啤酒酵母突变株发酵性能比较及随机扩增多态DNA分析

对9株啤酒酵母菌种及经过诱变获得的突变株进行了发酵试验，比较了不同菌株的发酵能力、产高级醇能力、双乙酰还原能力以及菌株稳定性。同时利用随机引物对不同啤酒酵母株的基因组DNA进行了随机扩增多态DNA（RAPD）分析，比较不同突变株之间基因组的分子差异。结果表明：不同酵母发酵14d后外观发酵度在72．3％-76．8％，其中酵母YZB具有较高的发酵能力，最终发酵产物的高级醇含量最低，双乙酰峰值最低为0．36mg／L，而酵母Y1110最终发酵产物的高级醇含量最低为67．4mg／L，但双乙酰峰值达0．41mg／L，后酵结束后这2株酵母的双乙酰均可降至0．1mg／L以下。菌株稳定性实验结果表明，在传代7次以后和第1代的主要性能没有明显变化。利用随机引物OPG-5对不同酵母的基因组进行RAPD分析，酵母Y1110、YZB和YZD可以通过特异的扩增谱带区别于其它菌株，该结果为啤酒酵母特异的分子标记奠定了基础。     

大曲中产阿魏酸酯酶菌株的筛选及其特性分析

目的 从浓香型白酒大曲中分离筛选出一株产阿魏酸酯酶的菌株。方法 将大曲样品中筛选出的11株菌进行划线纯化培养,进一步挑选出产阿魏酸酯酶酶活较强的菌株并鉴定,分析其安全性及生物学特性,最后对发酵产酶条件进行优化。结果 得到一株产阿魏酸酯酶酶活较强的菌株为L-7,经鉴定为屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium)。经毒力基因检测、有害代谢产物实验结果均为阴性;生物学特性研究实验结果为:在16 h时生物量达到最大,耐最低pH为4,最高为11, NaCl质量分数为8%的条件下仍能生长,耐受最高的乙醇体积分数为13%;具有较好的安全性且有耐乙醇、耐盐、广泛的pH耐受性等优良性能。通过发酵产酶条件优化,该菌株产阿魏酸酯酶最佳发酵条件为:接种量为6%体积分数、培养温度32℃、转速160r/min、培养时间96 h;此时该菌株产阿魏酸酯酶的酶活为(44.68±0.05) U/L,较优化前提高了57.05%。结论 本研究结果可为产阿魏酸酯酶的菌株筛选提供参考,且筛选所得屎肠球菌在提高浓香型白酒及其他发酵食品中阿魏酸含量及风味具有应用潜力。     

Exploring polymorphisms and effects of candidate genes on milk fat quality in dairy sheep

The aim of the present study was to investigate the genetic control of the fatty acid (FA) composition in milk from 3 breeds of sheep: Altamurana, Gentile di Puglia, and Sarda. Single nucleotide polymorphisms within genes, encoding enzymes putatively involved in the synthesis and metabolism of milk fat, were selected for analysis, and the allele substitution effects were determined for 16 genes, which were polymorphic in the 3 sheep breeds, upon the milk fat composition. Four genes (α-1-antichymotrypsin-2; diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase homolog-2; propionyl Coenzyme A carboxylase, β polypeptide; and insulin-like growth factor-I) play a role in the desaturation of stearic FA into polyunsaturated fatty acids. Furthermore, 2 genes (growth hormone receptor and zona pellucida glycoprotein-2) affect the variability of the total fat content in addition to the butyric and stearic FA profile, and the fatty acid synthetase gene has an influence on the medium-chain FA. Milk FA profiles play an important role in dairy sheep farming because they have a large effect on cheese characteristics and also because sheep milk may be marketed as a source of nutraceuticals because it contains higher levels of conjugated linoleic acid than milk from other ruminants. The current study evaluated the global effects of a large number of single nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotypes on traits that are not commonly investigated in sheep but that are potentially very useful for improving milk quality.     

A review of the associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms in taste receptors,eating behaviors,and health

Food preferences and dietary habits are heavily influenced by taste perception. There is growing interest in characterizing taste preferences based on genetic variation. Genetic differences in the ability to perceive key tastes may impact eating behavior and nutritional intake. Therefore, increased understanding of taste biology and genetics may lead to new personalized strategies, which may prevent or influence the trajectory of chronic disease risk. Recent advances show that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CD36 fat taste receptor are linked to differences in fat perception, fat preference, and chronic-disease biomarkers. Genetic variation in the sweet taste receptor T1R2 has been shown to alter sweet taste preferences, eating behaviors, and risk of dental caries. Polymorphisms in the bitter taste receptor T2R38 have been shown to influence taste for brassica vegetables. Individuals that intensely taste the bitterness of brassica vegetables (“supertasters”) may avoid vegetable consumption and compensate by increasing their consumption of sweet and fatty foods, which may increase risk for chronic disease. Emerging evidence also suggests that the role of genetics in taste perception may be more impactful in children due to the lack of cultural influence compared to adults. This review examines the current knowledge of SNPs in taste receptors associated with fat, sweet, bitter, umami, and salt taste modalities and their contributions to food preferences, and chronic disease. Overall, these SNPs demonstrate the potential to influence food preferences and consequently health.     

Association analyses of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the LEP and SCD1 genes on the fatty acid profile of muscle fat in Simmental bulls

The aim was to investigate the effect of the genetic polymorphisms of leptin (LEP) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD1) genes on the fatty acid (FA) composition of the muscle of 103 Simmental bulls. Ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were detected in exons 2 and 3 of the LEP gene, two of them encoding non-synonymous mutations. Allelic substitution effects of all the SNP on 28 single fatty acids, monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) and desaturation indexes were estimated. Both the SCD1 SNP, as well as three SNP of the leptin gene, affected, to different extents, the desaturation of FA into MUFA. Because it was previously proposed that leptin's metabolic action involves down-regulation of SCD1, it is possible that, beyond the mere additive effect of SCD1 gene on FA desaturation, the non-synonymous mutations in the leptin gene also contribute to the variability of FA composition in muscle fat.