the interplay between pretreatment and main manufacturing process, all determine the sensory and nutritional qualities of BG. Before BG is marketed as a novel snack or functional food, more research is required to fill the knowledge gaps related to quantitative monitoring of the changes in metabolites (especially those taste‐active and/or biological‐active substances) during BG manufacturing to maximize BG's antioxidant, anticancer, antiobesity, anti‐inflammatory, immunostimulatory, anti‐allergic, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective and oxidative stress‐/hangover syndrome‐reducing functions, and beneficial effects on memory/nervous systems. Assessments of the quality, efficacy, and safety of BG should be performed considering the impacts of BG production conditions, postproduction handling, and intake methods.     

Metabolite profiling of doenjang,fermented soybean paste,during fermentation

BACKGROUND: A fermented soybean paste known as doenjang is a traditional fermented food that is widely consumed in Korea. The quality of doenjang varies considerably by its basic ingredients, species of microflora, and fermentation process. The classification of predefined metabolites (e.g. amino acids, organic acids, sugars and sugar derivatives, and fatty acids) in doenjang samples according to fermentation was performed by using GC‐FID and GC‐MS data sets with the application of a multivariate statistical method. RESULTS: The predominantly produced amino acids included alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, glutamine, phenylalanine and lysine, showing remarkable increases in amounts during the later stages of fermentation. Carbonic acid, citric acid, lactic acid and pyrogultamic acid were identified as the major organic acids. Significant amounts of erythrose, xylitol, inositol and mannitol were detected during fermentation. Regarding fatty acids, relatively higher amounts of palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid were found in the doenjang at each fermentation time point. Principal component analysis (PCA) successfully demonstrated changes in composition patterns as well as differences in non‐volatile metabolites according to fermentation period. CONCLUSION: A set of metabolites could be determined representing the quality of doenjang during fermentation, and which might also be correlated with taste ingredients, flavour, nutrition, and physiology activities that are claimed to be dependent on the quality control of commercial doenjang. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry